Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture
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van Asten P. 2014. Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. Contents: 1. CCAFS – what we do 2. What is CSA in the African context 3. Best bet CSA technologies 4. CSA services and approaches 5. How can we identify the priorities? 6. Collaborative possibilities
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Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture
- 1. Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture Piet van Asten, Climate Change Contact Point IITA
- 2. 1. CCAFS – what we do 2. What is CSA in the African context 3. Best bet CSA technologies 4. CSA services and approaches 5. How can we identify the priorities? 6. Collaborative possibilities
- 3. 1. Climate-Smart technologies, practices, and portfolios 3. Low emissions development 2. Climate information services and climate-informed safety nets 4. Policies and institutions for climate-resilient food systems
- 4. #1. Outcome orientated • E.g. research measured by tracking development targets not publications • Well developed theories of change #2. Partnership focussed • Involves all 15 CGIAR Centres and non-CGIAR Centres • Development partners are crucial for success #3. Major focus on gender and social inequality • 10% of the budget to make sure that technologoes and approaches empower marginalised groups and women
- 5. #4. Part of the development process Working with partners to change opinions and worldviews Working with partners to understand what works Working with partners to make it happen Research evidence Policy and Institutional Change CSA implementation
- 6. 2. What is Climate-Smart Agriculture?
- 7. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) services landscapes crops livestock fish food system policies peatlands seascapes forests
- 8. 3. Best bet CSA technologies – EXAMPLES Highly context specific
- 9. Coffee-banana intercropping •Increased income Enhanced food security •Diversification Decreases drought impacts •More carbon in the system
- 10. Alternate-Wetting-and-Drying Keep flooded for 1st 15 days and at Flowering Irrigate when water drops to 15 cm below the surface Summer/ Autumn Winter/ Spring 30% water 20-50% GHG Without compromising yield (AWD)
- 11. Conservation Agriculture Principles: 1. Minimum soil 2. Retention of crop residues or other soil surface cover 3. Use of crop rotations
- 12. Conservation Agriculture Reduces soil erosion by up to 80% Buffers against drought Reduces loss of soil organic carbon Country Area under CA (1000 ha) CA as % of arable land* Zimbabwe 332 8.3% Zambia 200 5.6% Mozambique 152 2.7% Malawi 65 1.7% Kenya 33 0.6% Tanzania 25 0.2% Source: FAO Conservation Agriculture Program and FAOSTAT, 2014
- 13. Conservation Agriculture – tailoring to social context Farmer type 1 – hand hoes Farmer type 2 – ox ploughs Step 1 Planting basins or pointed stick for planting directly into residues Tillage only in narrow furrows Some form of mechanical weeding or introduce herbicides if market available Step 2 Graduate from hand hoes to jab planters if market can supply, or access contracting services Replace plough with no-till direct seeders Jab planters Photo: J. Kienzle/FAO No-till direct seeder Photo: T. Lumpkin/CIMMYT Planting basins Photo: ICRISAT Tillage in narrow furrows Photo: CFU
- 14. NIGER Bringing back the Sahel’s ‘underground forest’ 5 million ha of land restored, over 200 million trees re-established •Additional half a million tonnes of grain per year •Reduces drought impacts •Sequestration of carbon in soil and trees
- 15. AFRICA Drought-tolerant maize boosts food security DTMA has developed 100 new varieties released across 13 countries; 2 million smallholders •Yields up to 35% more grain •Resilience to drought • Reduces need to use more land
- 16. Hardy Animals in Nyando, Climate-Smart Villages, Kenya 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2010/11 2012 2013 Percentage HHs Not introduced any new animal types or breeds Introduced 1 or 2 new animal types and/or new breeds Introduced 3 or more new animal types and/or new breeds n=140 n=320 Pure Galla goats and Galla goat crosses Pure Red Maasai Sheep and Red Maasai Sheep Crosses n=200 Outcomes, 2011 to 2013; ILRI and partners • (33%) more HHs introduced 3 or more new animal types in 2012 compared to (20%) in 2013 I relation to the baseline year of 2010/11. • In 2013, 61% of households applied the changes to resilient galla goats (tolerate heat, fast growth rate, mature early) as compared to (48%) to the hardy Red Maasai sheep (tolerate heat, better withstand parasite load, fast growth rate). • Adoption of these changes has led to an increase, adding nearly 1,000 improved crosses to the local small ruminant population in 7 villages in Nyando
- 17. 4. CSA services and approaches
- 18. Seasonal weather forecasts in Senegal 15 community radio stations 2 million farmers get forecasts better food security outcomes
- 19. Index-based insurance • Allows for rapid pay-outs when the level of a weather indicator hits a certain value • Needs good local weather data • Can be linked to input markets (e.g. Insurance paid on input purchases) • Can be cell phone linked (pyaments and payouts)
- 20. Climate-smart villages Index-based insurance Climate information services Climate-smart technologies Local adaptation plans • Policy • Private sector • Development initiatives • Learning sites • Multiple partners
- 21. Local adaptation planning: One women’s present is another women’s future 1. Identify climate analogues 2. Farmer-to-farmer visits
- 22. Getting the message out: ag advisories 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Relative 2012 = 100% Food demand Grain yield per ha GDP Cell phone penetration Global Harvest Initiative 2013 FAOSTAT World Bank/Standard Chartered GSMA/Deloitte Sub-Saharan Africa
- 24. 5. How can identify the priorities
- 25. Prioritisation process being tested in Mali
- 26. Compendium Information at present… + Location (coordinates, country, temp., agroecological zone) + System / treatment 18 (Confinement, pasture, comprehensive,) Manure Management Pasture Management Integrated Nutrient Management Agroforestry INM 23 54 73 168 + Livestock (Dairy cattle, swine, coats, poultry, etc) + Gases Values (Gg CO2eq, GgN2O, Biogas m3) + Location (coordinates, country, temp., agroecological zone) + System/ treatments (pasture, integrated, economic condition, etc) + Livestock (type, number, landholding) +Gases/Fertilizers (inputs fertilization, C sequestered /emission) + Location (coordinates, country, temp., MAP) + Soil (classification, texture, % sand/clay/silt ) + Food production (test crop, yield Kg/ha) + Gases emissions (kind, net balance) + Location (coordinates, country, agroecological zone) + AFS (associated species, soil parameters ) + Physical resilience (indicator and Quantity )
- 27. Country profiles
- 30. Our vision • To be a knowledge partner on major development initiatives • To listen so we do the research that matters to you Our questions • How can we back-stop development efforts? • What are your priority needs for moving CSA forward?
- 31. www.ccafs.cgiar.org Sign up for science, policy and news e-bulletins Twitter: @cgiarclimate @bcampbell_CGIAR
Hinweis der Redaktion
- We believe we do research in a very different way from most research organisations. Why? Here are four reasons Outcome orientated Partnership focused ......... (after second bullet point) We have formed a knowledge partnership with IFAD that involves jointly identifying, and then producing, the knowledge products needed to drive IFADs billion dollar program Major focus on gender and social inequality Part of the development process.... As the next slide shows
- This shows how CA has to be tailored to context; and how CA performs is dependent also on agro-ecological conditions
- Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMTR) is spreading across southern Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal. The structure and fertility of the soil has improved = rain soaks into the soil more readily and water tables have risen in some places, making water more accessible and available to plants and people alike. Together, these changes have increased the resilience of farming systems to extreme weather events, diversifying sources of food and income and protecting land and water resources. goods and services provided by indigenous trees: timber, firewood, fodder, fibre, medicines, fruits, edible leaves and nuts, fodder, dyes and many environmental services.
- We have looked at some examples of technologies; now let us consider more general services and approaches that can help in the uptake of technologies
- Better climate forecasts for farmers are crucial. In Senegal, CCAFS worked with the Met Service and Ag Ministry. In the first two seasons we examined ways that people use (traditional knowlege) to forecast the seasonal weather. We also worked with men and women farmers to understand waht seasonal forecasts were wanted; and in what form. We also supplied seasonal forecasts to some farmers and examined what they did with the forecasts. Farmers receiving and using seasonal forecasts were found to have better food security outcomes. In the third season, working with the national met service and 15 comunity radio stations, seasonal forecasts were received by about 2 million farmers. The prediction is that htis leads to better food security outcomes – this is now being examined through an imapct assesssment by an external evaluator. One crucial ingredient for this kind of work is a better working relationship between the NMS and the ag ministry.
- This shows how CA has to be tailored to context; and how CA performs is dependent also on agro-ecological conditions
- This shows how CA has to be tailored to context; and how CA performs is dependent also on agro-ecological conditions
- A crucial part of CSA is broader adaptation planning at the local level. One tool we use is the climate analogue tool. You can click your locality on a map, and then the tool tells you where you must go to get a vision of your future climate. We then work with farmers to visit such sites. Farmers get inspired by what they see and realise some elements of their future. This leads into local adaptation planning; where farmers indicate the kinds of things they are able to do and would wish to do if they had more resources.
- These are trends all put on the same relative scale. Food demand going forward is not being matched by yield increases But, we are not that pessimistic – Africa is on the rise – witness GDP Cell phone coverage is going through the roof. We think the future is in cell phone advisories, and will assume that within a decade all farmers in SSA have access to smart phones. In Nigeria, the government has now registered 80% of its farmers on cell phones. In Kenya, our study sites show 60% access to cell phones. So, we need much more efort in cell-phone driven development
- These are trends all put on the same relative scale. Food demand going forward is not being matched by yield increases But, we are not that pessimistic – Africa is on the rise – witness GDP Cell phone coverage is going through the roof. We think the future is in cell phone advisories, and will assume that within a decade all farmers in SSA have access to smart phones. In Nigeria, the government has now registered 80% of its farmers on cell phones. In Kenya, our study sites show 60% access to cell phones. So, we need much more efort in cell-phone driven development
- There are a vast amount of possible technologies and approaches – where do we put our efforts; what gets selected where?
- We have been trying the following approach, first in Colombia where it worked well, and now in Mali. In Colombia the government used it to prioritse its climate smart national investments. It can be used at country level or at project level. We will also do it with the NEPAD CSA Allaiance. Hit enter! Key points: Start with generic list from compendium Narrow list using indicators of CSA pillars and dimensions Use weighting of CSA pillars, dimensions, and individual indicators to get a ranked list of “best-bet” practices Further narrow using economic analysis (CBA) Address barriers of practices Great portfolios based on user – discuss tradeoffs across pillars and dimensions for portfolios, discuss barriers and how to address these with the aim of increasing effective implementation
- The first step in the prioritisation process was putting together a list of global possibilities. We have now documented 150+ technologies, showing many characteristics (e-g. Agroecologivcal zone, characteristics of the system etc.).
- Where the previous exercise is done at Country level, this can lead to country profiles. We are now completing six countries in Latin America, and are considering starting in Africa
- Where the previous exercise is done at Country level, this can lead to country profiles. We are now completing six countries in Latin America, and are considering starting in Africa
- Where the previous exercise is done at Country level, this can lead to country profiles. We are now completing six countries in Latin America, and are considering starting in Africa
- Thank you