This document discusses efforts to promote gender-inclusive climate change policies in Latin America. It describes a project that aims to ensure women and men are equally supported to adapt to climate change and benefit from mitigation actions. An assessment of over 100 policies found most had little or no reference to gender issues. Opportunities identified include strengthening alliances with civil society and using participatory processes to incorporate local experiences. The document concludes that while efforts are being made, significant challenges remain in properly integrating gender into climate change and agricultural policies in the region.
2. Informing Policies and Institutions for Food
Systems Resilient to Climate Change
• CCAFS flagship project
• Objective:
Latin American countries use agro-climatic information to improve
climate change and agricultural policies and decisions.
• Gender Inclusion
Gender inclusive climate change policies related to agriculture
and food security so that women and men are equally supported
to adapt to climate change and benefit from mitigation actions.
3. Why gender inclusive climate
change policies?
• Gender
Influences how individuals
experience climate change.
Vulnerability to climate change
Adaptive Capacity
It is important that climate
change policies
incorporate a gender focus.
5. Gender objectives & activities
• Objective:
Inform the formulation and implementation of gender inclusive
climate change policies related to agriculture and food security so
that women and men are equally supported to adapt to climate
change and benefit from mitigation actions.
• Activities
Regional Workshop, COP20, Lima, Peru, 2014
Facilitated working group to share information (2014 – 2017)
Assessed current status of gender in climate change policies
Hosted meetings, seminars, and round tables.
6. Ministries & Organizations
Involved
• Nicaragua
Ministry of Agriculture (MAG),
Nicaraguan Institute of Agricultural
and Livestock Technology (INTA),
Ministry of Associative, Cooperative,
Communitarian and Family Economy
(MEFCCA)
Red Gescon
Fundación de Mujer y Desarrollo
Económico Comunitario (FUMDEC)
• Peru
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
(MINAGRI),
National Wild Fauna and Forest
Service (SERFOR),
Ministry of the Environment (MINAM)
• Colombia
Ecohabitats
Federación de Mujeres Campesinas
de Cundinamarca
Asociación de Mujeres Campesinas,
Negras e Indígenas de Colombia
(Anmucic)
Oxfam – Colombia
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana –
Colombia
World Food Program – Colombia
• El Salvador - Trifinio
• Costa Rica – MAG and CATIE
• Cuba - Instituto de Investigaciones en
Ingeniería Agrícola
• Guatemala - MAGA
• Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI)
7. Experiences from Lima
workshop
• Lack of sex-disaggregated data
• Lack of articulation between national and local levels
• Lack of recognition of women’s role in production and
technology
• Women-focused programs fail to address:
Climate change
Gender inequalities
Photo by: Manon Koningstein (CIAT)
8. Recommendations
• Build knowledge on best practices
• Significance of multi-level forums for continuous
knowledge exchange
• CIAT/CCAF’s role: develop tools and knowledge
products for gender integration
Photo by: Manon Koningstein (CIAT)
9. Assessing policies for
gender inclusion
• Overview of gender inclusion in policy related to CC and
agriculture in CCAFS LAM target countries
• Review of 105 policy documents: CC, agriculture and
food security
• Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru; Central American Region
10. Rubric for degree of gender
integration
Grade Level of gender integration
Grade 1 No reference to gender issues
Grade 2 Gender mentioned in overall objectives but absent from
subsequent implementation levels
Grade 3 Gender clearly presented as one relevant entry point in relation
to main objective, but absence of clear road map leading to
implementation
Grade 4 Gender included in action plan, but absence of clear earmarked
resources for implementation
Grade 5 Gender included in document from objective down to action
plan, with clear resources identified for implementation
Source: Gumucio and Tafur Rueda, 2015
11. Results: by country
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1* 2** 3*** 4**** 5*****
NumberofDocuments
Grade of Gender Integration
Gender Integration in Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Policies
in Latin American Countries
Costa Rica Nicaragua Colombia Peru El Salvador Honduras Guatemala Central American Region
Source: Gumucio and Tafur Rueda, 2015
12. Results: agriculture and
food security
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1* 2** 3*** 4**** 5*****
Numberofdocuments
Grade of gender integration
Gender Integration in the Agriculture and Food Security Sector
Nicaragua Honduras Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Central American Region
Source: Gumucio and Tafur Rueda, 2015
13. Results: climate change
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1* 2** 3*** 4**** 5*****
Numberofdocuments
Grade of gender integration
Gender Integration in Climate Change Policies, Laws, Plans, and Strategies
Nicaragua Honduras Peru Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Central American Region Colombia
Source: Gumucio and Tafur Rueda, 2015
14. Discussion: linkages
among sectors
• Policies exist that integrate gender on themes like
agriculture and development planning
CC policymaking does not take them into account
• Various agricultural sector policies integrate gender
But they do not address climate change
15. Post COP21: Challenges
• Lack of awareness of importance of gender concerns
within various levels of government
• Resources for gender specialists within institutions
• Agreement on gender concepts among partner
organizations
• Institutional decision-making processes that fail to
clearly articulate gender focus within policies and
programs
• Need for gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation of
projects
16. Suggestions for best
practices
• Participatory processes promote gender integration
• International and national policies on gender and social
inclusion provide critical guidance
• Alliances that include the state and civil society promote
greater commitment at the institutional level
Photo by: Manon Koningstein (CIAT)
17. Opportunities: Grassroots
engagement
• Rural women’s organizations, development agencies,
and university programs
• Grassroots experiences:
Need for capacity building for rural women on climate change
Need to make visible the differential effects of CC on men and
women
Effective strategies must reflect community interests
− Need to involve men and women in policymaking processes
Importance of social differentiation focus
18. Towards desired outcomes
• Environmental Management Plan for Macizo de Penas
Blancas in Nicaragua
− https://ccafs.cgiar.org/es/blog/integracion-de-genero-en-accion-un-
ejemplo-de-planificacion-ambiental-en-nicaragua#.WfkyVltSypo
• Public Policy for the Dignity of Women in Cauca,
Colombia (in progress)
19. Conclusions
• Efforts being made but significant challenges
• Necessary to capitalize on opportunities
Alliances with civil society
Participatory processes to connect with local experiences
Make visible gender-differentiated impacts of CC
− Empirical research
Documentation of case studies and best practices
Forums for knowledge exchange
20. References
Gumucio, Tatiana and Jennifer Twyman. 2017. “Formulacion de politicas publicas con enfoque de genero en el
sector agropecuario: construyendo una iniciativa regional para enfrentar el cambio climatico en America Latina.” in
De la práctica a las políticas: experiencias latinoamericanas en género, cambio climático y agricultura. IICA.
Gumucio, T; Tarfur, M. 2015. Influencing gender-inclusive climate change policies in Latin America (en línea).
Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security 1(2):42-61. Consultado 23 mar. 2016. Disponible en
http://agrigender.net/uploads/JGAFS-122015-3.pdf.
Kristjanson, et al. 2017. “Addressing gender in agricultural research for development in the face of a changing
climate: where are we and where should we be going?” International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 15 (5):
482-500.
Tafur Rueda, M. 2015. Memoria. Taller “Mujeres rurales y cambio climático: posibles alianzas y sinergias en
procesos de incidencia política” (2015, Bogotá, Colombia). Bogotá, Colombia, CIAT, CCAFS.
Twyman, J; Muriel J; García, MA. 2015. Identifying women farmers: informal gender norms as institutional barriers
to recognizing women’s contributions to agriculture. Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security 1(2):1-22.
http://agrigender.net/uploads/JGAFS-122015-1-Paper.pdf
Informando políticas e instituciones para sistemas alimentarios resistentes al clima en América Latina.
Guía para la inclusión del enfoque de género en políticas agropecuarias y de cambio climático en América Latina.
Avances en la inclusión de intereses y necesidades de mujeres rurales en políticas públicas agropecuarias y de
cambio climático: el caso de Colombia.
Género y agricultura en el Perú: inclusión de intereses y necesidades de hombres y mujeres en la formulación de
políticas públicas.
Silvopastoral systems in Latin America: mitigation opportunities for men and women livestock producers [Sistemas
silvopastoriles en América Latina: oportunidades de mitigación del cambio climático para y mujeres que se dedican
a la ganadería].
Apoyo a las mujeres agricultoras en un clima cambiante: cinco lecciones de políticas.
Género y cambio climático: política que facilita a los agricultores alcanzar su potencial para adaptar sus sistemas
de producción al cambio climático
The presentation is based on CCAFS’ work with representatives from civil society and state organizations focused on rural development and agriculture in target LAM countries.
Se reconoce que, a causa de los roles y responsabilidades que se llevan a cabo en sus hogares y en sus comunidades, los hombres y las mujeres tienen diferentes capacidades para mitigar y adaptarse a los impactos de cambio climático.
Por esto, es fundamental que las políticas públicas relacionadas tomen en cuenta consideraciones de género, es decir, que involucren necesidades e intereses de mujeres y hombres.
Mínimo: no aumentar las desigualdades de genero.
Ideal: reduce las desigualdades.
Enfoque ciego = políticas públicas que no hacen distinción entre mujeres y hombres en los procesos de formulación e implementación; como consecuencia tienden a enfocar a los hombres como los principales beneficiarios.
Enfoque sensible = diferencian a mujeres y hombres, reconociendo que tienen distintas necesidades e intereses que pueden estar en conflicto.
Ejemplos
Producción de arroz de escala pequeña – las mujeres no están reconocidas como productoras pero juegan roles importantes en labor y manejo del cultivo en tanto a toma de decisiones (solas o en conjunto con sus esposos).
Ganadería en Colombia – las mujeres no participan mucho en aspectos de producción pero en el sistema de agricultura familiar (o de producción de escala pequeña) sus roles en el cuidado de la familia y en otros roles es importante para el mantenimiento del sistema de agricultura para los hogares.
Durante época de sequia las mujeres buscaron trabajos para ganar ingresos para comprar agua.
Un enfoque sensible a la perspectiva de genero se toma en cuenta los roles de mujeres y hombres en los sistemas productivas de agropecuaria.
Cuando una política, proyecto o programa toma en cuenta las diferencias de genero puede decir que es ciega. A primera vista puede parecer que es mejor – que es neutral – pero el problema es que nuestro estereotipos y sesgos no conscientes muchas veces dictan a hombres como productores y así tales políticas y proyectos pueden ser sesgados contra la mujer.
Working group: to develop knowledge, key considerations and synergies for gender inclusion in CC policies
Ministries and Secretaries of Agriculture and rural development organizations from Latin American countries
Share information and diverse experiences on gender integration from their institutions
The experiences all point to a lack of gender aware policymaking
*Related to this third point, there is a failure to recognize women’s difficulties to access information and trainings
Cultural limitations (gender relations as structural barriers) **to be really gender transformative and reduce gender gaps in access to productive resources
These fórums provide Suggestions for research foci and approaches:
Need for research and capacity-building on technology for CC adaptation
Importance of linking family agriculture within value chains
--In order to make visible and relevant women’s productive role in agriculture and food security
*Need for exchange and systematization of experiences, concepts, methodologies
constitutes a critical first step in identifying the ideal political-institutional foundation for the promotion of gender-inclusive climate change planning
Learning process: eventually provide recommendations on how to include gender in policy
--what can we learn from this review, how can it be helpful for You (policymakers)
Mention CCAFS LAM gender activity goal – support policymakers to integrate gender in policy
Resonates with IFAD frameworks
important to highlight that the rubric is not meant to measure the mere mention of gender but rather the capacity of policy instruments to comprehensively address gender considerations
Countries that had more numerous high-scoring documents were in the Central American región (though take into account the review included more central American countries than South American); Nicaragua and Honduras, in particular
--and, it was often their agriculture and food security policies, as well
Comparing documents by thematic área, agriculture and food security had the most high-scoring documents
“This analysis suggests that, across countries, a lack of articulation among policy instruments may hinder the development of a political-institutional framework that promotes gender inclusion in climate change planning. Correspondingly, increased cross-sectoral coordination could improve gender inclusion. Often, policies that effectively include gender in themes related to, for example, development planning or the agricultural sector, are largely overlooked when it comes to climate change policymaking “
--Feedback from workshop participants after 1 year
--last 3 observations, exemplify that efforts are being made also, think about rubric grades
Intl legal instruments:
Can serve as guides
Motivate gender inclusión
Wrt institutional policy: TRIFINIO; Guatemala, policy on gender within MAG just came out (a policy can help with the last 2, in particular)
Alliances promote greater commitment to gender inclusión
OPPORTUNITY: Perú ccGAP follows these types of processes (though time-consuming and costly)
Establish alliances and construct mechanisms of joint work that allow rural women’s organizations to influence policymaking processes on climate change in the rural and agricultural sectors
Coordination: research, policy influence, grassroots support
Also recently been in touch with CAC – Central American Agricultural Committee/advisory board regarding the regional strategy for climate change adaptation with a gender focus.
Identify the interested partners (they exist!) and work together
Gender differentiated impacts of CC this includes gender-differentiated contributions to solutions