Full Disclosure: About a year ago, I knew almost zilch about social media. In fact, I am tech-phobic. Really. Ask anyone who knows me. Only the largess of my tech-savvy family and occasional panicky interactions with tech support enable me to stumble along in the digital era with a modicum of competence. Recently, however, I embarked on a quest to explore social media. What I learned persuaded me that anyone seeking to improve the teaching-learning landscape must initiate his or her own quest to understand and leverage the power of social media. I this chapter, I hope to inspire you to do exactly that.

1. Leverage Social Media to Drive Change!
Twitter Power for Literacy Educators and Activists
By Carolyn D. Cowen
Reprinted with permission from the forthcoming second
edition of Power to Act: Transforming Literacy and
Education, by Cinthia Haan (available spring 2012).
Full Disclosure: About a year ago, I knew almost zilch
about social media. In fact, I am tech-phobic. Really.
Ask anyone who knows me. Only the largess of my
tech-savvy family and occasional panicky interactions
with “tech support” enable me to stumble along in the
digital era with a modicum of competence. Recently,
however, I embarked on a quest to explore social
media. What I learned persuaded me that anyone
seeking to improve the teaching-leaning landscape
must initiate his or her own quest to understand and
leverage the power of social media. In this chapter, I
hope to inspire you to do exactly that.
* * *
When social media first began emerging as a game changer, I was dismissive.
“That’s for college kids,” I thought. Despite being married to a new-media expert and
early-adopter type, I was slow to recognize the power of social media, even as it
began invading our household—long before “friend” became a verb.
Over time, I did succumb to environmental pressure. I acquired a Facebook page,
joined LinkedIn, started a Twitter account, and even posted a few presentations on
SlideShare.1 I would trot out these social-media credentials when feeling the need to
demonstrate I was not some hopeless digital illiterate. Truth be told, I wasn’t very
active on any of those platforms. For the most part, I was:
 Mystified—Why is every news anchor on the planet suddenly talking about
hashtags?
 Skeptical—How can anyone say anything significant in 140 characters?
 Busy—Who has time to play around with social media?
 Fearful—Who knows what evil lurks beneath the benign-looking social media
surface? (Stories about hackers and phishing2 scams seemed reason enough
not to venture into those dangerous waters.)
1
Slideshare—a web-based slideshow-hosting service—is a dynamic social-media/education
tool similar to YouTube, but for presentations.
2
Posing as a trustworthy entity to steal usernames, passwords, credit-card information.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 1

2. Then I received an unlikely Christmas present—a bunch of books on social media.
Imagine my enthusiasm. My gift-giver also made a point of challenging me on two
fronts:
 As a mission-driven social entrepreneur and educator, isn’t it time to learn how
to leverage social media tools to achieve my goals?
 How can I be so concerned with education and print literacy and ignore new-
media literacy and the imperative to prepare children to live in a world that will
demand new-media competence?
Less than thrilled, I began reading and trying some of the strategies in the books. I
started with LinkedIn because it seemed more professional and, well, more grown up
than Facebook. (Yes, I know Facebook is by far the most powerful platform on the
web, but it just felt frivolous to me.) Next, I delved into SlideShare and Twitter
because the first had obvious professional applications and the latter seemed
relatively uncomplicated and easy to incorporate into my busy life.
To my surprise, I began to like dabbling in social media and found myself venturing
into its deeper waters. The small experiments I conducted began producing results,
especially on Twitter (see sidebar). I was inspired.
But I was a closet Tweeter. Most of my esteemed colleagues were not, heaven
forbid, tweeting and I was not ready to confess that I had crossed over. Not yet.
Building on success and with scaffolding and support from my family and books, my
learning accelerated. I witnessed the power of social media’s tools and strategies in
arenas where I had thought they had no relevance. Finally, tentatively, I emerged
from the closet to share this power with colleagues.
There is nothing more irritating than the sanctimony of the newly converted, so I
promise to temper my enthusiasm. You will hear no claims from me that social media
will bring world peace, stop climate change, or even solve the thorny challenges we
face in education. And, hazards do indeed lurk in social media’s waters.
I will, however, try to persuade you to test these waters and to learn to swim in them
with some degree of competence. In a nutshell, here is why: To achieve your goals
and for the sake of the children whose future you steward, you must begin to
understand and leverage the power of social media.
If you are reading this book, my assertion above almost certainly applies to you. Very
likely, you, too, have been dismissive of social media and still are mystified by,
cynical about, or fearful of its power. In fact, I am willing to bet that most readers of
this book are not digital natives.3 You are the audience for whom this chapter is
written. My goal is to help so-called digital immigrants who are doing important work
3
Digital native: Someone born after digital technology became mainstream and, presumably,
with greater digital competence and comfort than a digital immigrant, someone born before
digital technology became mainstream.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 2

3. in education to venture into social media, understand its power, and begin learning
how to leverage its tools and strategies.
However, I will take you only so far. Why? Any Google search will yield plenty of
social media how-to books destined to become obsolete in six months. Things are
happening that fast. Instead of providing nuts-and-bolts detail that may not be
relevant in just months, I will drop a few breadcrumbs to help you get started on the
path—particularly the Twitter path—and provide a little support to help you find
success and feel inspired to persevere in a rapidly changing environment.
I know. You want me to tell you exactly how to do social media step-by-step. We non-
digital natives like books and lean away from discovery learning, especially when it
comes to technology. We want direct, systematic, explicit instruction. We want
someone to break it down, make it multisensory, and provide guided practice. So, go
buy a book (see sidebar). Go find a mentor. My goal is to motivate you to take such
steps and to persist. Think of me as someone who traveled the road just a few steps
ahead of you and has circled back to offer a few pointers about how and why to start
down the path—to tell you about some of the awesome vistas ahead and to help you
get oriented. Think of me as one who has not traveled far enough along the road to
give you a comprehensive map. You must find your own map and guides. But I can
help you begin. So, let’s do it!
______________________________________
How Can Social Media Enhance Your Work?
The most important step in my own exploration of social media was to understand
that I could leverage its tools and strategies to enhance my work. That epiphany was
the starting gun that propelled me forward. Why should you, too, consider
undertaking such an exploration? The answer is simple: Social-media tools and
strategies can be powerful in the hands of literacy educators and activists
working to improve the teaching-learning landscape for children at-risk for
reading failure—the “SEEDS” children4 discussed in this book’s preface.
How? Social media can achieve important objectives under four broad categories: 1)
WEB STRATEGY; 2) MESSAGING; 3) NETWORKING/COMMUNITY ACTION; and 4)
PEDAGOGY. One or two of those categories may not be meaningful to you, so let’s
sharpen our focus and look at specific objectives:
1. WEB STRATEGY: Enhance search engine optimization ([SEO] strategies to
improve search-engine visibility—more on this in a moment.)
2. MESSAGING: Listen, broadcast, and engage
3. NETWORKING/SOCIAL ACTION: Build personal learning networks (PLNs) and
ignite social action
4. PEDAGOGY: Enrich/engage learning and differentiate teaching
4
SEEDS: Struggling readers, Economically disadvantaged youth, English-language learners,
and students with Dyslexia or specific learning disabilities.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 3

4. If you are a literacy educator or activist, one or more of those objectives ties directly
to your work and goals. All these objectives can be important elements in a
comprehensive campaign to improve the teaching-learning landscape for children at
risk for reading failure. Let’s sharpen our focus still further to define terminology and
concepts that may be new to you as we consider these categories and objectives
through the lens of Twitter—a very powerful micro-blogging5 platform.
_________________________________________________
WEB STRATEGY: How Does Twitter Advance Web Strategy?
Twitter advances web strategy—i.e., drives traffic to your website—in at least three
ways: 1) through messages to draw in targeted audiences; 2) by building a
distribution network of followers who help you convey your messages; and 3) by
enhancing search engine optimization. Let’s examine each.
First, think of Twitter as an outpost or billboard that funnels traffic back to your
website or blog (see Figure 1).
5
Micro-blogging: As the name suggests, falls under the broadcast medium of blogging, but
differs from traditional blogging in that small elements of content are shared.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 4

5. With 300 million tweets per day6 and climbing, how do you stand out enough in the
cacophony of noise about the likes of Kim Kardashian to drive any traffic anywhere?
The answer: Hashtags! A hashtag (#) preceding particular words or topics in your
Twitter message enables people to search for messages and conversation about
those issues. Hashtags function something like zip codes; they allow you to target
your messaging to people hanging out in certain “topical neighborhoods” following
particular issues. Use hashtags strategically to reach specific audiences. Your
message, intended audience, and goals should inform your use of hashtags 7 (see
Figure 2).
Second, as you become more active on Twitter, you will acquire followers. These are
people who have decided to follow you (at least for a while); which means your
tweets show up in their Twitter feeds. This is good! Your followers are a select
segment of your audience. They have decided to follow you because they agree or
disagree with you, find you entertaining or informative, or reciprocated when you
followed them. Think of your followers as your distribution network, the people most
likely to re-tweet your tweets (i.e., pass along your information to others). You want to
build your distribution network and populate it with people of influence. There are
many tricks, strategies, and tools for acquiring followers, but the best method by far is
to generate high-quality tweets on a regular basis linking to high-quality content
related to your goals and work. In other words, to attract followers of value, you must
provide value (see Figure 3).
6
According to Wikipedia, in 2011 over 300 million users generated over 300 million tweets
and over 1.6 billion search queries per day. However, Twitter is reported to have a low
retention rate (keeping those who join). Retrieved, 1/2/12.
7
See SlideShare URL at the end of this chapter and view “Twitter Tutorial: How-To Links” to
access links to lists of education-related hashtags.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 5

6. Third, tweeting enhances search engine optimization (SEO). What is that? SEO
improves the visibility of a website or webpage on a search engine, such as Google.
SEO tactics seek to ensure that a given website or blog shows up near the top of a
results page in response to a web search query. The higher on the results page, the
better the odds people will click on the link to a site. (Few of us scroll beyond the first
few items on a search results page.) So if, for example, your organization and
website are all about literacy, you want to show up near the top of the results page
on a search for literacy (or for similar words or topics, e.g., illiteracy, teaching
literacy). An entire industry has grown up around the creation and use of
sophisticated SEO tactics, but all you need to know for now is that through the simple
act of tweeting, you can enhance SEO and page ranking, especially if you
consistently and strategically use keywords and phrases that summarize or relate to
your cause.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 6

7. So, how does Twitter advance web strategy? To summarize, Branding Yourself
authors Erik Deckers and Kyle Lacy put it best: “Twitter allows the instantaneous
sharing of your blog or website content, which means you have the opportunity to
publish your opinions and ideas to a readership of millions” (2011, p.88). How? Via
tweets to hashtags and followers and through the power of SEO.
____________________________________________
MESSAGING: How Does Twitter Facilitate Messaging?
Twitter is a two-way communication channel that not only allows you to broadcast
information to others, but also brings information to you via your Twitter feed.
Twitter Feed: Targeted Breaking News and Content
Your Twitter feed—tweets from people you follow—provides a steady stream of
targeted breaking news and content. As you follow people interested in issues that
interest you, these “tweople” provide valuable links to information you might have
missed otherwise. The people you follow determine the scope and quality of the
content in your Twitter-feed. Following people with diverse interests and perspectives
yields wide-ranging content that can get overwhelming. Following people with similar
interests and perspectives yields targeted content that can be too narrow. The trick is
to find a balance that reflects your interests and needs and allows you to follow
emerging information in your content niche.
How do you know whom to follow? There is a lot of buzz these days about analytics
tools such as Klout 8 (http://klout.com/corp/kscore) online influence. Theoretically,
you want to follow people with influence and, presumably, those with high Klout
scores. Keep in mind, though, this is just one measure, one many criticize as
superficial. Twitter also offers regular “who-to-follow” suggestions. But if you are just
starting out, it is important to look at Twitter profiles and tweets to assess for yourself
if a prospect is “follow-worthy.” In the process, you learn important lessons about
effective tweeting and see who is tweeting and re-tweeting what in your areas of
interest. You also can search hashtags in your Twitter search window (see Figure 4 9)
to find and follow “tweople” on your topics of interest, but you still will want to review
their profiles and tweet history.
8
See SlideShare URL at the end of this chapter and view “Twitter Tutorial: How-To Links” for
links to discussions about Klout score pros/cons
9
As we were going to press, Twitter changed its page design. However, the basic principles
remain the same.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 7

8. As you follow more people, your Twitter feed can explode with incoming tweets. If a
daily tsunami of incoming emails and other data already swamp you, a hyperactive
Twitter feed is not good. Fear not. You can and should un-follow people as your
interests and priorities shift and as you learn more about who best meets your needs.
You also can create lists within your Twitter feed to break down incoming tweets into
topical (hashtag) categories and make monitoring more manageable.
Another strategy for managing an active Twitter feed is to deploy a tool such as
Paper.li (http://paper.li). Advertized as content curation, Paper.li is more topical
aggregation (bundling) and too automated to be true content curation.10 No matter.
Paper.li’s real value is in taking links from people you follow and converting tweets
into a digital “tweet-paper” for easy reading—far easier for busy digital immigrants to
scan and digest than a highly active Twitter feed. Your Paper.li also can tweet itself
when it is hot-off-the-press and you can tweet and re-tweet directly from your own
paper.li or from other paper.lis to which you subscribe, making this a very valuable
two-way communication tool.11
Is your head spinning? Not to worry. File some of this away under “Solutions for
Future Problems,” which, if you are just starting out, you will not need to think about
for a while.
Twitter: A Broadcasting Medium
Broadcasting is one thing. Attracting, engaging, and keeping high-quality followers
who act on or pass along your messages is another. Some influential tweeters have
thousands of followers; if they re-tweet you, your message can go viral in seconds.
10
Scoop.it! (http://blog.scoop.it/en/) probably is closer to content curation and appears to be
a promising tool.
11
Paper.li also works with Facebook or Google+.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 8

9. There are all kinds of tricks and tools for acquiring followers (Google it), but attracting
and keeping valuable followers is something else. Following and re-tweeting other
quality tweeters are two effective strategies that often prompt people to check you out
and follow or re-tweet back. This is good! You are looking for active re-tweeters with
their own followers. But again, the single most effective strategy for attracting and
keeping quality followers is to learn the art of a good tweet and to place it in hashtag
neighborhoods your target audiences frequent.
In 140 characters or less, effective tweets:
 Post links to valuable content
 Engage, interact, and build relationships
 Promote your cause—but not too much, interspersing your cause-related
tweets with those of others, especially those with aligned causes and content
As Deckers and Lacy say, “the more content-rich your tweets, the more people will
read” (2011, p.94). Content comes from linking to your blog, website, or other blogs
and news sources and by engaging in conversation. Of course, if your tweets are well
written and thought provoking, all the better (see Figure 5).
C. Cowen 2/23/12 9

10. There are no rigid rules when it comes to tweeting, but following a few common-
sense guidelines can ease your way and facilitate effective messaging. Don’t
promote yourself too much (bad manners), don’t overdo quotes12 (boring), don’t lose
track of time and spend all day tweeting (foolish), and don’t forget that tweets are
public (really foolish). Do be goal-oriented and relevant (smart), do be active (shoot
for 5-20 tweets per day), and do embrace “givers gain” (Deckers and Lacy suggest
one self-serving tweet for every nine about others).
A final quote from Deckers and Lacy: “When it comes to Twitter, you’re expected to
share others’ content more than your own. When you share their content, they’re
more likely to share yours in return” (2011, p.104). Being re-tweeted is a compliment
that furthers your objectives. Re-tweeting is good form and builds your network (see
Figure 6).
12
I have tweeted a quote once or twice, but regard people who tweet daily quotes as “cheap
tweeters” and do not follow them. Why clog up my Twitter feed? I can read a book of quotes
or search online anytime I feel the need for an inspirational quote. But maybe that’s just me.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 10

11. Which brings us to this incredibly important point: Twitter’s linking and sharing culture
is a powerful asset for igniting change. Borrowing from Malcolm Gladwell’s The
Tipping Point (2000), mavens (databanks), connectors (social glue), and salesmen
(persuaders) all populate Twitter—a medium that further empowers them to do what
they already do well. Twitter helps you enlist the talents of mavens, connectors, and
salesmen to convey your messages.
A final point about Twitter’s broadcasting power: Twitter gives you more control of
your messaging and press. No longer must you rely exclusively on traditional press to
tell your story. Social media enables you tell it yourself with accuracy and passion!
And, if you tell it well enough, traditional press sometimes follows.
__________________________________________________
NETWORKING/COMMUNITY ACTION: How Does Twitter Promote
Networking and Social Action?
Even if you know very little about Twitter, you probably have heard about the so-
called Twitter Revolutions.13 You also may have encountered the term, Professional
Learning Networks (PLNs). Both relate to what Twitter is exceptionally good at—
building social networks and igniting social action. How do these relate to the work
and goals of literacy educators and activists?
Twitter-Fueled Professional Learning Networks for Literacy Causes?
Let’s start with Professional Learning Networks, which, according to Wikipedia, “have
become prevalent in the field of education and are rapidly becoming adopted as
centers for the dissemination of field-related information.”14 A key PLN concept is
that it is learner-centered: “Learners create connections and develop a network that
contributes to their professional development and knowledge.”15 The other defining
feature of the PLN trend is its connection to social media.
We probably can anticipate that PLNs driven by social media will play an expanding
role in 21st century teacher preparation and professional development. Most literacy
leaders of the “evidence-based persuasion” will feel varying degrees of discomfort
with the learner-centric concept at the heart of PLNs and will worry about leaving too
much responsibility for directing professional learning in the hands of those who may
not know enough to know what they do not know, never mind how to acquire the
knowledge they need. A concern, yes.
But imagine the synergistic power in a skillfully executed effort to organize PLNs for
literacy educators in teacher preparation and professional development programs
that embody, for example, the tenets of the International Dyslexia Association’s
13
Twitter was used to organize protests in Egypt, Tunisian, Iran, and Moldova.
14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Learning_Networks. Retrieved 1/2/12.
15
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Learning_Networks. Retrieved 1/2/12
C. Cowen 2/23/12 11

12. Knowledge and Practice Standards for Teachers of Reading.16 Imagine leveraging
PLNs to organize a grassroots campaign to raise public awareness about the
knowledge base required for skilled reading instruction. Imagine coordinating PLNs
nationwide to share effective strategies for pushing for state literacy laws.
PLNs are not new. Throughout human history, formal and informal professional and
grassroots networks have shared knowledge and information to advance social
goals. Social media platforms like Twitter expand the power and reach of these
learning networks profoundly.
Twitter: A Power Tool for Igniting Social Action
Social media also has the power to ignite social action for good and bad. Twitter is
thought to have played a role in the United Kingdom civil unrest in the spring of 2011.
Twitter was used to organize protests in Egypt during 2010-2011, Tunisian during
2009-2010, Iran in 2009, and Moldova in 2009. Twitter also helped launch the
“Occupy Movement” (#OWS,17 2011). A pretty big impact for a social media platform
launched as recently as 2006, no?
We also have an example of Twitter’s power to galvanize and coordinate social
action closer to home. During the summer of 2011, a grassroots effort called Save
Our Schools (SOS)18 organized a march in Washington DC to demand: “1) equitable
funding for all public school communities; 2) an end to high-stakes testing used for
the purpose of student, teacher, and school evaluation; 3) teacher, family, and
community leadership in forming public school policies; and 4) curriculum developed
for and by local school communities” (see www.saveourschoolsmarch.org.)
Leaving aside how you may feel about these demands (some of which will worry
parents, educators, and policy makers fighting for “evidenced-based practices”), the
SOS movement offers important lessons in deploying social media to achieve social
goals. SOS has been especially skillful in leveraging Twitter to:
 Recruit new members and build community identity around shared frustration
 Tweet a barrage of headlines driving traffic to websites and blogs where
prolific writers further articulate the cause
 Sustain ongoing conversation around core talking points
 Attract the attention of traditional press
 Focus attention on a call to action—a Washington march that further solidified
everything above
A few qualifiers: Twitter is not SOS’s only organizing tool, there have been missteps,
and to what extent this movement ultimately will be successful remains to be seen.
But SOS offers a great ongoing case study for literacy educators and activists
seeking to tap the power of social media. SOS also offers a warning for those not yet
16
See http://www.interdys.org/standards.htm
17
Roughly one in every 500 hashtags on Twitter worldwide was #OWS.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street. Retrieved 1/2/12
18
See http://www.saveourschoolsmarch.org/
C. Cowen 2/23/12 12

13. deploying social media tools and strategies. Others are doing so and they are honing
their skills.
_________________________________________________
PEDAGOGY: How Can Twitter Enrich/Engage Learning and
Differentiate Teaching?
Twitter and other social media are at the heart of a freewheeling pedagogical frontier.
Exploration, intuition, improvisation, and market forces will drive development of
social media/education practices and interventions for a while. There will be risk-
taking, missteps, snake-oil salesmen, and brilliant innovation. It will take years for
empirical research to catch up (if it ever does). Schools are struggling with policies
and access issues, but there is no closing this barn door. Educators already are
experimenting with social media, such as Twitter, to enrich and engage learning, to
differentiate teaching, and for other pedagogical purposes.
Check out a sampling of high-profile education Tweeters to get a taste of
the action:19
1. https://twitter.com/edutopia
2. https://twitter.com/rmbyrne
3. https://twitter.com/TeachPaperless
4. https://twitter.com/mbteach
5. https://twitter.com/Larryferlazzo
6. https://twitter.com/web20classroom
7. https://twitter.com/coolcatteacher
8. https://twitter.com/ShellTerrell
9. https://twitter.com/stumpteacher
10. https://twitter.com/NMHS_Principal
11. https://twitter.com/cybraryman
12. https://twitter.com/langwitches
This is uncharted territory. Shouldn’t the people who know the most about the
knowledge base required for skilled reading instruction be exploring this territory,
too? Given what we know about the reading brain and the science of teaching and
learning, shouldn’t we be out there as well helping to blaze the trails? If we worry
about the erosion of “deep reading” skills in a digital environment—as cognitive
neuroscientist, Maryanne Wolf cautions (2010)—shouldn’t we be lending our
expertise to chart this new territory and to help ensure that one of civilization’s
greatest triumphs (deep reading/thinking skills) is not lost along the way? Just
because something is technology-based and powerful does not mean it delivers on
its promise or is good.
19
Disclaimer: This is just a taste and by no means exhaustive—merely the result of an hour
or so spent trolling my Twitter feed. These tweeters will lead you to others. Inclusion does not
signify endorsement; omission does not signify the opposite.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 13

14. Finally, if we are dedicated to ensuring children are print-literate in order to function in
a text-driven culture, shouldn’t we also be dedicated to preparing children to live in a
society that demands new-media literacy?20 This last question may be the trickiest of
all. What exactly is new-media literacy, how does it relate to print literacy, and how do
schools based on industrial-era design impart new-media literacy skills? A complex
ever-changing digital environment further complicates these questions.
It is not clear how to navigate the tricky waters of these and similar questions. What
is clear is that we cannot learn to swim without getting in the water. So far, in my
relatively brief but intense exploration of social media, I have been struck by the
conspicuous absence of most literacy and learning differences experts. We have very
little presence in this arena, especially on Twitter.
Notice that other than offering a few leads, I did not actually answer the question that
kicked off this section of this chapter: How can Twitter enrich/engage learning and
differentiate teaching. After a few false starts, I realized that my answers would be far
too preliminary. More to the point, better answers would come from literacy master
practitioners and thought leaders partnering with new-media experts to explore the
frontiers of social media’s pedagogical applications and to identify promising
practices. Of course, a new generation of rigorous translational research21 should
follow. Partnerships among educators, new-media experts, and researchers will be
vital to exploring new media’s teaching-learning applications and implications, which
may indeed blaze pathways to solutions for longstanding education challenges and
to exciting innovations for future generations of learners.
_______________
Your Turn to Act
I have touched on Twitter’s applications and possibilities related to 1) WEB STRATEGY,
2) MESSAGING, 3) NETWORKING/COMMUNITY ACTION, and 4) PEDAGOGY. Will Twitter
save the planet or, barring that, solve the pressing challenges most people agree we
now face in education across the nation? Definitely not. Frederick Hess voiced a
relevant caution in The Same Thing Over and Over: How School Reformers Get
Stuck in Yesterday’s Ideas, “The challenge is not to romanticize any given
technological advance, but to ask how it might be used to solve problems in smarter
ways” (2010, p. 26). To be sure, social media has plenty of downsides, some of
which we probably cannot even glimpse at this early juncture. Twitter is just a social
media tool. Like all tools, it has limitations. It is as good or bad as the humans who
wield it.
20
An array of evolving new-media literacy definitions pulled from the web over the last two
years share characteristics such as, ability to: 1) analyze, evaluate, and communicate
information in a complex ever-changing digital environment; 2) be both a critical thinker and
creative producer of a range of messages using image, language, and sound; and 3) skillfully
apply print literacy skills (decoding/encoding symbols and comprehending, synthesizing,
analyzing, and producing messages) to media and technology messaging.
21
Translational research: Practice-based research to enhance evidence-based practice.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 14

15. With those important disclaimers and cautions underscored, I have no doubt that
Twitter can be a power tool for literacy educators and activists. As Guy
Kawasaki, author of Enchantment: The Art of Changing Hearts, Minds, and Actions
said, “Twitter is the most powerful enchantment tool I’ve used in my career” (2011,
p.126). Kawasaki is the former chief evangelist of Apple, so that is saying something.
Perhaps enchantment has been a missing ingredient in our decades-long campaign
to bring skilled reading instruction to every child. We have tried the levers of
research, policy, legislation, and accountability, but how well have we practiced the
art of enchantment to change hearts, minds, and actions? To what extent might the
current backlash of angry resistance to evidence-based efforts reflect relying mostly
on top-down strategies for creating change while neglecting to give bottom-up
grassroots strategies our attention?
Twitter is a powerful tool for enchanting, for building grassroots support, and for
igniting change. Twitter or future iterations of Twitter also may prove to be an
especially valuable teaching-learning tool. Yes, using Twitter requires learning a few
tricks and strategies, but it is not rocket science. Twitter is low-hanging fruit. Why not
pluck it?
Which brings us to two steps you can take now to begin sampling some of the fruits
of social media:
STEP #1: If you have not done so already, start a Twitter account. It is free and
not difficult to do. Go to Twitter.com and follow the prompts. Once you start
your account (or if you already are on Twitter but not active), here is your
assignment:
1. Explore Twitter and get to know its various features. (Don’t freak out if the
layout changes. It happens now and then as Twitter improves its design. The
basic features usually remain intact.)
2. Follow 15 new people each week for a month (best way to quickly
understand what works and what does not and to build a valuable Twitter
feed).
3. Tweet at least once a day for a month (to build the habit and to become
fluent).
Here is a bit of scaffolding: If you check out the three resources below as you
complete the assignments above, you will be well on your way.
 http://www.slideshare.net/carolyndcowen
View Draft 3 Twitter Power 4 Literacy Educators & Activists and Draft 3 Twitter
Power Tutorial: How-2 Links (Introductory)
 http://mashable.com/guidebook/twitter/
The Twitter Guide Book: How-To, Tips and Instructions (Basics to Advanced)
 http://socialtriggers.com/twitter-tips/
C. Cowen 2/23/12 15

16. How to Attract and Influence People on Twitter (The Ultimate Twitter
Resource)
STEP #2: If I inspired and empowered you to explore Twitter, I hope you will do
the same for your colleagues. Pay it forward! Also, teaching something is a
great way to consolidate our own learning.
This chapter focused on social media’s why more than its how—hoping to entice,
guide, and gently prod you to take the steps needed to learn how to engage in social
media, especially Twitter. I hope you feel inspired to take those next crucial steps.
Social media tools will be powerful in the hands of literacy educators and activists
working to improve the teaching-learning landscape on behalf of children at risk for
reading failure. Let’s get out there and explore this new frontier!
__________________________________________
What saves a man is to take a step. Then another step.
— C. S. Lewis
___________________________________________
* * *
Watch for the second edition of Power to
Act: Transforming Literacy and Education,
by Cinthia Haan, due spring 2012. The first
edition can be found at Amazon
(http://www.amazon.com/Power-Act-
Transforming-Literacy-
Education/dp/1466218258).
C. Cowen 2/23/12 16

17. FIGURES 1-6 NOTE
Like all social media platforms, Twitter periodically redesigns its layout and features, so what
you see on your screen may not correspond exactly with the figures in this chapter (captured
at the time of publication). The fundamental elements, however, usually remain intact.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks go to John Wilpers (for steadfast support and an awesome Christmas
present), to Cinthia Haan (who pushed me out of the closet), and to Earl Oremus and
Gordon Sherman (two of my best critics).
REFERENCES
Deckers, E. & Lacy, K. (2011). Branding yourself: How to use social media to invent
or re-invent yourself. Indianapolis, IN: Pearson Education, Inc.
Gladwell, M. (2000). The Tipping Point: How little things can make a big difference.
Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
Hess, F. M. (2010). The same thing over and over: How school reformers get stuck in
yesterday’s
ideas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kawasaki, G. (2011). Enchantment: The art of changing hearts, minds, and actions.
London: Penguin Book Ltd.
Wolf, M. (2010). Cassandra’s Thoughts About Reading and Time. In Sherman, G. F.
& Cowen, C. D. (Eds.) Perspectives: Dyslexia with 2020 Vision—where will we
be in 10 years, 36 (1) 39-40.
BIOGRAPHY
Carolyn D. Cowen is known for developing, launching, and managing programs and
initiatives that improve the teaching-learning landscape for people with learning differences,
particularly those with dyslexia. As Executive Director of Carroll School’s Center for
Innovative Education, she oversees various outreach and professional-development
programs, coordinates/convenes the Dyslexia Leadership Summit, and spearheads the
Dyslexia Geno-Phenotyping Initiative. Prior to that, she was Executive Director of The
Learning Disabilities Network—a nonprofit she co-founded and operated for 20 years that
provided services to individuals with LD, their families, and professionals working on their
behalf.
In her 35-year career, Carolyn has worn many hats: teacher, reading therapist, speaker,
author, editor, consultant, professional-development planner, executive director, think-tank
convener, fundraiser, funder, and social-media editor/strategist. Carolyn earned her master’s
degree in reading education and learning disabilities from Harvard University. She received
the Alice H. Garside Award from the New England Branch of the International Dyslexia
Association (IDA), chaired IDA’s nominating committee, and currently serves as Social-
Media Editor and Strategist for IDA’s EXaminer. These days, she is especially interested in
new-media/print literacies, social media as a tool for advancing change, and creative ways
nonprofits can “power the mission with the message.”
C. Cowen 2/23/12 17

18. SIDEBAR
Social Media Experiments: Here are two of several informal experiments I conducted that helped
turn me from a social-media skeptic to cautious advocate. The results themselves are not huge, but
provide insights into huge possibilities.
 Views of two of my presentations/documents on SlideShare jumped significantly after being
featured briefly on SlideShare’s homepage—one because it was “being tweeted more than
anything else on SlideShare” (probably because of hashtags I used) and one because it was
“popular” (probably because of keywords in the title). Taken together, these two presentations
have had over 2,250 views. (The tally for all 12 of my public SlideShare
presentations/documents is about 5,850 views). Take away: Hashtags and keywords are
important and Twitter and SlideShare can work synergistically to broadcast messages and
reach audiences.
 For years the International Dyslexia Association struggled to attract high-caliber proposals for
its Multisensory Structured-Language Research Grant Program. Nine proposals were received
from 2006-2010; one was accepted. In 2011, we experimented with a social-media call-for-
proposals strategy (Twitter) that yielded five proposals (three from outside the US), one of
which was funded. Take away: Twitter reaches a wide range of audiences from around the
world, including neuroscientists and cognition/education researchers.
Christmas (2010) Books: I am often asked about the books I received. Keep in mind, I do not
necessarily endorse these and, even though all have publishing dates between 2008-2011, their
content may be dated already.
 Branding Yourself: How to Use Social Media to Invent or Reinvent Yourself, by Erik Deckers and Kyle
Lacy
 Content Rules: How to Create Killer Podcasts, Videos, Ebooks, Webinars and More, by Ann Handley
and C. C. Chapman
 Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns, by Clayton
Christensen
 Facebook Marketing an Hour a Day, by Chris Treadway and Mari Smith
 Grown Up Digital, by Don Tapscott
 Inbound Marketing: Get Found Using Social Media, and Blogs, by Brian Halligan and Dharmesh Shah
 The Young and the Digital: What the Migration to Social Network Sites, Games, and Anytime,
Anywhere Media Means for Our Future, by S. Craig Watkins
Here are two more I have since discovered and found relevant.
 The Dragonfly Effect: Quick, Effective, and Powerful Ways to Use Social Media to Drive Change, by
Jennifer Aaker and Andy Smith
 Enchantment: The Art of Changing Hearts, Minds, and Actions, by Guy Kawasaki
Follow Suggestions: Come find me on Twitter (https://twitter.com/cdcowen). Tell me about your
Twitter adventures and send me an RT-worthy tweet! Also follow:
 LiterateNation (https://twitter.com/LiterateNation). Literate Nation: Working together across
disciplines to ensure all students are reading literate and equipped with 21st century skills to
flourish in school, career, and life.
 IntlDyslexia (https://twitter.com/IntlDyslexia). International Dyslexia Association: Pursuing
and providing a comprehensive range of information and services addressing the full scope
of dyslexia and related difficulties.
C. Cowen 2/23/12 18