2. Chapter Introduction Section 1 Rome’s Beginning Section 2 The Roman Republic Section 3 The Fall of the Republic Section 4 The Early Empire Reading Review Chapter Assessment The Rise of Rome Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

4. The Rise of Rome

6. Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes the beginnings of Rome, the founding of the republic, and early conquests. Rome’s Beginnings

14. How did the Greeks influence the Romans? The Greeks taught the Romans how to grow grapes and olives. They also taught the Romans their alphabet. Roman architecture, sculpture, and literature was also modeled after the Greeks. Rome’s Beginnings

18. What was the benefit of organizing soldiers into legions? Smaller bands of troops were easier to maneuver than one large army. Rome’s Beginnings

19. Where did the Greeks live in Italy, and how did they influence Roman civilization? Greeks colonized southern Italy and Sicily. They passed on farming methods, sculpture, literature, and an alphabet. Rome’s Beginnings

20. Describe the two legends that tell of the founding of Rome. Then describe how and when Rome was actually founded. The legend of Romulus and Remus and the Aeneas story. Rome was probably founded by Latins in c. 700s B.C. Rome’s Beginnings

21. Summarize Describe the Roman conquest of Italy. Rome defeated remaining Latins and then Etruscans and Greeks. Rome’s Beginnings

22. Compare and Contrast How did geography affect the development of civilization in Greece and Italy? Italy is less rugged than Greece, so people are not separated from each other. Italy’s better farmland supports more people. Rome’s Beginnings

23. Expository Writing Write a short essay discussing the reasons Rome was so successful in its conquest of Italy. Answers will vary. Rome’s Beginnings

24. Identify the rights held by Roman citizens. Rome’s Beginnings

26. The Roman Republic Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes the Roman Republic’s political development and the defeat of Carthage.

30. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Categorizing Information Create a chart like the one on page 268 of your textbook. List the government officials and legislative bodies of the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic

35. How are modern dictators different from the Roman dictators? Roman dictators were appointed by the Senate in times of great danger. When the danger was over, the dictators gave up their power. Modern dictators often seize power, frequently using military force. They do not often give up their power voluntarily, instead ruling until they are removed from office by force. The Roman Republic

39. Why did Rome create a navy? Carthage was a great sea power. To beat the Carthaginians, the Romans had to build a great naval fleet. The Roman Republic

40. Who were the top government officials in the Roman Republic, and what were their duties? Consuls were the top government officials, praetors, tribunes. Consuls headed armies and ran the state. Praetors served as judges, and tribunes represented the plebeians. The Roman Republic

41. What does mare nostrum mean, and why did the Romans use the term? It means “our sea.” The Romans controlled the Mediterranean Sea. The Roman Republic

42. Geography Skills Where was Carthage located, and why did it compete with Rome? Carthage was located on the coast of North Africa and was a trading rival of Rome. The Roman Republic

43. Summarize What other conquests did Rome carry out during the period of the Punic Wars? Rome conquered Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor. The Roman Republic

44. Evaluate Why do you think the legacy of Roman law is considered so important? Roman law led to the principles that law protects citizens’ rights, that a person is innocent until proven guilty, and that a judge must look at evidence carefully before making a decision. The Roman Republic

45. Persuasive Writing Write a speech demanding equal rights for plebeians in the early republic. Answers will vary but should be based on the text. The Roman Republic

46. Summarize the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Roman Republic

48. The Fall of the Republic Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes the events that led to the end of the Roman Republic.

54. What happened after Sulla stepped down from office? Men who saw Sulla gain power by using an army decided to follow the same path, and civil wars broke out. The Fall of the Republic

58. What is the origin of the phrase “crossing the Rubicon” and what does it mean? The phrase refers to Caesar’s return to Italy. By crossing the Rubicon, Caesar knew he would begin a civil war and that he would either be victorious or be destroyed. Today it means passing a point of no return. The Fall of the Republic

62. How was Octavian like Caesar? How was he different? Like Caesar, Octavian declared himself ruler for life. However, he also knew that many people favored a republic. Octavian reformed government so that a Senate with limited power existed while he remained in charge. The Fall of the Republic

63. The Fall of the Republic What is a triumvirate? a political alliance of three people

64. The Fall of the Republic Who was Cicero, and how did he influence the writers of the United States Constitution? Cicero was a political leader whose ideas on a representative government with limited powers influenced the U.S. Constitution.

65. Summarize What reforms did the Gracchus brothers suggest? The Gracchus brothers wanted the government to take back public land and give it to landless farmers. Landholding senators opposed their proposals. The Fall of the Republic

66. Analyze What was the “bread and circuses” policy, and how did Roman politicians benefit from it? The “bread and circuses” policy was the use of cheap food and free entertainment to win support from the poor. The Fall of the Republic

67. Analyze What reforms did Julius Caesar put in place that increased his popularity with poor and working-class Romans? Caesar provided land for the poor and created new jobs. He also ordered landholders to hire more free workers. The Fall of the Republic

68. Persuasive Writing Imagine you are a Roman citizen. Decide whether you would have been for or against Julius Caesar’s rise to power and his reforms. Then write a newspaper editorial explaining your views. Be sure to include facts to support your opinions. Your editorial should include facts to support your opinions. The Fall of the Republic

69. Describe the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. The Fall of the Republic

71. Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes the expansion and contributions of the Roman Empire. The Early Empire

78. What lands did Augustus conquer during his reign? Augustus’s army conquered Spain, Gaul, and lands today known as Austria, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. The Early Empire

83. Why were aqueducts important? The aqueducts were the source of water for most people in Rome. The Early Empire

84. The Early Empire What was the Pax Romana ? a period of peace and prosperity lasting 200 years

85. The Early Empire What products came from the farms of Italy, Gaul, and Spain? grapes and olives

86. Sequencing Information Describe the sequence of emperors who ruled Rome, from Augustus through the “Good Emperors.” Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius The Early Empire

87. Analyze Why was Rome’s creation of a common currency important? A common Roman currency advanced trade throughout the empire. The Early Empire

88. Evaluate Who do you think was a more important leader, Julius Caesar or Augustus? Explain. Answers will vary. You may note that Julius Caesar conquered new territories. Augustus became the first emperor and carried out many improvements. The Early Empire

89. Creative Writing Write a short play in which several Roman citizens discuss one of the emperors mentioned in this section and his accomplishments. Plays should note accomplishments based on the text. The Early Empire

90. Discuss the influence of geography and the sea on Roman trade. The Early Empire

99. Section 1 Rome’s Beginnings Describe the role geography played in the rise of Roman civilization. Rome grew because it was centrally located on the Italian peninsula, near the Mediterranean Sea. The Rise of Rome Review Main Ideas

100. How did treating people fairly help Rome to increase its power? Treating conquered people fairly inspired loyalty to the Roman government. The Rise of Rome Section 1 Rome’s Beginnings Review Main Ideas

101. How did the roles of patricians and plebeians differ in Roman society? Patricians were the upper class and plebeians were the lower class. The Rise of Rome Section 2 Roman Republic Review Main Ideas

102. Explain how Rome gradually defeated the Carthaginians. Rome developed a navy and eventually attacked Carthage. The Rise of Rome Section 2 Roman Republic Review Main Ideas

103. How did slavery weaken the Roman Republic? Slaves began to work the farms and forced farmers out of business. The Rise of Rome Section 3 The Fall of the Republic Review Main Ideas

104. How did Augustus change the Roman Republic? He replaced it with an empire. The Rise of Rome Section 3 The Fall of the Republic Review Main Ideas

105. Was Augustus a successful ruler? Why? Yes. List Augustus’s accomplishments. The Rise of Rome Section 4 The Early Empire Review Main Ideas

106. How did the Roman Empire change during the Pax Romana ? It grew larger and wealthier. The Rise of Rome Section 4 The Early Empire Review Main Ideas

107. Compare In the chapter, Cincinnatus is compared to George Washington. Think of another person or character who is similar to Cincinnatus. Explain how they are similar. Answers will vary. The Rise of Rome

108. Explain Why did Caesar fight Pompey? Answers will vary. The Rise of Rome

109. Predict What do you think would have happened if Hadrian had tried to further expand the Roman Empire? Answers will vary, but you should note the fact that the empire had become so large that it was hard to defend. The Rise of Rome

111. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click on Chapter 8-Chapter Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com

112. Map s Italy 500 B.C. Growth of the Roman Republic 500 – 146 B.C. The Punic Wars 264 – 146 B.C. The Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Charts The Julio- Claudian Emperors The “Good Emperors” of the Pax Romana

114. Click the map to view an interactive version.

115. Click the map to view an interactive version.

116. Click the map to view an interactive version.

119. At the height of their rule, the Etruscans had established three major cities: Cere, Tarquinia, and Vulci. Etruscan cities and culture were taken over by the Romans. Rome’s Beginnings

120. After the Second Punic War, Hannibal fled to lands of foreign kings to evade the Romans. The Romans twice demanded Hannibal be turned over to them. Hannibal finally committed suicide rather surrender to the Romans. The Roman Republic

121. Julius Caesar was born to a patrician family. According to myth, Julius’ ancestor was the goddess Venus. The Fall of the Republic

122. The first fire brigade, or fire department, was created by Augustus. The Early Empire

123. Note Taking Learn It! Reading Social Studies Did you know that when you take notes, you remember more than three-fourths of the information you recorded? That is why it is important to learn to take careful notes as you are reading. Read the paragraph from Section 3 on the following slide.

125. Make a T-Chart Practice It! Read the first few pages of Section 2 in Chapter 8 of your textbook, and use this T-chart as a guide to help you practice taking notes. Reading Social Studies Main Topic Important Details Rome’s government 1. 2. Social groups in Rome 1. 2. Roman law 1. 2.

126. The Rise of Rome Introduction

127. Rome’s Beginnings

128. The Roman Republic

129. The Fall of the Republic

130. The Early Empire

131. The Aeneid

132. A Roman Triumph

133. Cicero Calls for War

134. Focus on Everyday Life Before Rome became a powerful empire, Romans ate simple meals of porridge, dried vegetables, and greens. People rarely ate meat or seafood. After Rome’s conquests, the dining habits of wealthy Romans changed. Newly rich Romans showed off their wealth with expensive feasts that included exotic foods and lively entertainment for their guests. At Roman dinner parties, guests reclined on couches. The enslaved servants served the food, which would be carried into the banquet room on great silver platters. Roman dishes might include boiled stingray garnished with hot raisins; boiled crane with turnips; or roast flamingo cooked with dates, onions, honey, and wine. Roman Dinner Parties

135. Connecting to the Past the newly rich Romans 1. Whose eating habits changed after Rome became wealthy and powerful? 2. Describe how their eating habits changed. Wealthy Romans ate costly feasts and entertained guests while reclining on couches.

136. Science and Inventions Transporting water is a complex problem. Roman engineers solved it by building aqueducts. Roman aqueducts carried water across a valley or hillside using gravity, aboveground stone arches, and underground pipes made of stone or clay. Between 312 B.C. and A.D. 226, 11 aqueducts were built to bring water to Rome from as far away as 57 miles. Once the water made it to Rome, it was held in collecting tanks. Most people gathered water from these public tanks. Only the rich and high ranking officials had private water tanks in their homes. Many Roman aqueducts still stand and are used today. Engineers in ancient Persia, India, and Egypt built similar water systems hundreds of years before the Romans. However, historians agree that the Romans were the greatest aqueduct builders of the ancient world. Roman Aqueducts

137. Connecting to the Past by using gravity, arches, and underground pipes 1. How did the Romans transport water to the city of Rome? 2. Why do you think that only the rich and powerful had private water supplies? It was very expensive and complicated to pipe water to individual homes, so only a few could afford it.

138. c. 519–438 B.C. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus

139. Augustus 63 B.C–A.D. 14

140. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 8–1 Chapter 8

141. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 8 – 2 Chapter 8

142. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 8 – 3 Chapter 8

143. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 8 – 4 Chapter 8

144. Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide. Click the Menu button to return to the Chapter Menu. Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation. Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show. Click the Help button to access this screen. Links to Presentation Plus! features such as the Reference Atlas, Daily Focus Transparencies, and others are located on the left side of the relevant slides. To use this Presentation Plus! product: