be aware

1. WECOME
1

2. Topic: Straw management in different
crop rotations
BHANUPRAKASH N
M.Sc. Agronomy
2017A12M
2
Credit Seminar

3. INTRODUCTION
STRAW
Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of
cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed.
• It makes up about half of the yield of cereal crops such as rice,
wheat ,barley, rye and oats.
• Straw contains significant amounts of potassium and some amount
of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and magnesium. Potassium levels
of straw ranges from 0.75% to 2.86%.
• Straw containing mainly alkaloids, flavonoids, lignins, phenols,
and steroids etc.
3

4. Uses
Animal feed
Mulching
Biogas production
Bedding materials
Paper ,rope industry
Packaging materials etc.
4

5. Table 1: Nutrients in straw – kg per tonne of straw
STRAW TYPE Guide kg nutrient / tonne of fresh straw
Phosphate
P2O5
Potash
K2O
Magnesium
MgO
Rice straw 1.6 14.5 1.0
Winter wheat/barley straw 1.2 9.5 1.3
Spring wheat/barley straw 1.5 12.5 1.2
Oat straw 1.6 16.7 2.2
Oilseed rape straw 2.2 13.0 -
Rye straw 2.1 10.0 1.0
Potash Development Association
5

6. Table 2: Yearly average crop residue generation in India
(2010-2014)
Devi et al.,2017
6
Crop Crop residue generation (Mt)
Rice 121.2
Wheat 114.14
Coarse Cereal 71.77
Pulse 27.99
Oilseed 33.04
Sugarcane 137.88
Cotton 11.4
Other Fibres (Jute and Mesta) 3.8
Total yearly avg. 521.1

7. 58%23%
7%
2%
2%
8%
CEREALS
FIBRE CROPS
OILSEEDS
PULSES
SUGARCANE
OTHER CROPS
Devi et al.,2017
7
Fig. 1: The share of unutilised residues in total
residues generated by different crops in India

8. STRAW MANAGEMENT
8
STRAW
MANAGEMENT
SURFACE
RETENTION AND
MULCHING
RESIDUE
INCORPORATION
BALING AND
REMOVAL OF
STRAW
RESIDUE
BURNING

9. RESIDUE BURNING
Advantages
 It facilitate timely planting of
the following crops.
 It clears the land quickly of
residues before the next crop.
 It kills soil borne deleterious
pests and pathogens.
Disadvantages
 It causes significantly air
pollution by releasing of Co2
,CH4,N2O etc.
 Kills beneficial soil microbes and
insects.
 Loss of soil organic matter.
 Loss soil fertlity
 Loss of soil nutrients etc.
 Main hazardous to health.
9

10. CROP RESIDUE INCORPORATION
 Incorporation of crop residue completely or partially into soil by
ploughing.
 Above ground portion chopped into small size and can be
incorporated by power tiller.
 Applied Nitrogen at 15-20 kg ha-1 as starter dose with straw
incorporation increases yield of wheat and rice compared to burning
(Krishna et al, 2014)
 Incorporation of straw increase soil organic matter and soil N,P and K
content.
10

11. SURFACE RETENTION AND MULCHING
 It is a practice that leaves straw residues from a previous crop on the soil
surface without any form of incorporation.
 It helps to protect the fertile surface soil against wind and water erosion .This
method is prevalent in conservation tillage practice where at least 30% of
soil surface is covered with crop residue.
 Surface retention of residues increases soil NO3 - by 46%, N uptake by 29%,
and yield by 37% compared to burning (Krishna et al, 2014).
11

12. BALING AND REMOVING THE STRAW
Used for
Livestock feed
Fuel
Livestock bedding
Mulching for orchard crops
12

13. CASE STUDY
13

14. Table 3: Effect of crop residue management in rice-wheat
rotation on physiochemical properties of the soils
(5 years)
Physiochemical
properties of soil
RESIDUE
Incorporated Removed Burnt
pH 7.7 7.6 7.6
EC (dsm-1) 0.18 0.13 0.13
Org.C (%) 0.75 0.59 0.69
Avail.N (kg ha-1) 154 139 143
Avail.P (kg ha-1) 45 38 32
Avail.K (kg ha-1) 85 56 77
Total N (kg ha-1) 2501 2002 1725
Total P (kg ha-1) 1346 924 858
Total K (kg ha-1) 40480 34540 38280
Krishna et al., 2004, MP
14

15. Table 4: Effect of tillage and crop establishment technique and
residue management options on soil bulk density(Mg m-3),soil
organic carbon(g kg-1) and yield of maize(Mg ha-1) in rice-maize
system (5 years)
Tillage and crop
establishment
technique
(TCE)
Residue management(R) Yield of maize
(Mg ha-1)Soil bulk density
(Mg m-3)
Soil organic carbon
(g kg-1)
-R +R Mean -R +R Mean -R +R Mean
CTTPR/CTM 1.53 1.48 1.50 4.3 5.18 4.74 7.62 7.90 7.76
CTDSR/CTM 1.46 1.43 1.45 4.32 5.31 4.82 8.32 8.72 8.52
ZTDSR/ZTM 1.45 1.42 1.44 4.85 5.92 5.38 8.55 9.17 8.86
Mean 1.48 1.44 4.49 5.47 8.16 8.60
Singh et al., 2016, UP
15
CTTPR - Conventional till transplanted rice
CTDSR - Conventional till direct seeded rice
ZTDSR - Zero till direct seeded rice
CTM - Conventional till maize
ZTM - Zero till maize

16. Table 5:Effects of residue management practices on bulk density
(Mg m-3), total porosity(%) and yield(t ha-1) of wheat under
rice-wheat rotation (5 years )
Treatments
Structural indices
Yield of wheat
(t ha-1)Bulk density
(Mg m-3)
Total porosity
(%)
Control 1.32 49.4 1.34
SI 1.25 51.9 1.76
SM 1.33 48.8 2.31
SB 1.32 49.2 1.84
FYM 1.20 53.8 2.38
SI+ FYM 1.18 54.6 2.77
LSD (0.05) 0.11 2.9 0.24
Krishna et al.,2004,MP
16
SI - straw incorporation, SM -straw mulch;
SB - straw burning;, FYM -farmyard manure.

17. Table 6: Effect of residue retention on weeds in wheat
under rice-wheat system
Treatments
Weed dry weight (g m-2) Wheat yield
(t ha-1)
P. minor Medicago
denticulata
Rumex dentatus
ZT + RR 291.0 215.1 297.3 0.75
ZT + 2.5 t ha-1 residue 304.6 175.4 310.1 1.05
ZT + 5 t ha-1 residue 214.8 130.1 214.6 2.58
ZT + 7.5 t ha-1 residue 190.9 123.4 134.6 2.46
ZT + RR + sulfosulfuron @25g ha-1
+ metsulfuron at 3 g ha-1
2.9 0.0 0.0 5.48
LSD (p=0.05) 75.6 50.5 66.4 0.37
Chhokar, 2009,Karnal
17
ZT-Zero tillage
RR-Residue removal

18. Table 7: Effect of tillage and mulch treatments on grain
yield of maize and wheat (3 years)
Mulch
management
Grain yield of maize (kg ha-1) Grain yield of wheat (kg ha-1)
Tillage treatments Tillage treatments
CT MT NT RB Mean CT MT NT RB Mean
No mulch 1370 1365 1246 1256 1308 1080 1063 930 1025 1024.5
Straw mulch 2020 1990 1776 1896 1920 1410 1430 1210 1335 1346.45
Polythene mulch 2183 2137 1930 2007 2065 1505 1510 1360 1450 1456.25
Soil mulch 1890 1860 1730 1851 1832 1320 1360 1110 1265 1263.75
Mean 1865 1837 1670 1752 1328.7 1340 1152 1268.7
Sharma et al.,2011, J&K
18
CT- Conventional tillage
MT- minimum tillage
NT- No tillage
RB – Raised bed

19. Table 8:Effects of tillage and crop residue management
practices on yield attributes and yield(kg ha-1) in summer
greengram under maize based cropping system
Treatments
Yield attributes
Yield
(kg ha-1)
Pod plant-1 Grains pod-1 1000 seed
weight (g)
Cropping system
Maize-mustard-greengram 15.20 8.10 42.17 844.3
Maize-chickpea-greengram 15.23 8.13 44.61 899.2
Maize-linseed-greengram 12.53 8.03 46.48 694.7
Maize-wheat-greengram 14.65 7.95 44.17 769.2
SEm ± 0.598 0.04 1.458 32.15
CD (p=0.05) NS 0.14 NS 111
Tillage and residue treatment
CT - R 14.17 8.08 43.61 752.7
CT + R 16.00 8.19 44.77 1062.2
ZT - R 13.65 7.99 44.30 602.7
ZT + R 13.80 8.00 44.76 789.7
SEm ± 0.62 0.03 0.87 34.73
CD (p=0.05) 1.80 0.09 NS 101.3
Meena et al.,2015, Newdelhi
19
CT- Conventional tillage -R – without residue
ZT- Zero tillage +R – with residue

20. 20
Table 9: Effect of residue incorporation and mineral N application
on grain yield (Mg ha-1) of rice and of a succeeding wheat crop
Treatments Rice (Mg ha-1) Wheat (Mg ha-1)
1999-2000
(2000-2001)
Nitrogen (kg/ha) Nitrogen (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
Control 3.2(3.2) 4.0(3.9) 4.7(4.9) 4.0(4.0) 2.9(4.2) 3.2(4.4) 3.3(4.6) 3.1(4.4)
Wheat residue(WR) 3.4(4.4) 4.2(4.7) 4.7(5.2) 4.1(4.8) 2.9(4.3) 3.3(4.6) 3.5(4.8) 3.2(4.6)
Sesbania green
manure(SGM)
4.4(4.8) 4.5(4.9) 4.7(4.9) 4.5(4.9) 3.6(4.7) 3.8(4.8) 3.9(4.9) 3.8(4.8)
SGM+WR 4.7(5.4) 4.9(5.7) 5.1(5.8) 4.9(5.6) 3.5(4.8) 3.8(5.1) 4.0(5.2) 3.8(5.0)
Mungbean
residue(MBR)
4.6(4.8) 4.8(5.0) 4.9(5.1) 4.8(5.0) 3.6(4.8) 3.8(5.1) 4.0(5.2) 3.8(5.0)
MBR+WR 4.4(4.8) 4.8(5.1) 5.2(5.4) 4.8(5.1) 3.6(4.7) 3.9(5.1) 4.1(5.2) 3.9(5.0)
Mean 4.1(4.6) 4.5(4.9) 4.9(5.2) 3.3(4.6) 3.6(4.9) 3.8(5.0)
Residue (R) 0.49(0.79) 0.55(0.37)
Nitrogen (N) 0.42(0.39) 0.39(0.20)
R X N 1.02(1.19) NS
Sharma and Prasad,2008,New Delhi

21. 21
Table 10:Grain yield (t ha-1) of wheat and maize as influenced by
crop residue management practices (13 years)
Crop residue
treatments
Wheat Maize
N applied (kg/ha) N applied (kg/ha)
0 45 90 Mean 0 45 90 Mean
Burned 1.92 3.21 4.20 3.11 1.08 1.45 1.64 1.39
Removed 1.69 3.46 4.03 3.06 1.45 1.52 1.86 1.61
Incorporated 2.59 3.92 4.23 3.57 1.88 2.03 2.33 2.08
LSD(P=0.05)
Residue (R) 0.11 3.86
Nitrogen (N) 0.15 1.28
R X N 0.27 NS
Krishna et al.,2004,MP

22. Table 11: Impacts of tillage, bed planting and residue management
practices on water productivity of wheat (kg grain ha-1mm-1) and
economics under irrigated cotton-wheat system
Treatments
Mean of two years Mean of two years
Total water
applied
(mm)
water productivity
(kg grain ha-1 mm-1)
Total cost
(Rs ha-1)
Net returns
(Rs ha-1)
CT 1374 8.52 68397 100666
PNB 1253 10.33 65397 120990
PNB+ R 1232 11.24 75547 125114
PBB 1210 10.96 65797 126885
PBB+ R 1176 12.58 75547 136774
ZT 1280 11.14 65197 129587
ZT+ R 1349 10.13 74947 130810
Das et al.,2014, Newdelhi
22
CT-conventional tillage without residue recycling ,PBB –Zero tilled permanent broad-bed sowing
without residue , PBB + R – Zero tilled permanent broad-bed sowing with residue , PNB – Zero tilled
permanent narrow-bed sowing without residue ,ZT -zero tilled flat bed sowing without residue ,
ZT + R -zero tilled flat bed sowing with residue

23. Table 12: Effect of weed management treatments on yield
and economics in sugarcane ratoon (pooled mean)
TREATMENTS Cane
yield
(t ha-1)
Total
cost
(Rs ha-1)
Gross
returns
(Rs ha-1)
Net
returns
(Rs ha-1)
B:C
Weedy check 66.64 35930 73425 37495 2.04
Three hoeings (1st ,4th and 7th weeks after ratoon initiaton) 93.99 39821 103435 63614 2.60
Atrazine @2kg a.i ha-1 PE + 2,4-D @1kg a.i ha-1 at hoeing at
45 Days after ratoon initiation (DARI)
76.94 39007 84762 45755 2.17
Atrazine @2kg a.i ha-1 PE + one hoeing at 45 DARI 82.94 39437 91305 51868 2.31
Metribuzin @1kg a.i ha-1 PE + one hoeing at 45 DARI 91.56 40349 101030 60681 2.50
Glyphosate @ 0.4kg a.i ha-1 at 3 weeks stage as directed
spray + one hoeing at 60 DARI
79.16 38417 87827 49409 2.29
Trash mulching in alterative rows + hoeings at 1st and 6th
WARI
95.28 39009 104850 65841 2.69
Trash mulching between all rows with recommended
practice
98.00 38112 107831 69719 2.83
SE ± 1.68 - -
CD at 5% 4.99 - -
Chaudhari et al ,2016,Maharastra 23

24. HAPPY SEEDER
• ‘Happy Seeder’ has been developed in the last few years that can plant the
wheat seed without getting jammed by the rice straw. The Happy Seeder is a
tractor-mounted machine that cuts and lifts rice straw, sows wheat into the
bare soil, and deposits the straw over the sown area as mulch.
• The average cost of preparing the field for sowing wheat using the Happy
Seeder was Rs. 6,225/ha while it was Rs. 7,288/ha using conventional
methods. Thus, farmers save, on average, Rs. 1,000/ha by cultivating plots
with Happy Seeder.
• Currently the Happy Seeder machine costs about Rs. 1.3 lakh with a subsidy
of 33%
24

25. Turbo seeder
25
• Turbo-Seeder can place high
rates of cover crops and small
grains such as oats, wheat, rice
and barley.
• Uniform sowing
• Very low loss of seeds while
sowing
• Turbo-Seeder offers a cost
effective, highly productive
method.
• Price of the machine about 7
lakh rupees.

26. 26
Table 13: Effect of different no-till techniques on soil
physical properties
No- till techniques Soil bulk density (g/cm3) Total porosity(cm3 cm-3)
Turbo seeder 1.55 c 0.41 a
Happy seeder 1.63 b 0.39 b
Zone disk tiler 1.69 a 0.36 c
Figures sharing the same letter in a column do not differ significantly at
p≤0.05
Rafiq et al.,2017,Pakistan

27. Rafiq et al.,2017,Pakistan 27
Table 14: Total cost, net return and benefit cost ratio as influenced
by sowing of wheat with different no-till techniques in combine
harvested rice field with various stubble heights
Treatments yield
(Mg/ha)
Gross income
(Rs. lakh/ha)
Total cost
(Rs. lakh/ha)
Net return
(Rs. lakh/ha)
B:C
Grain Straw
Turbo seeder
S1(15cm)
S2(30cm)
S3(45cm)
S4(60cm)
4.7
4.9
5.5
5.2
7.4
7.6
8.5
8.0
2.14
2.19
2.48
2.33
1.03
1.02
1.03
1.00
1.11
1.17
1.45
1.32
2.08
2.15
2.41
2.32
Happy seeder
S1(15cm)
S2(30cm)
S3(45cm)
S4(60cm)
4.4
4.7
5.2
5.1
7.2
7.5
8.1
7.9
2.02
2.13
2.34
2.28
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.02
0.97
1.09
1.29
1.25
1.94
2.05
2.24
2.22
Zone disk tiller
S1(15cm)
S2(30cm)
S3(45cm)
S4(60cm)
3.5
3.7
4.3
4.1
5.4
5.8
6.6
6.2
1.57
1.68
1.93
1.83
0.95
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.61
0.71
0.95
0.87
1.64
1.73
1.98
1.91

28. • A baler is a machine used
to compress straw into
bales for easy transport and
storage
• It compress the straw into
compact 25-30kg
rectangular/round bundles.
• It takes 35-40 minutes to
cover an acre giving 25-
27q of straw.
28
Round baler machine

29. Conti…
25
KARTAR BALER MACHINE BALKAR COMBINED HARVESTER

30. CONCLUSION
 Trash mulching between all rows with recommended practice is
effective weed management practices which gives higher cane
yield (t ha-1) and higher net income.
 Straw mulch with different tillage practices records higher yields
in both maize and wheat crop than no mulch and soil mulch.
 Sowing of wheat with turbo seeder in loose straw with anchored
stubbles (45cm height) results in higher net returns and B-C ratio.
 Application of FYM along with straw incorporation which
maintains soil structural indices and increases the wheat yield
compared to other treatments.
30

31. Thank you…
31

32. Table 11: Impacts of tillage, bed planting and residue management
practices on yield(Mg ha-1) and economics under irrigated
cotton-wheat system
Treatments
2011-12 2012-13 Mean of two years
Seed cotton
Yield
(Mg ha-1 )
Wheat yield
(Mg ha-1 )
Seed cotton
Yield
(Mg ha-1 )
Wheat yield
(Mg ha-1 )
Total cost
(Rs ha-1)
Net returns
(Rs ha-1)
CT 2.73(8.48) 4.29(7.14) 2.70(10.17) 4.46(6.31) 68397 100666
PNB 3.10(9.16) 4.37(6.97) 3.08(10.76) 4.83(6.86) 65397 120990
PNB+ R 3.33(11.11) 4.60(7.78) 3.38(10.62) 4.98(8.04) 75547 125114
PBB 3.42(10.84) 4.19(6.88) 3.11(9.98) 4.75(6.95) 65797 126885
PBB+ R 3.93(11.20) 4.77(6.57) 3.46(10.27) 4.89(6.83) 75547 136774
ZT 3.95(10.76) 4.00(6.64) 3.02(9.65) 4.63(8.31) 65197 129587
ZT+ R 4.00(10.96) 4.44(7.66) 3.21(9.89) 4.73(7.87) 74947 130810
Das et al.,2014, Newdelhi
32
CT-conventional tillage without residue recycling ,PBB –Zero tilled permanent broad-bed sowing
without residue , PBB + R – Zero tilled permanent broad-bed sowing with residue , PNB – Zero tilled
permanent narrow-bed sowing without residue ,ZT -zero tilled flat bed sowing without residue ,
ZT + R -zero tilled flat bed sowing with residue