1. The Age of Religious Wars

2. The Counter Reformation
 Reform movement within Catholic Church
 Led by Pope Paul III
 Began 1530’s, attempt to revive moral authority
of the Church
 Meant to Counter the Protestant Reformation

3. Council of Trent
 1545, met on and off for 20 years (til 1563)
 Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views that
Protestants had challenged
○ Salvation through faith and good works
○ Pope’s interpretation of the Bible is final
○ Bible is major source of religious truth, but not
only source
 Bible and Church are equal sources of
authority
○ The proper selling of indulgences is a valid
Christian practice
 Established schools to better educate clergy

4. An Inquisition
 Meant to combat Protestantism
 Used secret testimony, torture, and
execution to root out heresy
 Pope Paul IV - Prepared the Index of
Forbidden Books
○ List of books too immoral or irreligious for
Catholics
 Includes books by Calvin and Luther

5. Ignatius of Loyola
 Founded the Society of Jesus
(Jesuits)
 Combats heresy and spread Catholic
faith
 Spanish knight, shattered leg, vowed
to be a “soldier of God”
 Ignatius emphasized -- spiritual and
moral discipline, rigorous religious
training, absolute obedience to the
Church
 Leads the Jesuits on a Crusade to
spread and defend the Catholic faith
through the world
 Set up schools
 Slip into Protestant lands to
minister to the Catholics who are
now minorities

6. Is the Counter Ref
Effective?  Rome becomes a much
more devout city
 Counter Reformation
slows the Protestant
wildfire, but still Cath. S.
and Prot. N.
 Other Consequences:
 Witch Hunts
○ Between 1450-1750
tens of thousands of
women and men
died
○ Trouble and
scapegoats – often
social outcasts,
beggars, poor
widows, midwives
blamed for deaths,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burning-14.jpg
herbalists, etc. –
German states,
Switzerland, and
France

7. Anti-Jewish Discrimination
 Jewish Discrimination
○ While Italian cities allow Jews, they force the
Jewish people to live in ghettos (a walled
separate quarter of the city)
○ Luther called for Jews to convert, when they
don’t he expels them from Christian
lands, synagogues and books were burned
○ Pope Paul IV restricts Jews, Jews are limited
from going to the Americas
○ Continued migration to Poland-Lithuania, and
areas of the Ottoman Empire (SE Europe).
Some seek refuge in the Netherlands

8. Another Effect?
 Baroque
 Art, architecture, and
music
 Frilly, ornate, embellished
, running moving notes
with counterpoints, etc.
http://www.initaly.com/regions/latium/church/sandrea.htm

9. The French Wars of Religion
1562-1598
 Huguenots - ?

10. The French Wars of Religion
1562-1598
 Huguenots – French Protestants
 It’s complicated. Very complicated.
 From Louis XI (the Spider King) to the
Valois Henry II France is struggling
internally and externally (with Papal
States, the HRE, England, etc)
 Henry II dies at his daughter’s wedding
tournament (his 13 yr old was marrying
Philip II of Spain)

11. Henry II’s Death
 Will spark additional conflict
 French Civil War / Wars of
Religion 1562-1598
 Protestants (Calvinists) v.
Catholics
 Bourbons v. Guises
 But! Catherine de Medici
(Henry II’s wife) wants to keep
her power
 Has her enemies killed
 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francois_Dubois_001.jpg
(8/24/1572) Painting by François Dubois, a Huguenot painter
○ CdM lets Catholics kill Huguenot born circa 1529 in Amiens, who settled in
leaders Switzerland. Although Dubois did not witness the
○ 12,000 taken from their homes massacre, he depicts Admiral Coligny's body
and later killed hanging out of a window at the rear to the right.
○ Main rival Admiral de Coligny To the left rear, Catherine de' Medici is shown
was assassinated that day emerging from the Louvre to inspect a heap of
bodies

12. Henry III
 Last of the Valois
dynasty
 Assassinated by a
Dominican friar as
revenge for having
soldiers murder a
Catholic leader
http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville
/367/367images/Henri_III.jpg

13. Henry IV – Henry of Navarre
 Protestant
 “Paris is worth a mass”
 First Bourbon king – fleur-de-lys
symbol
 Edict of Nantes 1598 –
guarantees Protestant rights in
France (not religious freedom)
 Politiques shaped this policy
○ Political moralists
http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3
1/Edit_de_Nantes_Avril_1598.jpg/220px-
Edit_de_Nantes_Avril_1598.jpg

14.  Detail of a relief showing King Henry IV signing the Edict of Nantes (1589), which ended the Wars of Religion
in France. Constructed between 1909 and 1917, the Mur de la Reformation commemorates Geneva's
significant role in the Protestant Reformation. Measuring 325 feet long and 30 feet high, it depicts figures and
scenes from Protestant history against a backdrop of the Reformation motto: Post Tenebras Lux ("After
Darkness, Light").
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/switzerland/geneva-reformation-wall-photos/slides/eos_b_178p

15. Henry IV (of Navarre)
 Revives royal power by
rebuilding bureaucracy,
collecting taxes, overseeing
justice, repairing roads, and
encouraging new business
ventures
 Ends France’s religious wars
 Establishes a strong, stabilizing
monarchy
http://theageofdesolation.com/images/updates/Henr
 “chicken in every pot”
y-IV.jpg
 Eliminates the heavy nat’l deficit
with chief minister Maximilien
Sully’s help (Prot.)

16. AP Euro Bellringer
 Who said this?
“God has given such brave soldiers to this
Crown that, if they do not frighten our
neighbours, at least they prevent us from
being frightened by them”
 Elizabeth I

17. Imperial Spain and the Reign of
Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598)
 Philip II inherited Spain in
peak condition in 1556
 Even Italians said “God has
turned into a Spaniard”
 Much more loved than
Charles V
 Centralizes Spain
 Diminishes the power of the
Cortes
 Abhorred Protestantism
 Sought to eliminate it by any http://threadforthought.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/Philip-II-
of-Spain.jpg
means necessary

18.  Automatically a major player in
European politics:
 Italy still divided into five major units –
Milan, Venice, Tuscany, Papal States, and
Naples
 Champion to the Catholics in France as it
experienced religious turmoil
 Spanish navy prevented Ottomans from
taking the Mediterranean
 Spanish claims of supremacy in the New
World were being challenged
 Dutch Protestants were revolting

19. Elizabeth I
•Coronation picture
•Ascends to throne 1558
•Parliament has to re-
legitimize her
•39 Articles and Book of
Common Prayer 1563
•Mary Stuart
•Puritans and Presbyterians
and Brownists, oh my!
•Personality and Personal
Affairs
•A tease to Philip…

20.  Netherlands viciously revolted for freedom
from Spain’s reign
 Revolts in the 1560’s, 1581 – Dutch Netherlands
(they’re Protestant btw), not official til 1648
 Queen Elizabeth I of England is the
archenemy (she and England are
Protestant)
 Queen Elizabeth secretly, then openly supported
the Netherlands efforts for freedom
 Encouraged Sea Dogs (English privateers) to
plunder Spanish treasure ships
 British navy defeats the Spanish Armada
○ Spanish had 130 ships 20,000 men and 2,400 artillery
○ Long term effects of this event!!!

23. After
defeating
the Spanish
Armada

24. http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcolle
ctions/Elizabeth/images/family_tree.jpg