Early civilizations first emerged in river valleys because rivers provided fertile soil for agriculture and a reliable source of fresh water. One of the earliest civilizations was in Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The flooding rivers deposited rich silt on the land each year, making it very fertile for growing crops. Irrigation systems were also developed to carry river water to fields. This reliable food source allowed populations to grow and led to the establishment of permanent settlements and urban centers like the Sumerian city-states, the earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia.
6. Critical Intro
Describe an example of regional trade involving
Sumer, and describe an example of
interregional trade involving Sumer.
6
7. Critical Intro
7
Write a diary entry/paragraph
describing a day in your life as a
Sumerian teenager.
Remember to incorporate the
aspects of life from your homework.
11. Economic
Patterns
Political
Patterns
Religious
Patterns
Social
Patterns
•Hereditary rulers
•Dynasty – line of
rulers from same
family
•Class systems +
slavery
•1st city-states,
kingdoms & empires
•City-state = city &
surrounding land
•Centralized gov’t
•Law codes
• metal tools +
weapons
• increasing
agricultural surplus
• increased river &
sea trade
•Polytheism =
belief in many
gods.
•Priests
•Organized
religion
12. 12
World Map - Label
Africa
Asia
Europe
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
Make Key and Shade pp.4-5
4 River Civilizations
Mesopotamia (green in atlas)
Egypt (green in atlas)
Indus Valley (green in atlas)
Shang China (purple in atlas)
Americas
Olmecs
Chavin
Southwest Asia Map - Label
Anatolia
Zagros Mountains
Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Desert
Syrian Desert
Egypt
Mesopotamia
Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
Persian Gulf
Tigris River (R.)
Euphrates R.
Nile R.
Cities - .
Ur
Lagash
Make Key and Shade
Sumer (green area in atlas)
Fertile Crescent (purple in atlas)
19. 19
River Valley Civilizations
I. Mesopotamia - “Land between the rivers”
A. Fertile Crescent = arc of land from Persian Gulf to Med. Sea
1. Mesopotamia - area of land within Fertile Crescent, between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers.
2. Flooding rivers deposit silt (thick bed of river mud)= fertile soil
3. Irrigation systems carried river water to the fields.
4. Mesopotamia is located in modern-day Iraq.
B. Rise of Sumerian city-states
1. city-state pops. of 5,000– 25,000
2. Centered around ziggurats = religious temple
3. Walled for protection
C. Sumerian Government
1. city-states governed independently
2. Powerful military leaders became kings/Priest kings = Theocracy
3. Priests held high rank & gov’t power
4. city-states ruled by dynasties (line of rulers from same family)
D. Sumerian Writing = Cuneiform “wedge-shaped”
1. 1st writing
2. Press symbols into soft clay then dry or bake
3. Keep records + trade documents
4. Epic of Gilgamesh = world’s 1st literature
20. 20
E. Sumerian Religion
1. Polytheism = belief in many gods; explained natural events
2. Thousands of deities (gods and goddesses) controlled nature + life
3. People felt they had little control; bleak view of death
F. Sumerian Inventions
1. Wagon wheel
2. arch
3. sundial
4. potter’s wheel
5. number system
6. 12 month calendar
7. sail
8. plow
II. World’s 1st Empires
A. Akkadian Empire
1. Created when Sargon of Akkad conquered Sumerian city-states
B. Babylonian Empire
1. Created when Babylonians conquered Mesopotamia.
2. Hammurabi = Powerful Babylonian king
3. Hammurabi created first written law code – Hammurabi’s Code
30. 30
The Epic of Gilgamesh
World’s Oldest work of literature
Gilgamesh – King of Uruk
Approx. 2700 B.C.
Gilgamesh, two-thirds god and one-
third human, is the greatest king on
earth and the strongest super-
human that ever existed; however,
he is young and oppresses his
people harshly.
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