Tissues are composed of groups of cells that perform specialized functions. There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial tissues cover and line body structures, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues allow for movement, and nervous tissues detect and respond to stimuli. The major animal tissues include epithelial (squamous, cuboidal, columnar), connective (blood, bone, cartilage), muscular (striated, smooth, cardiac), and nervous tissue. Each tissue type has characteristic structures and locations throughout the body.

2. Tissue
An aggregation of similarly specialized
cells which together perform specialized
functions are called tissues

3. Cell Tissue

6. Meristematic tissue
• Meristematic tissues are composed of cells
that divide continuously.
• The cells are spherical, oval, polygonal or
rectangular
• The cell wall is thin and made up of cellulose
• The cells are closely arranged without inter-
cellular spaces
• Cytoplasm is abundant and nuclei are large
• Vacuoles are absent and if present, very few

7. Classification of Meristems

8. Classification of meristems
• 1. Apical meristem
Position: At the root tip and shoot tip.
Function: To increase in length of the axis.
• 2. Lateral meristem
Position: On the lateral side of stem and root.
Function: To increase in diameter of plant.
• 3. Intercalary meristem
Position:At the base of the leaf/internodes/ leaf.
Function:To increase the length of the plant or its organs.

10. Function of the merestematic
tissues
•
The main function of meristematic tissue
is to continuously form a number of new
cells and help in growth
• Forms permanent tissues

11. Permanent tissues
• When the cells formed by meristematic
tissue take up a specific role and lose
the ability to divide. As a result, they
form a permanent tissue. This process
of taking up a permanent shape, size,
and a function is called differentiation.
Cells of meristematic tissue
differentiate to form different types of
permanent tissue.

13. Simple permanent tissue
• A simple tissue is made up of one type
of cells that form a homogeneous or
uniform mass. Simple plant tissues
include parenchyma, collenchyma and
sclerenchyma

14. Parenchyma
• Cells are isodiametric i.e.
equally expanded on all
sides.
• They may be oval, round,
polygonal or elongated.
• Nucleus is present and
hence living.
• The cell walls are thin and
made of cellulose.
• Cytoplasm is dense with a
single large vacuole.
• Intercellular spaces may be
present.
• May contain chlorophyll.
Parenchyma which contain
chlorophyll are called
chlorenchyma.

15. Aerenchyma Chlorenchyma
Types of Parenchyma

16. Occurrence
• Found in the cortex
of root, ground
tissue in stems and
mesophyll of leaves.

17. Function
• Store and assimilate food
• Give mechanical strength by
maintaining turgidity
• Prepare food if chlorophyll is present
• Store waste products like tanin, gum,
crystals and resins

18. Collenchyma
• The cells are elongated and are
circular, oval or polygonal in
cross-section.
• Cell wall is unevenly thickened
with cellulose at the corners
against the intercellular
spaces.
• Nucleus is present and hence
the tissue is living.
• Vacuoles are small.
• Intercellular spaces are
generally absent.
• If they contain chlorophyll they
are known as chlorenchyma.

19. Occurrence
• Found under the
skin i.e. below
the epidermis in
dicot stems

20. Function
• Provide mechanical support to the stem.
• Being extensible, these cells readily adapt
themselves to the rapid elongation of the
stem.

21. Sclerenchyma
Nature
• The cells are long, narrow,
thick and lignified, usually
pointed at both ends.
• The cell wall is evenly
thickened with lignin and
sometimes is so thick that the
cell cavity or lumen is absent.
• Nucleus is absent and hence
the tissue is made up of dead
cells.
• They have simple often,
oblique pits in the walls.
• The middle lamella i.e. the
wall between adjacent cells is
conspicuous.

22. Occurence
• Found abundantly in
stems of plants like hemp,
jute and coconut.
• It is present in stems,
around vascular plants , in
the leaves, hard covering
of seeds&nuts
Monocot stem
Leaf

23. Function
• Gives mechanical
support to the plant
by giving rigidity,
flexibility and
elasticity to the
plant body.

24. Fibres Sclerids
The sclerenchyma cells are
usually elongated, with tapering
ends. Such cells are commonly
described as sclerenchyma fibres
cells are shorter and irregular in
shape. Such cells are commonly
described as sclereids or stone
cells.

25. Sclerides
• Sclereids ( Also known as stone
cells or sclerotic cells)
• Occurrence : Most common in fruits
and seeds
•
• A) Structure
• Cells are short, isodiametric, spherical,
oval, t shaped or cylindrical in shape.
• Usually have thick lignified secondary
cell wall.
• Occur single or in loose groups.
• B) Functions
Protects the plant from stress and
strains from environment.
• Provide mechanical strength and
rigidity.
• Provide grittiness to the pulp of fruits.

29. COMPLEX PERMANENT
TISSUES
• These are made of more than one
type of cells which combine together
to work as a unit.
• They transport water and food
material to various parts of the plant
body.
• They are of two types- xylem and
phloem.
.

30. Vascular tissues

32. XYLEM
This complex tissue helps in the
transport of water and soluble mineral
nutrients from the roots to all the parts
of the plant body. It also helps in
replacing the water lost during
transpiration and photosynthesis.

33. Components of xylem:
• Tracheids
• Vessels
• Xylem
parenchyma
• Xylem fibre

34. PHLOEM
•
This tissue is found in the
vascular plants. Its
function is to transport
sugars and other food
materials from the leaves
to the rest of the parts of
the plant body.
Xylem and Phloem together
form the vascular bundle.

35. Components of phloem
• Sieve tube
element
• Companion cell
• Phloem
parenchyma
• Phloem fibre

36. Vascular bundle
• Xylem and
Phloem
together form
the vascular
bundle.

39. VASCULAR BUNDLES IN PLANT ORGANS

40. Monocot root Dicot root

41. DICOT STEM Monocot stem

42. Animal tissues

45. Different tissues in stomach

46. Tissue Types
• Although our body parts are diverse in both structure and
function, they are all constructed from four basic tissue
types:
• 1. Epithelial tissue: Covers the body, lines the cavities
of the body and composes the glands.
• 2. Connective tissue: Connects and supports the
structures of the body, providing structural support and
binding organs together.
• 3. Muscular tissue: Has the unique capability to
contract or shorten, provides movement and heat for the
body.
• 4. Nervous tissue: Composed of specialized cells that
respond to the environment by detecting, processing and
coordinating information

48. Classification of animal tissues
Epethelial
tissues
Connective
tissues
Muscular
tissues Nervous
tissue
1)Squamosal
2) cuboidal
3) Columnar
4) stratified
1) cartilage
2) Bone
3) Tendon
4) Ligament
5) Blood
6) Adipose
7) Areolar
1) striated muscles
2) Smooth muscles
3) Cardiac muscles

51. The covering or
protective tissues
in the animal body
are called epithelial
tissues

52. Characters of epithelial tissues
• 1. cells are tightly
packed without
intercellular spaces
• 2.epethelium is
usually separated
from the underlying
tissue by an extra
cellular fibrous
basement membrane
BASEMENT
MEMBRANE

53. Epethelial tissues
• Different epithelia show differing structures that correlate with their
unique functions.
• For example, in cells lining blood vessels or lung alveoli, where
transportation of substances occurs through a selectively permeable
surface, there is a simple flat kind of epithelium. This is called the
simple squamosal epethelium
• Where absorption and secretion occur, as in the inner lining of the
intestine, tall epithelial cells are present. This columnar (meaning
‘pillar-like’) epithelium facilitates movement across the epithelial
barrier
• Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped cells) forms the lining of
kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands, where it provides
mechanical support.

54. CHARECTERS OF SQUAMOSAL
EPETHELIUM
Cells are thin & flat
& form a delicate
lining
Cells are like tiles
on the floor

55. Squasomal epethelial tissue

56. Location of squamosal
epethelium
• 1.Inner lining of blood vessels
• 2. Inner lining of lung alveoli
• 3,Inner lining of mouth
• 4.Inner lining of oesophagus

57. SQUAMOSAL
EPETHELIUM

58. Squamosal
epethelium

59. Cells are cube shaped

60. LOCATION OF CUBOIDAL
EPETHELIUM
• 1.
1. LINING OF KIDNEY TUBULE
2. LINING OF DUCTS OF
SALIVARY GLANDS

62. COLUMNAR EPETHELIUM
It has tall epithelial cells. Cells may
have celia or without celia

63. Simple columnar
epithelium
without Celia
Simple columnar
epithelium with
Celia

65. LOCATION OF COLUMNAR EPETHELIUM
1.Innerlining of the respiratory tract
Celia pushes the mucus
forward to clear the
respiratory tract

66. 2. Interlining of the oviduct
Celia push the
zygote towards
the uterus

67. The skin, which protects the body, is also made of
squamous epithelium. Skin epithelial cells are
arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear.
Since they are arranged in a pattern of layers, the
epithelium is called stratified squamous epithelium.

68. Location of stratified epethelium
• Skin

69. Oesophagus

74. Connective tissues
1. cartilage
2. Bone
3. Tendon
4.Blood
5.Ligament
6.Adipose
7.Areolar

75. Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix called
plasma, in which red blood cells
(RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and
platelets are suspended.
The plasma contains proteins,
salts and hormones.
Blood flows and transports gases,
digested food, hormones and waste
materials to different parts of the
body.

76. Different types of blood cells

77. Bone
• It is a strong and
nonflexible tissue
• Bone cells are embedded
in a hard matrix that is
composed of calcium and
phosphorus compounds
• Bone cells are called
Osteocytes

78. Functions of bone
• It forms the
framework that
supports the
body.
• It also anchors
the muscles and
supports the
main organs of
the body.

79. Cartilage
• It has widely spaced cells.
• The solid matrix is composed of
proteins and sugars.
• Cells are called chondrocytes

80. 1. Between the bones at the joints.It
smoothens bone surfaces at joints
2. in the nose, ear, trachea and
larynx.

81. Areolar tissue
• It consists of a jelly-like
matrix in which there
are several kinds of
cells and interlacing
bundles of fibers.
• The fibers are of two
kinds, white and yellow.
The white fibers are
very resistant to
stretching but the
yellow fibers can be
stretched and are called
yellow elastic fibers.
• Some of the cells are
able to consume and
destroy germs and so
play a valuable part in
the body's defensive
system against disease.

82. Areolar tissue-Location
• Areolar connective
tissue is found
between
• the skin and
muscles, around
blood vessels
and nerves and in
the bone marrow.
• It fills the space
inside the organs,
supports internal
• organs and helps in
repair of tissues.

83. Adipose tissue
• Adipose Tissue is a loose
fibrous connective tissue
packed with many cells (called
"adipocytes") that are
specialized for storage of
triglycerides more commonly
referred to as "fats".
• Each adipocyte cell is filled
with a single large droplet of
triglyceride (fat). As this
occupies most of the volume of
the cell, its cytoplasm,
nucleus, and other
components are pushed
towards the edges of the cell -
which is bounded by the
plasma membrane

84. Adipose tissue is found below
the skin and between internal
organs.
Adipose tissue -location

85. FUNTIONS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
• 1. Storage of fat
• 2. Acts as insulator (prevents the heat
loss from the body)

86. Tendon
• Tendons connect muscles to bone

87. Ligament
Ligaments connect
bone to bone

89. Muscular tissue
• Muscular tissue consists of
elongated cells,also called
muscle fibres. This tissue is
responsible for movement
in our body.
• Muscles contain special
proteins called contractile
proteins, which contract
and relax to cause
movement

91. Characters of striated muscles
• 1. Cylindrical,
unbranched
• 2. Striations
• 3. Many nuclei
• 4. Attached to bones
(skeletal muscles)
• 5. Voluntory
muscles(under our
control)

92. CONTRACTILE
PROTEINS

93. Characters of smooth muscles
• 1.Unbranched,
spindle shaped
• 2. No
strations( Unstraite
d muscle)
• 3.single nucleus
• 4. Involuntary
muscle
• 5. Found in the
walls of the visceral
organs

94. Cardiac muscle
• 1.Branched,
cylindrical
• Straiations are
there, but they are
not prominent
• 3.Many nuclei
• 4. Involuntary
muscle
• 5.Found in the walls
of heart

96. Location of the different types of
muscles

97. Nervous tissue
• All cells possess the ability to respond to
stimuli
However, cells of the nervous tissue
are highly specialised for being stimulated
and then transmitting the stimulus very
rapidly from one place to another within the
body.
• The brain, spinal cord and nerves are
all composed of the nervous tissue. The cells
of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons.

98. Structure of the neuron
• Cell bodyCell body – main part– main part
• DendriteDendrite – receives action– receives action
potential (stimulation) frompotential (stimulation) from
other neuronsother neurons
• AxonAxon – branches from cell– branches from cell
body, where the actionbody, where the action
potential occurspotential occurs
• Axon terminalAxon terminal – end of an– end of an
axonaxon
• Myelin sheathMyelin sheath – lipid layer– lipid layer
for protection over neuronsfor protection over neurons
• Nodes of RanvierNodes of Ranvier – gaps in– gaps in
myelin sheathmyelin sheath

99. Types of tissues & their location