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COMP 113 Chapter Summaries
1. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
COMP 113
INTERNET FUNDAMENTAL
&
Applications
Chapter II
By
D.Balaganesh
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
2. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Network
• Network
one computer connected to more then one
computer is called Network
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
3. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Advantages of networking
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Connectivity and Communication
Data Sharing
Hardware Sharing
Internet Access
Internet Access Sharing
Data Security and Management
Performance Enhancement and Balancing
Entertainment
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
4. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Network
Credit Hours
• Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links
• Node: Computer, printer, or any device capable of sending and/or
receiving data
• To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet a
number of criteria
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
6. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Type of Connection
• Point-to-point
– Dedicated link between two devices
– The entire capacity of the channel is reserved
– Ex) Microwave link, TV remote control
• Multipoint
– More than two devices share a single link
– Capacity of the channel is either
• Spatially shared: Devices can use the link simultaneously
• Timeshare: Users take turns
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
8. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Mesh Topology
• Dedicated point-to-point link to
every other nodes
• A mesh network with n nodes
has n(n-1)/2 links. A node has
n-1 I/O ports (links)
• Advantages: No traffic
problems, robust, security, easy
fault identification & isolation
• Disadvantages: Difficult
installation/reconfiguration,
space, cost
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
9. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Star Topology
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•
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•
Dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, called a hub
Hub acts as an exchange: No direct traffic between devices
Advantages: Less expensive, robust
Disadvantages: dependency of the whole on one single point, the hub
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
10. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Bus Topology
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•
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One long cable that links all nodes
tap, drop line, cable end
limit on the # of devices, distance between nodes
Advantages: Easy installation, cheap
Disadvantages: Difficult reconfiguration, no fault isolation, a fault or
break in the bus stops all transmission
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
11. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Ring Topology
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•
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•
Dedicated point-to-point link only with the two nodes on each sides
One direction, repeater
Advantages: Easy reconfiguration, fault isolation
Disadvantage: Unidirectional traffic, a break in the ring cab disable the
entire network
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
12. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Hybrid Topology
•
•
Example: Main star topology with each branch connecting several stations
in a bus topology
To share the advantages from various topologies
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
14. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
LAN
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•
•
•
Usually privately owned
A network for a single office, building, or campus a few Km
Common LAN topologies: bus, ring, star
An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
15. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
MAN
• Designed to extend to an entire city
• Cable TV network, a company’s connected LANs
• Owned by a private or a public company
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
16. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
WAN
• Long distance transmission, e.g., a country, a continent, the world
• Enterprise network: A WAN that is owned and used by one company
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
17. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Network Vs Internet
Internet
Network of network is called Internet
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
18. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
•
•
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•
Code
Credit Hours
Internet programming language
E-mail
Internet
SMS(short message service)
Social networking sites
Websites
Blog
- Share your life's stories, videos and photos
VOIP
- Voice over Internet Protocol
Podcast - type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of audio,
video, PDF
• Rss(Really simple Syndication) its security bulletins, advisories, magazine
related alerts for IT professionals.
TechNet provides RSS feeds for
features, and other security-
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
19. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
The Internet
• Internet is a network of interconnected
computers that is now global
• Internet born in 1969 - called ARPANET
• 1969 ARPANET was connection of computers
at UCLA, Stanford, UCSB, Univ. of Utah
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
20. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
The Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network
• In 1969, the U.S. Defence Department funded
a project to develop a network, which can
withstand the bombing. Basically the idea was
to develop a very secure network which can
work even after a nuclear attack. This project
was known as ARPANET.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
21. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Internet Connections
Various technologies available to connect a home computer to
the Internet
Phone modem converts computer data into an analog audio signal
for transfer over a telephone line, and then a modem at the
destination converts it back again into data
Digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone lines to
transfer digital data to and from the phone company’s central office
Cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV signals come in
on to transfer the data back and forth
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
23. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Internet Connections
Broadband
A connection in which transfer speeds are faster than 768
kilobits per second
– DSL connections and cable modems are broadband
connections
– The speed for downloads (getting data from the
Internet to your home computer) may not be the
same as uploads (sending data from your home
computer to the Internet)
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
24. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Data
• Analog data
– Voice
– Images
• Digital data
– Text
– Digitized voice or images
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
26. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Analog Signaling
amplitude (volts)
1 cycle
• represented by sine waves
phase
difference
time
(sec)
frequency (hertz)
= cycles per second
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
27. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Three Components of Data
Communication
• Data
– Analog: Continuous value data (sound, light, temperature)
– Digital: Discrete value (text, integers, symbols)
• Signal
– Analog: Continuously varying electromagnetic wave
– Digital: Series of voltage pulses (square wave)
• Transmission
– Analog: Works the same for analog or digital signals
– Digital: Used only with digital signals
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
28. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Modem
• Anlog
• Digital
• Modulation
– Digital to analog conversion
• Demodulation
– Analog to Digital Conversion
Modulation and demodulation is called Modem
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
29. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Modem Internet Connections
• Dial-up connection via modem (56K)
• Cable modems
– Network card and cable modem required
– Always-on and 25 times faster than dial-up
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
30. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
•
Code
Credit Hours
Faster Internet Connections
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network)
– 64K or 128K
– Always-on and expensive
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
– Up to 125 times faster than dialup
• DSS (Digital Satellite Service)
– 500K
Need proximity to a telephone switching station
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
31. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
If you want to connect to the Internet, you need
to subscribe via an Internet Service Provider.
The ISP gives you a connection to the Internet
either via your telephone line or via a special
digital high speed line. An example of a
popular ISP is AOL (America On-Line).
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
32. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• Provides internet access to businesses,
•
•
•
•
•
organizations and individuals
Provides telecommunications equipment
User ID and password required
Connects you to backbone
E-mail account monthly fee
Should have local access telephone
numbers
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
33. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
SERVICES OF INTERNET
•
•
•
•
WWW
FTP
Telnet
E-mail
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
34. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
What is the difference between the World Wide Web (WWW) and
the Internet?
WWW is the acronym for the World Wide Web. It is also commonly
known as ‘The Web’. The WWW is hypertext based information retrieval
tool
• The World Wide Web (WWW) is just a small part of the
Internet as a whole.
• The Internet, relates to all the hardware and software
involved, and as well as including the WWW, also includes
FTP (File Transfer Protocol – more about this later), email
and newsgroups.
• The WWW is basically the text and pictures which you can
view using your web browser, such as Microsoft Internet
Explorer, or Netscape Navigator.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
35. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
•
•
•
•
•
Code
World Wide Web Basics
Files interconnected via hypertext
Web pages make up a web site
Home Page
Links or hyperlinks
Web servers
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
36. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
File Transfer Protocol, is an Internet utility software used to upload
and download files. It gives access to directories or folders on remote
computers and allows software, data and text files to be transferred
between different kinds of computers.
• FTP is just a way of transferring data from one place to another
over the Internet. If is often used for downloading large files
from a web site. You do not really need to know anything
about how it works, in most cases you willclick on a link within
a web page, and your web browser (such as Microsoft
Internet Explorer) will take care of the FTP transfer for you, all
you have to decide is where to store the file which you wish to
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
download.
37. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
The basic objectives of FTP are
• to give flexibility and promote sharing of computer
programs, files and data
• to transfer data reliably and more efficiently over
network
• to encourage implicit or indirect use of remote
computers using Internet
• to shield a user from variations in file storage
systems among hosts
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
38. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Telnet (Remote Computing)
• Telnet (Remote Computing)
Telnet or remote computing is telecommunication utility software,
which uses available telecommunication facility and allows you to
become a user on a remote computer. Once you gain access to the
remote computer, you can use it for the intended purpose. The
TELNET works in a very step by step procedure. The commands
typed on the client computer are sent to the local Internet Service
Provider (ISP), and then from the ISP to the remote computer that
you have gained access. Most of the ISP provides facility to TELENET
into your own account from another city and check your e-mail
while you are traveling or away on business College
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University
Credit Hours
39. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
E-Mail (Electronic Mail)
E-mail or Electronic mail is a paperless method of sending messages,
notes or letters from one person to another or even many
people at the same time via Internet. E-mail is very fast compared to
the normal post. E-mail messages usually take only few seconds to
arrive at their destination
Features of E-mail:
• One-to-one or one-to-many communications
• Instant communications
• Physical presence of recipient is not required
• Most inexpensive mail services, 24-hours a day and seven days a week
• Encourages informal communications
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
40. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Voice Messaging
Voice Messaging
It is a new communication approach which is similar to electronic mail except
that it is audio message rather than text messages that are processed. A
sender
speaks into a telephone rather than typing, giving the name of the recipient
and
the message. That sender's voice signal is then digitalised and stored. The
system
can then either deliver the message at a specified time in future or it can be
retrieved from a database by the recipient.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
41. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
E-Commerce
Electronic commerce or e-commerce as it is popularly known refers to the
paperless exchange of business information using Electronic Data
Interchange,
Electronic mail, Electronic Bulletin Boards, Electronic Fund Transfer and other
network based technologies. Electronic Commerce (EC) not only automates
manual process and paper transactions, but it also helps organisations to
move
into a fully electronic environment and change the way they usually operate.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
42. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Internet Important Terms
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•
•
•
•
•
•
HTTP
URL
Hyperlink
Browser
Cookies
Internet cache
SECURITY
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
43. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
This is the language your web browser uses to
request pages & graphics from the web server.
You can see that your web browser is using
the HTTP protocol when it is shown at the
start of a web address such as
http://www.yahoo.com
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
44. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
• The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is just
another name for a web address.
• The URL consists of the name of the protocol
(usually HTTP or FTP) followed by the address of
the computer you want to connect to, e.g. a URL
of “ftp://ftp.cdrom.com” would instruct your web
browser to use the FTP protocol to connect to the
computer called ftp.cdrom.com.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
45. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
• URLWorld
Code
Credit Hours
Wide Web Basics
– No spaces and Case sensitive
– HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
– .htm or .html file extension
http://www.cnn.com/showbiz/movies.htm
Web
protocol
standard
Web
Folder
server
D.Balaganesh Lincoln Universityname
College
name
Document name
and filename
extension
46. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Network Addresses
Hostname
A name made up of words separated by dots that
uniquely identifies a computer on the Internet
IP address
An address made up of four one-byte numeric values
separated by dots that uniquely identifies a computer
on the Internet
Is there a correspondence between the parts
of a hostname and an IP address?
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
47. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Host number
Domain Name System
The part of the IP address that specifies a particular
host (machine) on the network Yes, but what is it?
Domain name
The part of a hostname that specifies a specific
organization or group
Top-level domain (TLD)
The last section of a domain name that specifies the
type of organization or its country of origin
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
48. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Domain Name System
matisse.csc.villanova.edu
Computer
name
Domain name
TLD
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
49. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Domain Name System
Figure 15.10 Top-level domains, including some relatively new ones
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
50. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Domain Namethan the United States
System
Organizations based in countries other
use a top-level domain that corresponds to their two-letter
country codes
Do you
email
someone
in another
country?
Figure 15.11
Some of the top-level domain names
based on country codes
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
51. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Domain Name System
Domain name system (DNS)
A distributed system for managing hostname resolution
Domain name server
A computer that attempts to translate a hostname into
an IP address
Should the tables containing hostname/IP
mappings be sorted or unsorted? Why?
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
52. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Domain Name Addressing
• Domain names can include any number of parts separated by
periods, however most domain names currently in use have
only three or four parts.
• Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow
from top to bottom if you read the name from the right to the
left.
• For example, the domain name gsb.uchicago.edu is the
computer connected to the Internet at the Graduate School of
Business (gsb), which is an academic unit of the University of
Chicago (uchicago), which is an educational institution (edu).
• No other computer on the Internet has the same domain name.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
53. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Uniform Resource Locators
Credit Hours
• The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular
computer on the Internet.
• However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML
document resides on that computer.
• To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
• URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web
browser:
What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on
which the file resides
The name of the file
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
54. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators
pathname
protocol
http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm
Domain name
http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
filename
55. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Hyperlink
A hyperlink is a piece of text (or a graphic) on a
Web page, which when clicked on will
automatically:
- Take you to a different part of the same page
- Take you to a different page within the Web
site
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
56. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
What is a web browser?
Web browsing applications include ‘Internet
Explorer’ (from Microsoft) and ‘Netscape
Navigator/Communicator’. In both cases there
are many different versions, and you will find
that the later versions offer much more
versatility as well as a better range of built-in
features. The web browser allows you to view
web pages
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
57. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
• What are cookies?
• Some web sites can store hidden information about you on your hard disk
using cookies. This information is stored in small text file. Cookies can be
useful, for instance, a site may store your preferences about a web site, so
that when you re-visit the site your preferences can be accessed
automatically. Cookies are used by some web sites to identify you; this saves
you having to “log in” to the web site each time you visit.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
58. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
What is an Internet cache?
Each time you display a web site within your web browser, a copy of the
information (both text and pictures) is saved on your hard disk. The reason
for this is that the next time you want to re-visit the site, the information is
quickly loaded from the copy on your hard disk, rather than slowly from the
actual Internet site.
• As pictures are stored in the cache, if you are visiting a site which has many
separate web pages, with say a company logo on each page, then all
subsequent pages from that site will load a little faster as the logo graphics
will load from the cache, not via the Internet
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
59. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
• What is a digital certificate?
• A digital certificate is used to encrypt information for secure transmission
across the Internet. A digital certificate can be used to create a digital
signature for an email, the signature guarantees the identity of sender, and it
also ensures that the message cannot be tampered with in transit. A digital
certificate can be purchased from a certificate authority such as
www.verisign.com who will verify your identity. Digital certificates are used
by Internet based shopping web sites to encrypt your credit card details so
they cannot be intercepted as they travel the Internet. You can view the
digital certificate for a secure web site by double clicking on the padlock in
the web browser status bar, e.g. https://www.paypal.com
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
60. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
• What is encryption?
• Encryption is a means of 'scrambling' an email message. It is used to make
a
message more secure, so that only the intended recipient of the message will
be able to read the message. There are many means of enabling this
encryption, both via hardware and software. A famous encryption program is
called PGP(Pretty Good Privacy)
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
61. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
• What is a firewall?
• A fire wall consists of software and hardware protection against invasion
via
the Internet. In most larger companies any connection to the Internet
automatically goes through a firewall which would have been installed and
customised by the companies technical IT team. In most cases you will be
unaware of the firewall existence.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
62. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Modem Internet Connections
• Dial-up connection via modem (56K)
• Cable modems
– Network card and cable modem required
– Always-on and 25 times faster than dial-up
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
63. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
•
Code
Credit Hours
Faster Internet Connections
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network)
– 64K or 128K
– Always-on and expensive
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
– Up to 125 times faster than dialup
• DSS (Digital Satellite Service)
– 500K
Need proximity to a telephone switching station
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
65. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Layered Model: Sending a Letter
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
66. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
•
Code
Credit Hours
OSI Model(Open Systems Interconnection)
ISO is the organization. OSI is the model
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
67. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
•
Code
Credit Hours
Interaction between layers in the OSI model
Layer and interface
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
68. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Physical Layer
• The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from
one hop (node) to the next
• Mechanical and electrical specification, the procedures and functions
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
69. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Physical Layer: Duties
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and
media
• Representation of bits
• Data rate
• Synchronization of bits
• Line configuration
• Physical topology
• Transmission mode
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
70. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from
one hop (node) to the next
• Transform the physical layer to a reliable (error-free) link
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
71. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Data Link Layer: Duties
•
•
•
•
•
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
72. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Network Layer
• The network layer is responsible for the delivery of
packets from the source host to the destination host
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
73. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
•
Code
Network Layer: Duties
Logical addressing and routing
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
74. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Transport Layer
• The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a
message from one process to another
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
75. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Transport Layer: Duties
•
•
•
•
•
Service-point (port) addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Flow control
Error control
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
76. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery of a Message
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
77. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Session Layer
• Session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
78. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Presentation Layer
• Presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
Credit Hours
79. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Application Layer
• Application layer is responsible for providing services to
the user
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
80. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Application Layer: Services
•
•
•
•
Network virtual terminal
Mail services
File transfer, access, and management
Directory services
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
82. Subject Name
Code
OSI
Internet Fundamental and Applications layer vs TCP/IP Layer
Credit Hours
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
To divide the services required to perform a task, the
Internet has created a set of rules called protocols. These
allow different local and wide area networks, using
different technologies, to be connected together and
carry a message from one point to another. The set, or
suite, of protocols that controls the Internet today is
referred to as the TCP/IP protocol suite. The
abbreviations (TCP and IP) will become clear as we
explain different protocols.
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
83. Subject Name
Internet original TCP/IP protocol
The Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
suite was defined as having
four layers: host-to-network
(or link), internet
(network), transport and application.
The TCP/IP protocol suite
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
86. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Host-to-network : Physical and data link layer
– No specific protocol
• Network layer
– IP(Internet Protocl), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol),
RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol),
IGMO(Internet Group Message Protocol)
• Transport layer
– TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP(User Datagram Protocl),
SCTP(Stream Control Transmission Protocol),
• Application Layer
– Combined session, presentation, and application layers
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
87. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Code
Credit Hours
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) transfers files that make up pages on the
World Wide Web.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers individual files, typically for an interactive
user session.
The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) transfers mail messages and
attachments.
Additionally, the following Application layer protocols help you use and manage
TCP/IP networks:
The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol resolves a host name, such as
www.microsoft.com, to an IP address and copies name information between DNS
servers.
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a protocol that routers use to exchange
routing information on an IP network.
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) collects and exchanges
network management information between a network management console and
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network devices such as routers, bridges,University College
88. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Addressing
• Four levels of addresses in TCP/IP protocols
• Physical (link), logical (IP, network), port, and specific addresses
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89. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Relationship of Layers and
Addresses
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Credit Hours
90. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Physical Address
• A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical
address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology
LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
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91. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Logical (IP) Address
• The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical
addresses usually remain the same
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92. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Port Address
• The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the logical and
port addresses usually remain the same
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93. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
Specific Address
• Some application have user-friendly addresses that are designed for
that specific address
• Example 1: e-mail address: kchung@kw.ac.kr
– Defines the recipient of an e-mail
• Example 2: URL (Universal Resource Locator) : www.kbs.co.kr
– Used to find a document on the WWW
D.Balaganesh Lincoln University College
94. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Credit Hours
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) resolves the Internet layer address to a Network Interface layer
address such as a hardware address.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a routable protocol that addresses, routes, fragments, and reassembles
packets.
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) reports errors and other information to help you diagnose
unsuccessful packet delivery.
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) manages IP multicast groups.
For more information about the core protocols for the IPv4 Internet layer, see "IPv4 Internet Layer" later in
this chapter.
The core protocols for the IPv6 Internet layer consist of the following:
IPv6 is a routable protocol that addresses and routes packets.
The Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6) reports errors and other information to help you
diagnose unsuccessful packet delivery.
The Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol manages the interactions between neighboring IPv6 nodes.
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The Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol manages IPv6 multicast groups.
95. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Internet Address Classes
•
Internet Address Classes:
•
IP distinguishes 5 classes of addresses.
•
IP Address classes
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Credit Hours
96. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Lowest
First Octet
IP Address
Value of
of IP
Class
First Octet
Address
(binary)
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
0xxx xxxx
10xx xxxx
110x xxxx
1110 xxxx
1111 xxxx
0000 0001
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
Code
Highest
Value of
First Octet
(binary)
0111 1110
1011 1111
1101 1111
1110 1111
1111 1111
Range of
First Octet
Values
(decimal)
1 to 126
128 to 191
192 to 223
224 to 239
240 to 255
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Credit Hours
Octets in
Network
ID / Host
ID
Theoretica
l IP
Address
Range
1/3
1.0.0.0 to
126.255.25
5.255
2/2
128.0.0.0 to
191.255.25
5.255
3/1
192.0.0.0 to
223.255.25
5.255
—
224.0.0.0 to
239.255.25
5.255
—
240.0.0.0 to
255.255.25
5.255
97. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
•
•
•
•
Code
• Class A:
– For very large organizations
– 16 million hosts allowed
• Class B:
– – For large organizations
– – 65 thousand hosts allowed
• • Class C
– – For small organizations
– – 255 hosts allowed
•
•
Class D
– – Multicast addresses
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– – No network/host hierarchy
•
Credit Hours
98. Subject Name
Internet Fundamental and Applications
Code
Internetwork
• Internetwork (internet) : two or more networks are
connected by internetworking devices
• Internetworking devices: router, gateway, etc.
• The Internet: a specific worldwide network
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Credit Hours