Scott and Amy's critique of Park's Framework for Mobile Learning Design.
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Presentation of the critique of Park (2011) by A. Tesolin and S. Meunier
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Scott and Amy's critique of Park's Framework for Mobile Learning Design.
- 3. Amy and Scott: Educators on the “frontier” of education Could mobile learning (m-learning) be the answer?
- 5. The Evolution of M-Learning (Park) 1) She compares electronic learning (E), mobile learning (M) and ubiquitous learning (U).
- 7. Benefits of M-Learning AND she describes the current strengths of mobile learning.
- 11. Transactional Distance: Definition 2) She adapts Moore’s Transactional Distance Theory (TD Theory)
- 13. Park’s Typology: Based on Moore’s TD 3) And categorizes key studies into 4 types.
- 16. Distraction 2: Expansive Structure Her first goal, while useful- could have been a separate paper!
- 19. Useful Aspect 3: Practical Suggestions Park makes suggestions on how an instructor could ensure the activity's success (2011). Type 1- High Transactional Distance & Socialized (HS) - pay special attention to the design and setup of social interaction Type 2- High Transactional Distance & Individualized (HI) - pay special attention to the creation of a knowledge database Type 3- Low Transactional Distance & Socialized (LS) - pay special attention in developing a meaningful collaborative task so that higher order learning can occur Type 4- Low Transactional Distance & Individualized (LI) - pay special attention to student environment and provide support
- 20. Our Opinion: Park The framework is a practical guide for educators with 2 minor distractions:
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Our group has chosen to explore the theoretical framework proposed by Park (2011) for learning design for mobile learning (ML). Park’s approach to forming a theoretical framework for mobile learning design is certainly necessary but is not itself a sufficiently complete theoretical framework. This is to be expected; precious few theories exist in this area and Park’s will be an important building block for further theoretical exploration. ML is defined as the use of mobile or wireless devices for the purpose of learning while on the move and across contexts (79). The available literature is presented as being descriptive of the ability of ML to allow people to learn within the contexts they find themselves and also the ability to shorten the distance between theory and application (pp. 79-80). Missing from this, however, is a theoretical basis from which instructional and learning designers can draw ideas of best practices (80). It is from here that Park exposes the building blocks of her own proposed theoretical framework.
- Prior to delving into her use of transactional distance theory, Park describes a continuum of distance learning beginning with static desktop-based e-learning and ending with cloud-based ubiquitous learning platforms (80). The point of discussing this prior to her own theoretical framework appears to be to demonstrate that there has been an evolution of technology that has resulted in the possibility of contextually-based, “just in time” learning. Without the development of stable, widely distributed, and cheaply available communication technology, a theoretical framework for learning design “anywhere; anytime” would have been unnecessary. Park demonstrates that it is only very recently that mobile devices and their supporting networks have acquired the degree of penetration necessary to provide a stable enough platform to allow for learning to take place (pp. 79-80). At this point in time, technology supports a nearly invisible interface for learning “whenever and wherever” (van’t Hooft, et al., cited by Park, 80).
- The mobile platform itself is subject to degrees of complexity. Park demonstrates the technological advantages and disadvantages of designing learning on this platform. While there are several advantages afforded by mobile devices, the most significant by far is their portability (81). The ubiquity of learning afforded by the mobile platform has opened up opportunities for potentially emancipatory learning where people need it the most. A great example of this aspect is Balasubramanian et al.’s study of the emancipatory impact of mobile access and microfinance for impoverished women in India (2010). While it is evident that the use of these tools in that context was contrary to accepted social and gender roles, the resulting increase in the agency of the women studied is a basis for hope that ML can remove barriers if applied in the correct combination of need and support (Balasubramanian, K., et al., pp. 206-7).
- The limitations of ML are currently few and, as technology continues to improve at an exponential rate, may be decreasing by the month. Park summarizes several of the platform’s current limitations but the largest of these is clearly the fact that instructional and learning designers lack a “solid theoretical framework which can guide…the quality of programs that rely significantly on mobile technologies” (83). Matters such as the small screen and memory sizes of mobile devices are currently (literally : as you read this) being exacerbated by such innovations as device interoperability and cloud computing (Macintosh Corp., iCloud). While no reliable measure seems to exist on the web, there are now at least a half-million unique applications available for all popular mobile devices available in North America alone; if there are no reliable applications for the ML market at present, it is reasonable to assume that there soon will be. As is common in the tug of war between education and technology, the onus is on educators, designers, and researchers to join forces and answer the need for a solid theoretical framework as soon as possible; there will soon be an “app for that.”
- Park’s answer for this need is to modify Moore’s theory (2007) of Transactional Distance (Park, 84). Park simplifies the definition of transactional distance as psychological distance between the learner and the instructor in a learning environment, even though geographic separation would definitely create the perception of distance as well (84). This distance is best bridged by clearly defined curricula, easily accessible communication between learners and teachers, and the agency of learners making decisions about the circumstances and the terms of their learning (Moore cited by Park, 84). For Park, Moore’s TD theory is attractive because it provides an easily-expressed (and independently verified) relationship between TD and synchronicity of dialogue (84). Park explains that, according to at least three independent studies, Moore’s model accurately predicted that “as dialogue increases, transactional distance decreases” (84). The ubiquity afforded by a mobile communication platform is a sort of tipping point that would allow, in Park’s estimation, for the transactional distance of a mobile-based learning environment to approach zero. On the basis of the typology made available by Moore, Park offers a modified matrix of learning that is mediated by mobile technology (Park, pp. 85-90).
- A Framework for Mobile Learning Pedagogy: A Critique Underpined by Constructivism by Nevena Mileva, Bernadette Simpson & Joseph Thompson (2008) Pedagogical forms of mobile learning: Framing research questions by Diana Laurillard (2007) Developing a Mobile Pedagogical Framework by Thomas Cochrane (2007)