physical and mechanical methods of insect pest control

1. Credit seminar
ENT 692
Arvind Kumar
H-2013-01-D
Physical and mechanical methods: an effective non
chemical approach in pest management

2. Indiscriminate use of pesticides leads
to
 Loss of efficacy
 Increasing pest management cost
 Resistance/resurgence
 Impact on natural enemies
 Impact on human and animal health
 Environmental pollution
Why Physical and Mechanical methods in Pest control?

3. Introduction
 As early as 1911 removal of cotton sticks by 1st August every year was
made compulsory by law to minimize the incidence of pink ball worm
on cotton in the erstwhile Madras state of India.
 Physical and mechanical control methods were the first methods to be
used for reducing the incidence of insect pests.
 Drying of grains before storage and picking of lice and collection and
destruction of pest infested plant parts were the routine methods that
were employed since long.

4. Physical Methods
Reducing pest populations by using devices which
affects them physically or alter their physical environment.

5. Method Examples of target pests
Pre- (Pr) or
(PH) post-
Harvest
Comments
Temperature Stored-product insects PH Food storage areas
Cold storage Quarantine pests PH Fresh commodities for export
Ionizing radiation
Stored-product insects, Quarantine pests
PH
Food storage areas, Fruits and
vegetables for export
Radiofrequencies Stored-product insects PH Food storage areas
Atmosphere
modification
Stored product insects PH Modulating CO2 and N2
Acoustic
mosquitoes, midges, mole crickets, field
crickets, moths, cockroaches and tephritid
fruit flies
pr Field
Examples of Physical Control Methods

6. Mechanical Methods:
Reduction or suppression of insect populations
by means of manual devices.

7. Examples of Mechanical Control Methods
Mechanical methods
Dislodging Plum curculio Pr In apple orchards
Shaking and Beating Defoliating beetles and locust PH Commodities for export
Hooking Rhinoceros beetles pr Orchard
Mechanical exclusion
Mechanical barriers
Trench
Chinch bugs, Colorado potato
beetle
Pr Open fields
Mulching Various insects Pr Open fields
Thin films (kaolin)
Codling moth, leafroller, mites,
psyllids
Pr Orchards
Inert Dusts Fruit fly, stored grain pest Pr and PH Filed and Food storage area
Wrapping
Gypsy moth,
forest tentcaterpillar,
Anar butterfly
Pr, PH Orchards
Trapping Various insects Pr Orchards, vineyards, open field

8. Physical methods

9. Temperature
• Insects develop within a limited temperature range and lowering or
raising this range will cause insects to die faster. Insect control has
taken advantage of the poikilothermic nature of insects.
• For control of insects, both:
 High and low temperatures

10. Hot water treatment
Investigating the feasibility of short-duration hot water treatments for apple disinfestations
Redpath et al., 2015
Mean percent mortality of mealy bug (Pseudococcus viburni)

11. COLD STORAGE
• One of the oldest and most widely used quarantine treatments is storage of
fresh commodities at −0.60 to 3.30C for 7 to 90 days, depending on the pest and
temperature.
Freezing for at least one day will generally kill most insects that are not in
diapause. Quick freezing at temperatures ≤-15◦C usually kill diapausing insects.
Joonson et al., 2014
Cold storage for 7 to 10 weeks at 0.5°C, was found to be effective in controlling
the quarantine leafroller in ‘Royal Gala’ apples (Malus domestica).
Sumith and Michael, 2015

12. • Plastic pouches with fruits in nylon organdy sleeves with insects were loaded into a
cylindrical basket and hoisted into the treatment vessel.
• The water filled vessel is pressurized with the 7XS-6000 intensiper pump.
• Temperature of the water in the open vessel was maintained at 16-180C. HPP transmits
hydrostatic pressure through the package to the food.
• Final pressures were achieved within 60s and held for 1 min before decompression.
PRESSURE
High hydrostatic pressure is useful to control quarantine insects in fruit

13. Table 1. Effect of high hydrostatic pressure treatments
against codling moth larvae in apples
Pressure
(psi)
Total treated
codling moth
larvae
Mean
mortality
0 64 67.6
14000 91 76.8
18000 106 91.5
22000 84 97.7
Pressure
(psi)
No of eggs
Mean % egg
hatch
0 332 39.3
14000 407 40.2
18000 287 27.1
22000 322 28.8
26000 370 33.6
30000 632 0
40000 646 0
50000 576 0
60000 583 0
70000 646 0
80000 726 0
Table 2. Effect of high hydrostatic pressure treatments
against codling moth eggs on apples
Neven et al., 2007

14.  Baling hay at a pressure of 10.3 MPa for one day killed 100% of cereal leaf beetle,
Oulema melanopus.
Yokoyama and Miller, 2002
 Baling hay at 7.85 MPa plus fumigation with phosphine (2.12 g/m3 for 3 days at
>21◦C) for 7 days satisfies Japanese requirements of hay at risk for importation of
Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor.
Yokoyama and Miller, 2002

15. Acoustic
• Acoustic devices of various sizes and power levels have been used successfully to
trap insect pests that exhibit phonotaxis or other orientation behaviours, including
mosquitoes, midges, mole crickets, field crickets, moths, cockroaches and tephritid
fruit flies.
• Using ultrasonic bat-cry signals to disrupt behaviour of night-flying insects, but
ultrasonic signals have little effect on insects that are not normally preyed upon by
bats.

16. Insect References
1
Acoustic methods were developed in
field and laboratory studies to trap
mosquitoes
Silver, 2007
2 Chironomid midges Ogawa 1992, Nakamoto, 2001
3 Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets
Walker 1996,
Ulagaraj and Walker, 1973
4
Gryllid field crickets and their tachinid
parasitoids
Campbell and Shipp, 1974 ,
Walker 1986
5 Achroia and Galleria moths Spangler,1984 and 1985
6 Blattella germanica (L.) cockroaches Mistal et al.,2000
7 Tephritid fruit flies Webb, 1993, Mizrach, 2005

17. • Sound traps attract adults to the highly amplified
synthetic or recorded call of male mole crickets.
• A Sound Trap consists of a caller situated over a
collecting device that catches the crickets as
they land. The collecting device may be as
simple as a wading pool filled with water or a
specially constructed aluminum frame (with a
1.5m diameter) covered by a fishing net which
feeds into a collecting bucket. Sound traps are
effective only during flight seasons in spring
and fall and only adults are taken.
Sound Trap

18. IRRADIATION
• The X ray and Gamma Rays are ionising radiations which
provide prospects of controlling stored grains pests.
• Ionizing radiation provided by cobalt 60, cesium 137, or
linear accelerators is an effective quarantine treatment that
has a different measure of efficacy than all other
treatments that have been used commercially

19. Species Family Dose (Gy) Reference
Neoleucinodes elegantalis Crambidae 200 Arther, 2004
N elegantalis Crambidae 200 Costa et al., 2009
Stenoma catenifer Elachistidae 200 Silva el al., 2007
Phthorimaea operculella Gelechiidae 120 Al-Taweel et al., 2007
P operculella Gelechiidae 125 Saour and Makee, 2004
Tuta absoluta Gelechiidae 200 Arther, 2004
Spodoptera litura Noctuidae 100 Dohing et al., 1996
Ephestia kuehniella Pyralidae 200 Aywaz and Tuncbilek 2006
Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae 350 Aywaz et al., 2008
P. interpunctella Pyralidae 300 Aywaz et al., 2008
Opogona sacchari Tineidae 240 Potenza et al., 2000
Cydia pomonella Tortricidae 200 Mansour, 2003
Epiphyas postvittana Tortricidae 150 Follett and Snook 2012
Eucosma notanthes Tortricidae 150 Lin et al., 2003
Grapholita molesta Tortricidae 232 Hallman 2014
Generic phytosanitary irradiation doses

20. Radio frequency heating
Thermal treatments using electromagnetic energy to heat the pest to its lethal
temperature with holding an adequate time. When any material with polarized molecules
an charged ions is subjected to an electromagnetic field that rapidly changes direction,
heating occurs as polarized molecules and charged ions interact with the alternating
electromagnetic field, resulting in frictional losses as they rotate and move .
(Barber,1983)
The higher the frequency of the alternating field, the greater the energy imparted to the
material, until the frequency is so high that rotating molecules cannot keep up with the
external field due to lattice limitations.
(Zhao et al., 2000)

21. Published Radio Frequency treatment protocols for control various
insects in agricultural products
Fre.
(MHz)
Insect Commodities
Lethal
temperature+
exposure time
References
27
Codling moth (Cydia pomonella )
Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) 530 C + 3 min Wang et al., 2001
27
Navel orange worm (Amyelois transitella)
Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) 550 C + 5 min Wang et al., 2002
27 Lesser grain borers (Rhyzopertha dominica) Rough rice 600C + 30 min Lagunas-Solar et al., 2007
27
Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens) Mangoes (Mangifera indica) 480 C + 6 min Sosa-Morales et al., 2009
27
Cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) Legumes 600 C + 5 min Wang et al., 2010
27
Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) Kona coffee bean
(Coffea arabica)
480C + 10 min Pan et al., 2012
27
Rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes
ferrungineus)
Wheat 80 C Shresth and Baik, 2013
27 Chestnut weevil (Curculio elephas) Chestnuts (Castanea mollissima)
550 C + 5 min
Hou et al., 2014

22. Modified atmospheres (MA)
Have an important role in pest management systems that emphasize treatments without
leaving pesticide residues.
They are safe and environmentally friendly tools for controlling insects and mites that
affect a large number of raw and manufactured products and have been proposed as
feasible alternative treatments
Applications of MA technologies to preserve the quality and flavour of rice during storage
are promising developments.
Navarro, 2006
The MA technology can also be applied to both final and intermediate food products
during the packaging process to prevent the development of pests that are still present after
the manufacturing process.
Riudavets,2007 and Riudavet and Setal, 2009

23. Effect of nitrogen based modified atmosphere on Pulse Beetle
Callosobruchus maculatus
O2
concentration
Per cent adult mortality after
different exposure periods
3 days 5 days 7 days Mean
14% O2 41.5 44.8 66.7 51.0
11% O2 51.3 62.4 76.8 63.5
8% O2 63.2 75.1 81.7 73.3
5% O2 73.0 85.1 92.2 83.5
2% O2 82.9 92.8 100.0 91.9
Control 4.4 8.9 13.3 8.9
Mean 52.7 61.5 71.
O2
concentration
Mean No. of eggs laid after
different exposure periods
3 days 5 days 7 days Mean
14% O2 8.0 14.0 14.0 12.1
11% O2 5.7 8.0 9.7 7.8
8% O2 4.7 5.7 7.3 5.9
5% O2 2.7 3.0 3.7 3.1
2% O2 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.1
Control 17.7 20.3 21.3 19.b
Mean 6.7 8.9 9.8
Effect of N2 based modified atmosphere on egg
laying by C. maculatus
Effect of nitrogen based modified atmosphere on adult
mortality of C. maculatus
Ingabire et al., 2013

24. Mechanical methods

25. Shaking and Beating
• The method is suitable for catching
insects associated with lower vegetation
like smaller trees and shrubs.
• A beating tray, canvas or piece of cloth is
held or placed below the plant to be
assessed. Then the stem of the plant is
beaten or vigorously shaken so that
insects fall on to the beating tray from
where they can be collected.
• e.g. Defoliating beetles and locust

26. • The plum curculio and the pecan weevil were dislodged from
infested trees by jarring the trunk or shaking the larger
branches. The dislodged adults or "June drops“ (Chapman,
1938) were collected on sheets placed beneath the trees and
the adults killed.
• Shaking trees to remove pecan weevils reduced populations by
50% .
Baker and Hienton, 1952

27. Hand-destruction
When the infestation is low, the pest is conspicuous
and labor is cheap, the pest stages can be destroyed
by mechanical means.
e.g. collection and destruction of egg masses of
cabbage butterfly, Spodoptera and Helicoverpa
eggs and larvae.

28. • Handpicking egg masses of Spodoptera littoralis during the first part of the
growing season is prove to be effective to control this pest in cotton field.
(Appert, 1999 )
• Hand-picking a cassava hornworm, Erinnyis ello, removing and burning
infested plant parts to control larvae of the Lagochirus spp., a cerambycid,
and cutting and burning plants infested with various species of scales are
effective to control these pests.
(Bellotti and Van Schoonhoven, 1978)
• Collection and killing of pre-pupae and pupal cocoons in apple orchards
during April- May forms a part of intensive strategic pest suppression
programme against Cydia pomenella and Indian gypsy moth, Lymntria
obfuscata.
Bhalla and Gupta , 1993

29. POLISHING
Polishing is an industrial process consisting of rubbing off the pericarp
of rice grains.
Polishing of rice grains causes 40% acute mortality in rice weevil,
Sitophilus oryzae, eggs.
Lucas and Riudavets, 2002
 Experiments on the joint use of rice polishing and two pteromalid
parasites concluded that Lariophagus distinguendus is less affected by
polished rice than Anisopteromalus calandrae .
Lucas and Riudavets, 2002

30. •Hooking with iron hook to remove adults of
rhinoceros beetle.
•Killing of older larvae of apple stem borer by inserting
and pushing a flexible wire into the live tunnel.

31. BARRIERS
Barriers deny insects access to moving, feeding and oviposition
sites. A variety of materials and techniques have been used as barriers,
including trenches, screens, mulches, various particles, bags and
packaging etc.

32. Digging of trenches around the fields is
useful for protecting them from moving
insects.
• Eg. Colorado potato beetle , Locusts and grasshopper
Trenches

33. Trenches to intercept walking insects such as the chinch bug were implemented as early as
1895. The efficiency of the method depends on the density of the overwintered beetles
and on the proportion of flying versus walking individuals.
Bomford and Vernon, 2005)
•A plastic portable trench that impedes the migration of Colorado potato beetle,
Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), into enclosed tomato fields may also have potential for
root weevil exclusion.
Hunt and Vernon, 2001
• Plastic-lined trenches are helpful to manage populations of the Colorado potato beetle.
Boiteau et al., 1994
• The "V" shaped trenches lined with plastic averaged 95% effectiveness at keeping adult
beetles in the trenches.
Misener et al., 1993

34. Particle Films
• Particle film technology has recently been proposed as a new measure
against several arthropod pests.
• The recent development of sprayable formulations of kaolin under the
generic name “particle film technology” fueled interest in this method
by showing broader insecticidal activity.

35. Mechanisms
• Oviposition deterrent
• Reduced survival of adults or immature insects (larvae) when born into
the particle film coated leaf environment
• Impeded movement/host finding ability within plant canopies
• Camouflage of the host by turning the plant foliage white with the particle
film
• Impeding the insect's ability to grasp the plant

36. • Oviposition rate and egg hatch rate in onion thrips, Thrips tabaci was
significantly reduced and period of larval development and larval mortality
were significantly increased in kaolin treated onion.
Larentzaki et al., 2008
• The spray Surround WP reduced visual attractiveness of the plant to apple
maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella. It also acted as a tactile deterrent for the pest as
time spent on treated fruit was found to be much less than on untreated fruit.
Leskey et al., 2010
• Kaolin (Surround WP) had a repellent/deterrent effect on olive fruit fly which
was exhibited by reduction in both the number of attacked olives and
oviposition stings per olive.
Pascual et al., 2010

37. Inert Dusts
• Act as a physical barrier and prevent laying of eggs by the adult insects.
• Inert dusts have been used as a physical control measure against stored-
product insects (Golob, 1997).
• There are many kinds of inert dusts: lime, common salt, sand, paddy husk
ash, wood ash, clays, diatomaceous earths (ca. 90% SiO2), synthetic and
precipitated silicates (ca. 98% SiO2), and silica aerogels.
• Because inert dusts work mechanically to remove the protective waxy layer
of the exoskeleton, their modes of action are much slower than that of
chemical insecticides (Ebeling, 1971, 1978). Benefits of inert dusts are the
low mammalian toxicity and the nearly negligible resistance development.

38. Effect of clay on oviposition and egg hatching of Bactrocera tau
Concentration
(%)
Mean egg
laying/female*
Deterrence over
control %)
6.0 6.71 79.16 (62.86)
8.0 5.76 82.01 (64.93)
10.0 3.28 89.29 (70.91)
Control 32.44 -
CD0.05 1.46 (2.69)
Concentration
(%)
*Average egg
hatch (%)
Times decrease
over control
6.0 74.50 (59.75) 1.2
8.0 69.51 (56.62) 1.3
10.0 61.00 (51.50) 1.5
Control 89.70 (71.94) -
CD0.05 (7.01)
Effect of clay on egg hatchability of Bactrocera tauOviposition deterrent effect of clay against Bactrocera tau
Thakur, 2013

39. Treatments 3 months 6 months 9 months
Fly ash @ 5g/seed 1.33(6.22) 2.44(8.86) 4.67 ( 12.42)
Cow dung cake ash @5 g/kg seed 1.44(5.47) 2.78(8.78) 4.56 (12.00)
Rice husk ash @ 5 g/kg seed 2.22(8.33) 3.89(11.24) 6.00 ( 14.10)
diatomaceous earth @ 5g/kg 0.00(0.51) 0.67(3.67) 2.00 ( 7.63)
control 7.33(15.46) 13.33(21.10) 20.22 (26.63)
CD 2.82 3.63 3.04
Efficacy of inert dusts as grain protectant against Rhyzopertha dominica infesting
stored wheat
Kadam et al., 2012

40. Fruit bagging
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 2 3 4 5
incidenceofSanJoseScale
Insect(%)
Blue Yellow Green Red Unbagged
The light-yellow coloured bags were most
effective at reducing the incidence of San
Jose scale insects (0.4 ± 0.2%) over all other
bags. Fruit bagged with any of the coloured
bags had a significantly lower incidence of
San Jose scale insects than unbagged apples
(7.53 ± 1.92%;).
Sharma et al., 2014
Pre-harvest fruit bagging has emerged as a Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) to reproduce
high quality fruit without the use of pesticides

41. Fruit
crop/cultivar
Bagging
date/time
Bagging material Insect-pest controlled Reference
Apple 'Imperial
Gala‘
40 d after
flowering
Transparent micro-
perforated plastic or non-
textured fabric bags
Fruit fly (Anastrepha fraterculus)
Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta)
Apple leaf roller (Bonagotasa lubricola),
Woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum)
Fruit-fly (Anastrepha fraterculus)
Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta)
Apple leaf roller (Bonagotasa lubricola)
Teixeira et al., 2011
Pomegranate
'Mridula',
'Ganesh',
'Jyoti', 'Ruby',
'Jalore
Seedless'
60-70 d
before
harvesting
Parchment bags
Nearly 90% reduction in the incidence of
anar butterfly, Deudorix (Virachola) Isocrates)
Bagle, 2011
Sukla and Prasad,
1993
Guava
6-9 week
before
harvesting
Biodegradable films
(BF30, BF50, BF70) from
cassava starch and
poly (butylene adipate-
coterephthalate) (PBAT)
Fruit fly (Anastrepha spp.)
Guava weevil (Conotrachelus psidii)
Bilck et al.,2011
Influence of pre-harvest fruit bagging on insect infestation

42. Bands
• Polyethylene sheeting is an effective barrier to
prevent the upward moving nymphs of mango
mealybug and was much cheaper, easily
accessible and practical
Abrar-ul-Haq et al., 2002

43. • Alkathene sheeting was more effective against upward crawling nymphs
of mango mealybug
Narula, 2003
• Nine tree bands were recently tested to check the upward movement of
mango mealybug (Droshica mangiferae) and a new band named Haider’s
band (plastic sheeting having a layer of 3.8 cm of grease in middle) was
proved to be most effective for the preventing insects reaching the tree
canopies.
Karar et al., 2007

44. Packaging
Packaging as a barrier to prevent insect infestations
has seen major advancements with the development of
new packaging materials.

45. • Polymer films, laminations, and extrusions can protect packages from insect
infestations.
Highland, 1991
• Food pouches sealed with a vacuum of 48.8 mm Hg quickly killed larvae and
adults of Cadra cautella; the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst),
Trogoderma and Lasioderma serricorne.
Cline and Highland, 1987
• Unvacuumized polyester film bags and vacuumized polyester film bags resisted
penetration by red flour beetles, cigarette beetles, almond moths, merchant grain
beetles, and Indian meal moths.
Highland, 1998

46. Mulching
 Increase the soil temperature
 Reduce inter movement of insect
 Suppress the alternate host.

47. • Organic Mulch
Straw mulch indirectly affects Colorado
potato beetle populations and significantly
reduces damage by favoring several species
of its egg and larval predators: Coleomegilla
maculata, Hippodamia convergens.
• Mulches from Artificial Materials
Various protective materials such as paper or
plastic sheets can be designed for pest control.

48. Mean population of Tetranychus urticae per 2 cm2 leaf area of brinjal under
nethouse conditions
Cultural control
Mean mite population/ 2cm2 leaf area
Training Without training Mean
White polythene mulching 5.27 (29.03) 6.86 (46.96) 6.17 (38.00)
Black polythene mulching 5.25 (26.86) 6.14 (37.00) 5.70 (31.93)
Low tunnel white polythene mulching 5.59 (30.43) 7.18 (51.86) 6.38 (41.15)
Control 6.43 (42.13) 7.68 (58.53) 7.06 (50.33)
Mean 5.69 (32,11) 6.97 (48.59) -
Bhullar and Dhatt, 2011

49. Mochiah, 2012
Mean populations of insect pests on pepper (Capsicum annuum) grown under different mulching
material
Mulch type
Aphis
gossypii
Thrips
tabaci
Bemisia
tabaci
Dysdercus
superstitiosus
Straw 1.9+-0.3 0.7 ± 0.2 1.2+-0.3
2.6 ± 0.2
Plastic
1.7 ± 0.3 0.6 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 0.3
Live cowpea
mulch
1.2 ± 0.4 1.1 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.2
PAWA
0.5 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1
Control
3.3 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.2

50. Trapping
Factors contributing to success are low infestation of pests,
high density of traps, availability of an attractant, absence of
nearby host plants, and trap maintenance.

51. Types of traps
Light trap
Colour sticky trap
Pitfall Trap
Windowpane Trap

52. Attract night-flying insects, which
fall into a container having
insecticide, water or oil, or hit an
electric grid. Light source emitting
UV light is most attractive to
insects.
e.g. lepidopteron and coleopterans
Light trap

53. This technique uses the principle
of the attention of insects with
special colors such as yellow and
black.
Colour sticky trap

54. • Used as a relative method for the
assessment of ground dwelling
insects, mostly beetles or other
arthropods, that walk on the
ground and accidentally fall into
the pit.
• Pitfall traps can also be lured
with attractants or baits.
eg. beetles, grasshopper
Pitfall Trap

55. Consists of a vertical glass pane
with an insecticides trough below,
are specially suitable for
coleopterans which react by falling
into trough after hitting the pan.
Windowpane Trap

56. Average number of adult whiteflies caught in cages
Gutierrez and Barrera, 2015
Efficacy of different light-emitting diodes (leds) attached to yellow sticky traps for
whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum

57. Colour sticky card offers composite attractiveness to western flower thrips and
greenhouse whitefly
Bae et al., 2015
Mean number of female Frankliniella occidentalis and Trialeurodes vaporariorum captured on colored
sticky cards

58. Horticulture Mineral Oils (HMOs)
Mineral oils have been used alone or in combination with synthetic
insecticides for a century to control soft-bodied arthropod pests of fruit
trees.
Although oils act primarily at contact sites by obstruction of the
respiratory system (hypoxia), they may also act as an oviposition
repellent.

59. Pests Controlled/Suppressed by HMOs
• Mites (e.g. European red mite, Two spotted mite, Broad mite and
Rust mites)
• Armoured scales (e.g. San Jose scale and red scale)
• Soft scales (e.g. soft brown scale & pink wax scale)
• Mealy bugs
• Aphids
• Whiteflies

60. 45.3
23.2
33.4
21.2
0 10 20 30 40 50
Efficacy of spraying of diesel + fish oil on infestation of San Jose scale
control4.546.258.33
diesel+fishoil%
Bandey et al., 2012

61. • 349 HMOs at 1.0 and 1.5 per cent, applied consecutively five times in
a season at 3-4 week intervals starting from pre-pink stage managed
the phytophagus mites below four motiles per leaf throughout the
season.
Negi and Gupta, 2007
• Orchex 1% was highly effective to control against summer population
of phytophagous mites on apple.
Khajuria, 2007

62. Feeding inhibitory activities of Zinger and Piper essential oils at different concentration
against tribolium castaneum and sitophilus oryzae adults
Insect
Concentration
(ul/disc) Consumption of flour disk [mg±SD]
Zinger Piper
T. castaneum 0 11.83±3.31 11.83±3.31
5 9.83±3.01(16.90) 9.16±1.95(22.56)
10 8.16±2.22(31.02) 7.33±1.64(38.04)
15 6.66±1.16(43.70) 5.66±1.76(52.15 )
20 5.16±1.50(56.63) 4.50±1.21(61.96)
S. oryzae 0 22.16±1.17 22.16±1.17
5 19.50±0.75(12.0) 19.16±0.75(13.54)
10 17.16±0.51(22.56) 15.50±0.51(30.05)
15 14.16±0.81(36.10) 12.50±0.81(43.58)
20 10.33±0.75(53.38) 7.83±0.54(64.66)
Chaubey., 2012

63. Surfactants and Soaps
• Surfactants may have direct or indirect effects on soft-bodied arthropods.
• They either suffocates or disrupts important physiological processes in the two-spotted
spider mite, Tetranychus urticae.
Cowles et al., 2003
Rate (g Al litre)
Mortality (%SE)
Cide-Kick Silwet L-77
APSA-80
1.00 76.4 (±3.4) 99.7 (0.1) 87.7 (5.5)
0.50 57.2(±5.3) 98.8 (0.1) 56.8 (5.0)
0.25 47.4(±8.1) 95.7 (3.8) 33.1 (8.9)
0.00 3.8 (±1.4) 4.7 (2.3) 3.7 (1.9)
Tong-Xian Liu and Philip A Stansly, 2000
Mortality of 2nd-instar nymphs of Bemisia argentifolii on tomato leaves treated
with three surfactants

64. Conclusion
• A number of physical and mechanical control methods are in use ever
since the evolution of agriculture.
• These methods are cost effective, easy to adopt and compatible with
other pest management tactics. Moreover, these methods do not cause
any adverse effect on the environment.

65. • Mechanical method like shaking and beating, handpicking
and crushing of egg masses and larvae are useful to control
many pest in field, vegetable as well as in fruit crops.
• By applying physical and mechanical control methods with
other control method we can overcome the problems of
environmental pollution, human and animal health, insect
resistance and other effects caused by unsafe use of
pesticides.
• Irradiation, radiofrequency and use of acoustic signals are the
new upcoming technologies which hold a promise in
integrated pest management.

66. THANK
you