This Pareto chart shows the reasons behind potholes in the city.

1. PARETO DIAGRAM
ON
POTHOLES IN THE CITY
Submitted By:
Anshu Verma
Radhika Agarwal
Raksha Srivastava
B.Tech (II Year),
Banasthali University

2. A Pareto diagram, also called a Pareto distribution
diagram, is a vertical bar graph.
In this values are plotted in decreasing order of
relative frequency from left to right.
 Pareto charts are extremely useful for analyzing what
problems need attention first because the taller bars on
the chart, which represent frequency, clearly illustrate
which variables have the greatest cumulative effect on a
given system.

3. The Pareto effect is named after
Vilfredo Pareto, an economist and
sociologist who lived from 1848
to 1923.
 Pareto’s law is now commonly known
as the 80/20 rule.
The Pareto chart provides
a graphic depiction of the Pareto
principle, a theory maintaining
that 80% of the output in a given
situation or system is produced
by 20% of the input.

4. Step 1 - Record the data
Step 2 - Order the data
Step 3 - Label the vertical axis
Step 4 - Label the horizontal axis
Step 5 - Plot the bars
Step 6 - Add up the counts
Step 7 - Add a cumulative line
Step 8 - Add title, legend, and date
Step 9 - Analyze the diagram

6. Step 1: Identify and List Problems
Step 2: Identify the Root Cause of Each Problem
Step 3: Score Problems
Step 4: Group Problems Together By Root Cause
Step 5: Add up the Scores for Each Group
Step 6: Take Action

7. CAUSE FREQUENCY CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY
CUMULATIVE %
Pavement design
and material
89 89 25
Weather Effects 75 164 46.06741573
Traffic Weight 64 228 64.03394382
Poor Maintenance 55 283 79.49438202
Water Erosion 42 325 91.29213483
Diesel Spillage 23 348 97.75280899
Others 8 356 100

8. CAUSES PROBLEM ASSOCIATED
Pavement design and material Causes lack of resistance toward
harmful effects. Water penetrates into
asphalts.
Weather Effects Hot weather causes shrinking and
expansion of potholes and wet season
deteriorates the potholes.
Traffic Weight Heavy traffic causes roads to deflect
and causes cracking by putting
pressure on potholes.
Poor Maintenance Causes delay in repairing of the
potholes.
Water Erosion Soluble salts cause damage to the
potholes.
Diesel Spillage Chemicals present in diesel harm the
road.
Others Animal hooves also causes severe
damage to the roads.

9. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Frequency
Cause
Frequency
Cumulative %

10. PAVEMENT DESIGN AND MATERIAL
It contributes to the 80% frequency.
This can be derived from the Pareto graph.
Its frequency is 89 approximately.
Its cumulative frequency is 89.
Its cumulative percentage is 25%.
It comes before the breaking point of 80% frequency.

11. WEATHER EFFECTS
It contributes to the 80% frequency.
This can be derived from the Pareto graph.
Its frequency is 75 approximately.
Its cumulative frequency is 164.
Its cumulative percentage is 46.06741573.
It comes before the breaking point of 80% frequency.

12. TRAFFIC WEIGHTS
It contributes to the 80% frequency.
This can be derived from the Pareto graph.
Its frequency is 64 approximately.
Its cumulative frequency is 228.
Its cumulative percentage is 64.03394382.
It comes before the breaking point of 80% frequency.

13. POOR MAINTENANCE
It contributes to the 80% frequency.
This can be derived from the Pareto graph.
Its frequency is 55 approximately.
Its cumulative frequency is 283.
Its cumulative percentage is 79.49438202.
It comes before the breaking point of 80% frequency.

14. PAVEMENT DESIGN AND MATERIAL
The design of pavement is one of those factors which account for 80% of frequency of the
problem. Design, material or construction deficiencies are the root cause of formation of
potholes in the city.
Widespread problems are caused by road structure. Due to poor structure and material
used the road often starts as cracking and then potholes are formed.
Two main mechanisms of formation of
Potholes are :
1. Cracking of asphalt as a result of fatigue or
ageing (binder shrinkage) allowing water
into support layers.
2. Penetration of water to a less permeable
interface within the asphalt causing
stripping of the upper layer.
Fatigue cracking of asphalt is usually the result of
poor support. As cracking increases, more water gets into the structure, the material shear
strength drops and failure occurs rapidly.

15. Weather effects include too hot temperatures, too cold conditions, heavy rain or
droughts.
Potholes arising from environmental cracking are caused by enlargement of the crack
into the adjacent asphalt.
Effective sealing of the cracks to prevent water entering the pavement will avoid
pothole
Formation.
Environmental cracking of asphalt is caused by:
1. Ultraviolet light from the sun, heat, oxidation,etc resulting in shrinkage of the
asphalt over time.
2. Shrinkage cracking of underlying stabilized layers reflecting through the asphalt.
Raveling and introduction of water leads to deeper and larger potholes. Seasonal
variation of moisture content puts a lot of pressure on the roads.
It is a serious cause and as the weather is not in our control so it becomes even more
harmful.

16. Traffic is also one of the most effective causes of the potholes formation.
Heavy vehicles cause road to deflect.
We must not underestimate the effects of traffic.
Overloading control is thus very important.
Repetition causes cracking and fatigue.
Traffic load allows entry of water which is pumped under pressure
together with loosened fines.
The roads don’t have resistance property due to which the get cracked
when overloaded vehicles run on them.

17. Regular maintenance is essential for preventing the formation of potholes.
It Can be avoided by routine preventative
maintenance (e.g., fog sprays).
Well constructed and maintained, intact flexible
bituminous seal will not develop potholes therefore it should be made a regular
practice
Repair process using mostly in-situ materials are more beneficial.
Even government should provide funds for the maintenance of the roads.
Maintenance plays an important role in increasing the resistivity of the road
towards pressure of weather change and traffic.

18. 1. On analyzing the Pareto diagram drawn for the above project we found
that the problem could be resolved by resolving three of the major
problems:
I) Pavement Design and Material
II) Weather Effects
III) Traffic Weight
as according to the 80/20 rule, 80% of the problem is due to these
three reasons.
2. Thus we could conclude that where the problem have several causes
Pareto Diagram helps us to consolidate our focus over to the major
ones; solving those would thus solve 80% of our problem.
3. The team also learnt what could be done to reduce such problems
apart from analyzing them such as ;
I) Surveying of Pavements and Roads for risk factor : pavement
condition monitoring can lead to timely preventive action.

19. II) In case of Weather Changes and its Effect: Preventive Maintenance
adds maintaining pavement structural integrity with thickness and
continuity to the mix of preventing water penetration and promoting
water migration away from the roadway.
4. Thus these steps must be taken so as to reduce the number of potholes in
the city and consequently reduce number of mishappenings.
5. The team therefore analyzed various factors responsible for potholes in
the city ;
I) Learnt a new way of data representation using Pareto Diagram and
applied it to solve the above problem effectively.
II)Also apart from identifying we also learnt what could be done to
resolve such major problems.