This document provides an overview of plant quarantine in India and abroad. It discusses the origins and definitions of quarantine, the importance of plant quarantine, pests and diseases that have been introduced worldwide and in India, and the history of plant quarantine regulations internationally and in India. It describes the key agencies and procedures involved in plant quarantine in India, including import/export processes, inspection methods, and schedules related to the Plant Quarantine Order of 2003.

1. PLANT QUARANTINE IN INDIA AND ABROAD
by
A. T. Daunde
Department of Plant Pathology
College of Agriculture, Parbhani,
VNMKV, Parbhani

2. Introduction
• Latin wordsquarantum ; quaranta giorni
• Quarantine = 40 days
• Plague epidemic in Europe (1347-53)
A. T. Daunde 2
Dubrovnik
(Venice), Croatia

3. • What is plant quarantine for?
• Definition: A legal restriction on movement of agricultural
commodities for the purpose of exclusion, prevention or
delay in the establishment of plants, pests and diseases in
the area where they are not present.
• Plant quarantine is thus designed as a safeguard against
harmful pests/pathogens exotic to a country or a region
A. T. Daunde 3

4. Importance of plant quarantine
• A number of foreign pests entered subcontinent in the early twenties
because of inadequate quarantine control.
• The significance of Plant Quarantine has increased in view of
Globalisation and liberalisation in International trade of plants and
plant material in the wake of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)
Agreement under WTO.
• Prevent the introduction and spread of exotic pests that are destructive
to crops by regulating/restricting the import of plants/plant products
• To facilitate safe global trade in agriculture by assisting the producers
and exporters by providing a technically competent and reliable
phytosanitary certificate system to meet the requirements of trading
partners.
• Pathogens of minor consequence in their native environments may be
destructive in a new environment.
• PQ is vital to prevent the introduction of non-indigenous pests and
diseases into a country, or to intercept and eradicate them before they
can be widespread and well-established.
A. T. Daunde 4

5. Pests and Diseases which have been introduced
world wise
A. T. Daunde 5

6. Pests and Diseases introduced in India from other
countries
A. T. Daunde 6

7. Exotic pests can cause huge losses to our crop
wealth
A. T. Daunde 7

8. History of Plant Quarantine

9. • Mid-1600s: a group of French farmers noted that wheat rust was
always more severe on wheat near barberry bushes than away
from them.
• 1660: a law was enacted in Rouen, France, ordering the eradication
of barberry plants from the vicinity of grain fields.
• French Govt. promulgated the first PQ law in 1860 to suppress and
prevent the spread of common barberry, the alternate host for
wheat rust.
• The first British legislation against a disease in animals or plants was
an Act of 1866 granting emergency powers for the destruction of all
cattle affected by rinderpest which had been introduced into Britain
by imported Russian cattle the previous year.
• An embargo was passed in Germany to prevent importation of plant
and plant products from the US to prevent the introduction of the
Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) in 1873.
A. T. Daunde 9

10. • 1877: the United Kingdom Destructive Insects Act was passed
to prevent the importation of the Colorado beetle.
• 1891: the first plant quarantine measure was initiated in US by
setting up a seaport inspection station at San Padro, California.
• 1912: the US Congress enacted the Federal Plant Quarantine
Act, which among other things, prohibits the entry of plants into
the United States.
• It was phylloxera gall louse (Phylloxera vastatrix) that provided
the initial stimulus for the establishment of effective international
cooperation on plant disease legistation. The aphid was
introduced into Europe from America about 1865 and caused
major losses in the vineyards of France.
• The first international plant protection convention, the
Phylloxera convention was signed at Berne on 3 November
1881.
A. T. Daunde 10

11. • Great Irish Famine
• 16 Century - Potato introduced as garden
crop
• Late 17 century – Supplementary food
• Early 18 Century – Staple food
• 1843-44 New disease noticed
• 1845 Complete failure of crop due to Late
blight of potato (Phytophthora infestans)
• Impact (1845-1854)
Lead to Great Famine
Death of 1 million due to starvation
1 million migrated
A. T. Daunde 11

12. Toppling of Grape vine Industry in Europe
• Powdery mildew introduced into France with imported
American grapevine - 1850 caused severe losses
• Resistant root stocks from America in 1854 – lead to
introduction of root inhabiting aphid – Phylloxerra vastatrix.
• Root aphid resistant varieties imported from USA –
infected with downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) & black
rot (Guignardia bidwellii)
• Impact: Many abandoned vine production and
migrated to Algeria and other countries
A. T. Daunde 12

13. After Effects in Europe….
• The grape production in France greatly declined due to
these introduced pests, especially with the downy mildew
infection,
• French Government in 1913 passed regulation to ban
the import of planting materials from America
• After 1st Plant Quarantine regulation passed in France,
many countries in Europe followed in succession to
regulate the import of planting materials.
A. T. Daunde 13

14. Origin of International PQ Agreements
• Early PQ Regulations
Initially started as Prohibition
• 1878: First conference of meeting at Berne, Switzerland
attended by France, Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal,
Spain and the outcome “International Convention on
Measures to be taken against Phylloxera vastatrix”
• 1914 : First effort towards international agreement of plant
protection in 1914
• 1919 : 50 countries participated & finalized – issuance and
acceptance of ‘Phytosanitary Certificate’
• 1951: FAO sponsored IPPC
India became a member in 1952
As of now 182 countries are members
A. T. Daunde 14

15. India
• The awareness to quarantine measures inIndia started in
early 20th century when the Indian Government in 1906
ordered compulsory fumigation of imported cotton
bales to prevent introduction of Mexican cotton boll
weevil (Anthonomus grandis).
A. T. Daunde 15

16. • 1914 – Destructive Insects and Pests (DIP) Act
• 1946 – Plant Quarantine processing of exotic germplasm initiated at
the then Imperial Agricultural Research Institute (now Indian
Agricultural Research Institute) for Plant Introduction Scheme.
• 1956 – Plant Quarantine Units in the Division of Entomology and Plant
Pathology established at IARI, New Delhi.
• 1961 – Plant Introduction Division established in IARI; germplasm
exchange and plant quarantine activities increased manifold.
• 1967 – Division of Nematology established at IARI, which housed
Nematology unit of plant quarantine.
• 1976 – NBPGR established.
• 1981 – Post-entry quarantine of imported (chemically treated) wheat,
barley and triticale started in isolation nursery.
• 1983 – Post-entry quarantine for detection of seed transmitted viruses
in exotic legumes started.
A. T. Daunde 16

17. • 1984 – Plants, Fruits and Seeds (PFS) (Regulation of
Import into India) Order issued under DIP Act.
• 1988 – New Policy on Seed Development (NPSD)
announced, resulting in increased import of seed material.
• 1989 – PFS Order (1984) revised to meet the
requirements of NPSD and increasing imports.
• 2003 - Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India)
Order.
A. T. Daunde 17

18. The Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914
An act to prevent the introduction into and the transport
from one state to another in India of any insect, fungus or
other pest which is or may be destructive to crops.
• Power to make rules
• Penalties
A. T. Daunde 18

19. The New Plant Quarantine Order, 2003
• The development of the new Plant Quarantine (Regulation
of Import into India) Order, 2003 (referred to hereafter as
"the new Order") reflects the primary plant quarantine
concerns of the Government of India.
• These are:
• to prevent the introduction and spread of exotic pests
that are destructive to the country by regulating the import
of plants and plant products through adequate policy and
statutory measures
• to support India's agricultural exports through credible
export certification
• to facilitate safe global trade in agriculture by assisting
producers, exporters and importers and by providing
technically comprehensive and credible phytosanitary
certification.
A. T. Daunde 19

20. Agencies involved in Plant Quarantine
• Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage,
Faridabad
• National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR),
New Delhi
• Crop specific Research Institutes of Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• Head of Plant Pathology Division of State Agricultural
Universities (SAU)
• State Agricultural and Horticultural Departments
A. T. Daunde 20

21. Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
• Established (1946) as an attached office under
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC),
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India
• Headquarters: Faridabad - 121 001 (Haryana)
• Head : Plant Protection Adviser
• Website : www.ppqs.gov.in
• The organization handles bulk import and export of seed
and planting material for Commercial purposes.
• PQ mandates
• Legal prevention of pests of quarantine significance.
• Eradication, suppression and containment of exotic
pests.
• Fulfilling obligations of importing countries by
certification of exportable plants / plant products
A. T. Daunde 21

22. Plant Quarantine Stations
• National Plant Quarantine Station (NPQS), Rangapuri,
New Delhi
• Regional Plant Quarantine Stations:
Amritsar, Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai
• 75 Notified points of entry at various Seaports (42),
Airports (19) and Land frontiers (14)
• 65 Inland Container Depots
• 11 Foreign Post Offices
A. T. Daunde 22

23. Structure of
DPPQS
A. T. Daunde 23

24. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)
• Establishment: January 1976
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Web: www.nbpgr.ernet.in
• The national nodal agency for exchange of germless,
material of agri-horticultural and Agri- silvicultural crops for
research purposes in the country.
• It has also been entrusted with the quarantine
responsibilities in respect to germplams of their crops.
• The Director of NBPGR has been empowered to issue
“Permits” for imports of seeds /planting materials for
Research purpose.
A. T. Daunde 24

25. Inspection Procedures followed in quarantine station
• Visual inspection - To detect sclerotia, nematode galls, bunt galls,
smuts, insect infestations, weed seeds, insect eggs, inert mater etc.
• X-ray test - Insect infestation (hidden)
• Washing test - Spores of fungus eggs of insect adhering to seeds,
nematode galls
• Sedimentation test - Stem eelwarm (Ditylenchus dipsaci) (Baerman
Funnel Test)
• Incubation test - Seed borne fungi/ bacteria (Blotter/agar test)
• Grow out test - Seed borne bacteria/viruses/downy mildews
• Electron microscopy - Potentially used for identification and
characterization of all plant viruses.
• Serological methods: ELISA, DIBA, ISEM, Agglutination test.
• Nucleic acid hybridization
• Polymarised Chain Reaction (PCR)
A. T. Daunde 25

26. Fumigation
• Fumigants like methyl bromide, HCN, phosphine and
EDCT (ethylene dichloride + carbon tetrachloride mixture)
are commonly used.
A. T. Daunde 26

27. Plant Quarantine and Fumigation Stations
A. T. Daunde 27

28. Heat treatment
• Hot water treatment or hot air treatment are also used in quarantine for
eradication of insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses.
The basic principle involved is that treatment temperature should be
sufficiently high to kill the associated pest/pathogen but not the host.
However, in most cases, margin of safety is very narrow and,
therefore, the temperature should be very accurately controlled.
• Some recommended hot water treatments are:
• Against nematodes: Flower bulbs, 44° C for 240 min; chrysanthemum,
48° C for 25 min; potato tubers, 45° C for 5 min
• Against insects and mites: strawberry runners, 46° C for 10 min
• Against viruses: Grape vine, 45° C for 120-180 min; sugarcane setts,
50° C for 120 min.; potato tubers, 50° C for 17 min
• Against fungi: Celery seed, 50° C for 25 min; wheat seed, 52-54° C for
10 min
A. T. Daunde 28

29. Import flowchart
A. T. Daunde 29

30. Export flowchart
A. T. Daunde 30

31. Guidelines for Import of Germplasm
• Import from a country where the pathogen(s) is absent.
• Import from a country with an efficient plant quarantine service, so that
inspection and treatment is done.
• Obtain Planting material from the safest known source within the selected
country.
• Obtain non-treated seeds so that detection of seed borne pathogens is
facilitated.
• Obtain clean, healthy-looking seeds of type of impurities.
• Obtain an official certificate of freedom from pests and diseases from the
exporting country.
• Import the smallest possible amount of planting material; the smaller the
amount, the less the chance of its carrying infection. It will also simplify
post entry inspection.
• Inspect material carefully on arrival and treat.
• If other precautions are not adequate, subject the material to intermediate
or post entry quarantine.
• Salvage infected seeds.
A. T. Daunde 31

32. Viral pathogens intercepted in germplasm importing
A. T. Daunde 32
Khetarpal and Gupta, 2005

33. A. T. Daunde 33
Khetarpal and Gupta, 2005

34. A. T. Daunde 34
Khetarpal and Gupta, 2005

35. Schedules attached to PQ Order, 2003
A. T. Daunde 35

36. Schedule-I
[See Clauses 2(xxii), 3(13) and 3(14)]
Points of Entry for Import of plants/ plant materials and other articles
A. T. Daunde 36

37. A. T. Daunde 37

38. A. T. Daunde 38

39. Schedule-II
[See Clauses 2(xxii), 3(13) and 3(14)]
Inland Container Depots and Container Freight Stations for import of plants/ plant
materials
A. T. Daunde 39

40. A. T. Daunde 40

41. Schedule-III
[See Clauses 2(xxii), 3(13) and 3(14)]
Foreign Post Offices for import of plants/ plant materials
A. T. Daunde 41

42. Schedule-IV
[See clause 3 (2), 10(2) and 11(1)]
Plants/planting materials and countries from where import is prohibited
A. T. Daunde 42

43. A. T. Daunde 43
1. Prohibited for general public: Coconut plants and seeds, coffee plants and
seeds, cotton seeds and unginned cotton, forest tree seed (Castanea, Pinus,
Ulmus), groundnut seeds and cuttings, potato, sugarcane, tobacco seeds
and wheat seeds.
2. Plants/seeds which require post entry quarantine: Cocoa, citrus, coconut,
groundnut, potato, sugarcane, sunflower, tobacco and wheat.

44. Schedule-V
See clause 3 (3)(6)(7) and 10 and 11 (3)]
List of plants and plant materials restricted import permissible only with the recommendation of
authorized institutions with additional declarations and special conditions
A. T. Daunde 44
3. Additional declarations required for notified plants

45. • Plants/plant materials permitted to be imported with additional
declarations and special conditions; Import Permits are
required. (Schedule-VI)
• Plants/Planting Materials where Imports are permissible on the
basis of phytosanitary certificate issued by the exporting
country; No Import Permit is required to be taken (Schedule-
VII)
A. T. Daunde 45

46. Schedule-VIII
[See Clause 3 (12)]
List of Quarantine Weed Species
A. T. Daunde 46

47. • Schedule-IX
• Import Inspection Fees
• Fumigation/Disinfection/Disinfestation
• Supervision charges
A. T. Daunde 47

48. Schedule-X
[See Clause 2(xii) and Clause 3(3)]
Permit Issuing Authorities for Import of Seeds, Plants and Plant Products and other
articles
A. T. Daunde 48

49. Schedule-XI
[See clause 2 (xi)] PART - I
Inspection Authorities for Certification of Post entry quarantine facilities
and inspection of growing plants
A. T. Daunde 49

50. Part II
Inspection authority for certain specified purposes
A. T. Daunde 50
• Head, Advance Center for Plant
Virology, IARI, PUSA, New Delhi
• Head, Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research, Hesarghatta, Bengaluru
• Head, Institute of Himalayan Bio-
resources Technology, Palampur,
Himachal Pradesh
Tissue Culture raised plants

51. Schedule-XII
[See clause 3 (4)]
Quantities of seeds
permitted for trial
purpose/accession to
gene bank of National
Bureau of Plant
Genetic Resources
A. T. Daunde 51
Crop Species Multi-location Trials
(MLT) (Kg)
Agronomic Trials
(AT)(Kg)
MLT+ AT (Kg) Accession To gene
bank
1. Black gram 6.0 14.0 20.0 200/2500
2. Castor 6.0 9.0 15.0 900/4500
3. Chick pea 30.0 70.0 100.0 800/2500
4. Cowpea 10.0 20.0 30.0 300/2500
5. Green gram 6.0 14.0 20.0 500/2500
6. Groundnut
(Pod)
50.0 100.00 150.00 900/2500
7. Lentil 10.0 20.0 30.0 70/2500
8. Linseed 10.0 15.0 25.0 15/2500
9. Maize 10.0 10.0 20.0 700/4500
10. Minor millet 4.0 6.0 10.0 15/4500
11. Niger 4.0 4.0 8.0 10/4500
12. Paddy ----- ----- 16.0 50/2500
13. Pearl millet 2.0 3.0 5.0 15/4500
14. Peas 30.0 70.0 100.0 600/2500
15. Pigeon pea 6.0 14.0 20.0 400/2500
16. Rajmah 20.0 30.0 50.0 500/2500
17. Rape/ Mustard 2.0 3.0 5.0 6/2500
18. Safflower 4.0 6.0 10.0 100/4500
19. Sesamum 2.0 3.0 5.0 6/2500
20. Sunflower 4.0 6.0 10.0 100/4500
21. Sorghum 4.0 6.0 10.0 35/4500
22. Soybean 20.0 55.0 75.0 400/2500
23. Wheat ----- ----- 5.0 150/2500

52. Notified points of entry
• The consignments of plants/plant material for consumption shall be permitted
import through the entry points notified vide Schedule-I, Schedule-II and Schedule-
III of Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order, 2003.
• The import of seeds, plants, cuttings, bulbs and other planting materials for
propagation purpose are permitted to import only through Regional Plant
Quarantine Stations of Amritsar, Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai and National Plant
Quarantine Station, New Delhi.
• All the regulated articles such as live insects, microbial cultures, bio-control agents
and soil, earth, clay and similar material for microbiological, soil mechanics or
mineralogical investigations and peat for horticultural purposes shall only be
imported into India through Regional Plant Quarantine Stations at Amritsar,
Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai and New Delhi as per the provisions under Clause
3(14) of PQ Order, 2003.
• The port of entry through Alleppey (Kerala), Cuddalore (Tamil Nadu), Goa (Goa),
Gopalpur (Orissa), Jamnagar (Gujarat), Beypore (Kerala), Karwar (Karnataka),
Krishnapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Machlipatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Nagapatnam
(Tamil Nadu), Navlakhi (Gujarat), Okha (Gujarat), Porbander (Gujarat), Veraval
(Gujarat) is permitted only for import of consignments of food grains by Food
Corporation of India.
• Import of Transgenic/ Germplasm/ Genetically Modified Organisms shall be
permitted only through New Delhi Airport as per the provisions under Clause 3(14)
of PQ Order, 2003.
A. T. Daunde 52

53. Procedures of Plants Quarantine
A. T. Daunde 53

54. • Rules and regulations issued prohibiting the movement of
insects and disease their host from one state to another in
India.
• Domestic quarantine is as important as the international
quarantine, therefore, planting material should be moved
from one state to another or from one place within a state
to another under strict phytosanitary conditions.
• Regulations:
• Destructive Insects and Pests (DIP) Act, 1914
• Under section 4A of the DIP Act, there is a provision of
Domestic Quarantine to restrict the inter-state movement
of nine invasive pests
A. T. Daunde 54

55. Pests covered under Domestic Quarantine
Regulations
A. T. Daunde 55

56. • Domestic Quarantine may be defined as the restriction imposed
by Plant Quarantine authorities in association with State
machinery on the production, movement and existence of plants
and planting material and is brought under regulation in order to
prevent the introduction or spread of a pest.
• In the wake of WTO-SPS Agreement, it is of more paramount
importance to maintain “Pest free Area” to gain export market
access in different countries without the need for application of
additional phytosanitary measures. The PFA established and
maintained as per International Standards forms an element of
justification of phytosanitary measures.
• Under the DIP Act, 1914 there have been different notifications
from time to time restricting the movement of plant and planting
material due to the introduction & partial establishment of
invasive pests in certain areas of the state.
A. T. Daunde 56

57. Quarantine Processing of Exotic PGR
A. T. Daunde 57

58. International Quarantine
• International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures are
prepared by the Secretariat of the International Plant
Protection Convention as part of the United Nations Food
and Agriculture Organization’s global programme of policy
and technical assistance in plant quarantine.
• This programme makes available to FAO Members and
other interested parties these standards, guidelines and
recommendations to achieve international harmonization
of phytosanitary measures, with the aim to facilitate trade
and avoid the use of unjustifiable measures as barriers to
trade.
A. T. Daunde 58

59. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
• IPPC is a multilateral treaty for international cooperation in
plant protection.
• Establishment: 1952
• Headquarters: Rome, Italy
• Members: 182
• IPPC work: standards on pest risk analysis, requirements
for the establishment of pest-free areas, and others which
give specific guidance on topics related to the SPS
Agreement.
A. T. Daunde 59

60. A. T. Daunde 60
IPPC: International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs); provide guidance
to the member countries in implementation national program and fulfilling
requirements of the IPPC.
Developed for plant quarantine in international trade, risk analysis, monitoring,
eradication and plant health certificates. The standards are binding.
IPPC: Regional Plant Protection Organizations function as coordinating bodies in the
different continents (article IX of the text revised in 1997)
The IPPC works together with

61. Regional Plant Protection Organization (RPPO)
The functions :
• Coordination and participation in activities among their
NPPOs in order to promote and achieve the objectives of
the IPPC
• Cooperation among regions for promoting harmonized
phytosanitary measures
• Gathering and dissemination of information, in particular in
relation with the IPPC
• Cooperation in developing and implementing international
standards for phytosanitary measures.
A. T. Daunde 61

62. Regional Plant Protection Organization (RPPO)
A. T. Daunde 62

63. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection
Organisation (EPPO)
• The Plant Protection Organization for Europe and the
Mediterranean is an international organization with 51
member countries.
• Responsible for the cooperation of its member countries in
matters of plant protection.
• In the area of ​​plant health, the EPPO develops strategies
for the introduction and transport of dangerous harmful
organisms.
• EPPO Global Database is an online database that
provides information about the names of about 50000
plants and pests.
A. T. Daunde 63

64. Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission
(APPPC)
• Establishment: in November 1955 and entered into force
on 2 July 1956.
• Membership: Twenty five countries
• Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Democratic
People's Republic of Korea, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia,
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan,
Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea,
Samoa (Western), Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Timor-Leste, Tonga, Viet Nam
A. T. Daunde 64

65. • Structure and Organization
• The Plant Protection Agreement for Asia and Pacific
Region is an intergovernmental treaty and administered by
the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission.
• Chairperson & Secretariat: coordinates, organizes and
follows up the work of the Commission.
• For implementation of the Agreement, the Commission
has established standing committees:
Plant quarantine
Integrated pest management
Pesticides
A. T. Daunde 65

66. A. T. Daunde 66

67. General conditions
• Import permits are essential for
• Seeds and fruits for consumption
• Seeds and plants for sowing or planting
• Soil, earth clay for microbiological, mineralogical
investigations
• Peat for horticultural purposes
• Live insects and f. Living fungi in pure culture, including
Rhizobium cultures.
• All plants should be accompanied by Phytosanitary
certificate from the country of origin.
A. T. Daunde 67

68. • All plants on arrival at port, shall be inspected and if
necessary fumigated, disinfested or disinfected
• Plants and seeds which require post-entry quarantine
inspection shall be grown in post-entry quarantine
facilities
• Import of hay or straw or any material of plant origin used
for packing is prohibited.
• Import of soil, earth, compost, sand, plant debris
along with plants, fruits and seeds is prohibited.
• Note:
Cut flowers, garlands, bouquets, fruits and vegetables
weighing less than 2 kg for personal use may be imported
without a permit or phytosanitary certificate, but are subject
to inspection.
A. T. Daunde 68

69. Special Conditions for Certain Notified Plants
• Prohibited Plant Species
• The list of prohibited plant species from specified countries
covered under Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into
India) Order, 2003 (PQ Order) giving justification for prohibitions
is reproduced in Schedule-IV.
• Restricted Plant Species
• List of plants/ plant materials import of which are restricted and
permissible only by authorized institutions specifying various
additional declarations is reproduced in Schedule-V.
• Plants Permitted Import With Specific Additional
Declarations
• A list of plant species, for which the PPA prescribes additional
declarations and special conditions, are reproduced
in Schedule-VI. Besides, this a list of plant species for
consumption purpose is reproduced in Schedule-VII.
A. T. Daunde 69

70. A. T. Daunde 70
Phytosanitary Certification

71. Time line for Plant Quarantine activities for import of
plants/plant materials
A. T. Daunde 71

72. Time line for Plant Quarantine activities for export of
plants/plant materials
A. T. Daunde 72

73. Pest Risk Analysis
• Pest risk analysis (PRA) is a process which helps to
assess the risks of entry, establishment and spread
potential of exotic pests.
• PRA helps to identify the options to prevent the entry and
management options in the event of pest establishment.
• The international standards brought out by IPPC serve as
guidance for carrying out PRA
• Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis (ISPM 2)
• Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests (ISPM 11)
A. T. Daunde 73

74. Import control
• Regulations of importing country
Embargoes
Inspection of seed lots
Post Entry Quarantine (PEQ)
A. T. Daunde 74

75. Post Entry Quarantine
• Growing of plants in isolation for any specified period in a
glass-house and a facility, area of nursery, approved by
the Plant Protection Adviser
• Purpose
• To facilitate adoption of standard operating procedures by
all the inspection authorities notified by the Ministry of
Agriculture
• To prevent the introduction and spread of destructive
pests that affects plants and other plant material
• Examine the container and the seeds for pesticide
residue
A. T. Daunde 75

76. Export control
• Regulations of the exporting country
Field inspection of field crops
Inspection of seed lots
Seed treatment
Phytosanitary certificate
A. T. Daunde 76

77. Intermediate quarantine
• The third country quarantine locations are Plant quarantine
facility, Glenn Dale, US
• Sub. tropical Horticultural Research unit, Miami.
• Kew botanical Gardens, UK.
• Royal Imperial institute, Wageningen, Netherlands.
• IRAT at Nogentsur Marne, France.
• The US serves as the third country for the
international exchange of coffee, tea, rubber and cocoa.
A. T. Daunde 77

78. Pest surveillance in Plant Quarantine
• Pest surveillance should be an integral component of plant
quarantine services to make them useful and effective.
• Pest surveillance is essential to detect occurrence of
exotic pest/disease in the early stages of their introduction
so as to adopted and enforce domestic quarantine
regulation to ward off their further spread or to check the
movement of seed and seed material to other areas.
A. T. Daunde 78

79. • Lack of organized services of PQ at state level
• Lack of inert state border PQ check posts at railway and
road links
• Lack of concerned and coercive action at the state Govt.
level
• Lack of rigorous seed/stack certificates or nursery
inspection.
• Need for all countries to reach an equal level in PQ, in
terms of technology and equipment.
• An international network on quarantine pest monitoring is
also needed, to meet the growing danger of exotic pest
invasion as a result of growing international tourism and
trade, and the long-distance migration of insect pests.
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80. Conclusion
The PQ measures acts as an important tool in
excluding pests and diseases from the crop. Effective
implementation of quarantine is highly emphasized for
management of pests and diseases, which in turn helps in
maintaining the productivity of crops.
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81. Thank you