The document discusses various aspects of road design and construction including: 1. Road categories and hierarchy such as expressways, federal roads, state roads, and urban/rural area roads. 2. Factors that govern road alignment including obligatory points, geometric design, precautions at river/railway crossings, and topographical considerations. 3. Elements of geometric design for roads including sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment, pavement design, and intersection design. 4. Components of a flexible pavement cross-section and the functions of the different layers. 5. Importance of drainage in road construction and different drainage system components. 6. Typical stages of road construction including earthworks, pavement/drain

1. ROAD CATEGORY AND HIERARCHY

11. Horizontal alignment Adjustments in horizontal alignment can help reduce the potential for generating roadway sediment. The objective in manipulating horizontal alignment is to strive to minimize roadway cuts and fills and to avoid unstable areas. When unstable or steep slopes must be traversed, adjustments in vertical alignment can minimize impacts and produce a stable road by reducing cuts and fills

14. Cross section elements

28. Drainage systems