A case study interactive presentation illustrating the importance of identifying the cause of irregular bleeding in the reproductive age, the new FIGO classification and the role of progestogen supplementation in the treatment of irregular bleeding. The contents were modified from a presentation given online by Professor Peter HM van de Weijer, MD, PhD
University of Auckland- Waitemata District Health Board- Auckland, New Zealand and ccessible at peervoice.com
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Abnormal uterine bleeding for abbot
1. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding…
The Way Out
Amr Nadim, MSc, DUE,MD
Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology
and Reproductive Health
Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine
3. Patient Profile: Mrs. Aisha
Presenting patient
• Mrs. Aisha, 48 year old school teacher,
presenting with heavy bleeding during
menstruation
• Her general health is otherwise good
Medical Chart
Medical History Regular Menstrual cycle et it is now
coming at 40-45 days intervals
Bleeding is becoming heavy and
prolonged
Social History Fatigue with impact on her work and
QOL
Current Medication None
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
4. Patient Profile: Heba
Presenting patient
• Miss Heba is 16. She is G11 school girl,
presenting with heavy bleeding on a background
of sparse menstruation
•She a bit overweight with a BMI of 31
•She complains of acne a generalized increase
of her body hair
Medical Chart
Medical History • Menarche was at the age of 14
• Cycles were regular for about 6
months than they started to be there
for only 3 times a year.
• Bleeding is becoming heavy and
prolonged
Social History Annoyed because of acne, increased
body hair and failing to loose weight.
Current Medication None
5. Making the point about definitions
Menorrhagia The symptom of heavy menstrual bleeding; a term
specifically used to describe ovulatory bleeding
(that is, a normal, regular, and predictable cycle
ranging from 21 to 35 days, most often 28 days).
Metrorrhagia The symptom of bleeding between
menstrual periods; the
unpredictable timing of the flow
generally reflects anovulation.
Menometrorrhagia The symptom of heavy bleeding
between menstrual periods.
Heavy Menstrual
Bleeding
Menstrual bleeding that may be
Bleeding either Ovulatory (menorrhagia) or Anovulatory
Breakthrough
Bleeding
Bleeding that occurs despite the use of drugs such as
oral contraceptives that are given to control uterine
bleeding.
Chronic Acute Intermenstrual
Abnormal bleeding in
volume, regularity and/or
timing which has been there
for up to 6 month
An episode of HMB that is
judged severe enough to
require IMMEDIATE
intervention to prevent
further loss
Bleeding occurring between
predictable menses whether
predictable or randomly
occurring
8. What is the prevalence of heavy menstrual
bleeding in women of reproductive age?
A. 1 in 3
B. 1 in 5
C. 1 in 10
D. 1 in 20
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
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9. Prevalence 20% of women in the
reproductive age
Burden
•20-30% of all Gynecologic
visits
•25% of all gynecologic
surgeries
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
10. “The key to optimum
management of a patient
with
HMB, is to understand
the mechanism, the
pathogenesis, and all the
factors
involved in the problem.
This will help defining
which appropriate
Investigations are needed
and will allow one to tailor
therapy to individuals, and
with a
fairly successful
outcome.”
11.
12. Absence of progestational effects in anovulatory cycles
UNPREDICTABLE BLEEDING
Progesterone Effects
Secretory transformation
Stabilizing the extracellular matrix by inhibiting proteases
Enhancing hemostasis
13. Jabbour et al. Endocrine regulation of menstruation. Endocrine Reviews 2005
14. A Woman Presenting with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Take Full History and Perform Examination and Order CBC
No structural or histological anomalies
suspected
There is a possible structure or histological
anomaly
Abnormal Bleeding..Making the
Diagnosis
No
abnormalities or
a fibroid <3 cm.
Consider
Endometrial
Biopsy
Uterus is enlarged
Abdominal/Pelvic .
Consider Imaging /
Hysteroscopy
No abnormalities or a
fibroid <3 cm.
Consider Medical
Treatment
Provide Information and Discuss
Treatment Options
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
15. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Diagnostic Tools
Reproduced from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at
16. Patient Profile: Mrs. Aisha
Presenting patient
• Age of Menarche 14
•Menstrual pattern Bleeding 10/45 , heavy loss
•Medications or related medical illness None
•Evidence of bleeding disorder None
•Is it a bothersome condition Yes
Test Results
Pregnancy test Negative
CBC - Thyroid Function Normal
TVS No structural anomalies
Endometrial Thickness 8mm
Pipelle Biopsy Irregular shedding, No malignancy
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
17. Patient Profile: Heba
Patient History
Age of Menarche 14
Menstrual Cycle pattern 10-15 days / 60-90 days
Medications or related medical condition None
Signs / Symptoms of any bleeding dyscrasias None
Affecting her quality of life Yes, school and social life
Test Results
Pregnancy test Negative
CBC - Thyroid Function-PL Normal
FSH 5 mIU/ml
LH 13 mIU/ml
Teststerone and DHEAS Within average limits for gender
TAS No structural anomalies of the uterus.
Both ovaries PCO like
Endometrial Thickness 18mm
18. What is the most likely cause for Mrs.
Aisha bleeding based on her history and
investigations?
A. Bleeding disorder
B. Anovulation
C. Submucous myoma
D. Atypical complex Hyperplasia
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
51015
19. What is the most likely cause for Heba
bleeding pattern based on her history and
investigations?
A. Bleeding disorder
B. Anovulation
C. Submucous myoma
D. Atypical complex Hyperplasia
51015
22. Munro MG, et al, FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of
abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age, Int J
Gynecol Obstet (2011)
Structural Non-Structural
FIGO System for AUB, 2011
27. COEIN: Ovulatory
Anovulatory Bleeding
Anovulatory bleeding
Age-related: peri-menarche, perimenopause
Estrogenic: unopposed endogenous estrogen
Androgenic: PCOS; CAH, acute stress
Systemic: Renal disease, liver disease
Is a Diagnosis of exclusion
Menometrorrhagia not caused by anatomic lesion,
medications, pregnancy
28. COEIN: Ovulatory
Low T4 high TRH high TSH normal T4
high PRL amenorrhea + galactorrhea
Hypothyroidism
Bleeding can be excessive, light, or irregular
Only severe, uncorrected thyroid disease
causes abnormal bleeding patterns
Normal pattern when corrected to euthyroid
Primary hypothyroidism is associated with
Secondary amenorrhea
29. COEIN: Ovulatory
Luteal Phase Defect (LPD)
Luteal phase lasts 7-10 days (vs. 14 days) or
inadequate peak luteal phase progesterone
Diagnosis
Polymenorrhea (periods every 2 weeks)
Mid-luteal phase P level between 4-8 ng/ml
Endometrial biopsy >2 days out of phase
Management
Unexplained infertility: clomiphene, P supplement
Pregnancy not desired: observation or COCs
30. How should Mrs. Aisha be treated ?
A. Hysteroscopy/Dilatation and curettage
B. Endometrial Ablation
C. Progestagens
D. Hysterectomy
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
51015
31. First : Pharmacologic Therapy
Should be offered before surgical therapy
Hormonal causes are amenable to
hormonal manipulation
Therapy choice depends on
Degree of bleeding
Women’s age
Need for contraception
Drug adverse effect profile
Pharmacologic treatment proposed
Progestagens high dose for 10 days
Tranexamic acid / Epsilon Amino Caproic
Acid
Second : Consider Surgical
Intervention
If Pharmacologic therapy fails consider
emergency surgical options:
Uterine Foley Baloon 30 ml saline
Uterine irrigation by aminocaproic acid
Curettage
Endometrial ablation
Hysterectomy
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
32. Pharmacologic Therapy: Choices
Progestagen,
High Dose
10 days
Progestagen, Low Dose
(10 -14 days/cycle)
Combined Oral
Contraceptive Pills
Dydrogesterone
MPA
Lynestrenol
Norethindrone
Medrogestone
Levonorgestrel
Drosperinone
Desogestrel
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
33. How should Heba be treated?
A. Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills
B. Endometrial Ablation
C. Progestagens
D. Curettage
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34. Pharmacologic Therapy:
Patient Factors Influencing the Choices
Reproduced from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at
36. • Dydrogesterone is a retroprogesterone, a steroisomer of progesterone, with
an additional double-bond between carbon 6 and 71
• Dydrogesterone, shaped by light, enhances the progestogenic
effects
• No estrogenic, androgenic, or glucocorticoid effects2
• Does not inhibit ovulation, at normal dosage2
• Anti-androgenic potential of dydrogesterone is less pronounced compared to
progesterone3
Dydrogesterone – a Unique Retrosteroid
1. Kuhl H. Climacteric 2005; 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63.
2. Schindler AE. Maturitas 2009; 65S: S3–S11.
3. Rižner TL et al. Steroids. 2011;76(6):607–15.
Progesterone Dydrogesterone
37. Receptor Binding of Progestogens1
1. Adapted from: Schindler AE, et al. Maturitas 2009; 65(Suppl 1): S3-S11.
2. Rižner TL, et al. Steroids. 2011; 76(6): 607-615.
• Anti-androgenic potential of dydrogesterone and DHD is less pronounced compared to
progesterone2
38. Lockwood CJ. Menopause 2011; 18(4): 408-411.
Progestagens Simply Improve The Endometrial Characteristics
Stops estrogen-induced growth of the endometrium
Stabilizes endometrial vasculature and blocks unrestricted
vessel growth
Initiates the clotting cascade
Hemostatic and anti-fibrinolytic action (PAI-1 pathway)
Inhibits matrix metallo-proteinase activity
39. Regulating withdrawal Bleeding
Reproduced from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at
40. Acute Heavy Blood Loss
High dose Progestagens
( Norethisteron 5 mg 2-3 times X 10 days)
or 4 tabs OC during 5 days
± tranexamic acid 1-1.5 g tds
or ( curettage )
Adapted from Peter van de Weijer, Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding, 2010
41. Surgical Therapy For Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Caused By Structural Abnormalities
Transvaginal Ultrasound
or
Any imaging Modality
Uterine Myoma
Or
Adenomyosis
No Intrauterine
Pathology
Surgical Management
Myomectomy
Embolization
Hysterectomy
Endometrial Ablation
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
42. Patient Treatment and Follow-Up: Mrs. Aisha
Treatment
since anovulation is the most likely cause, Mrs. Aisha was
given a progestagen from day 5 to 25 of her menstrual cycle
for three cycles.
She agreed to try this medication for at least 3 months.
Follow-up
Responded well to treatment.
Withdrawal bleed lasted for 5 days after 3 months
Heavy clots ceased
Feels full of energy again
Understands that there is no need for surgical
intervention
Adapted from Abnormal Uterine bleeding in a Healthy 48-year old : Knowing the right questions to ask. Peter HM Van De Weijer accessed at http://mp.peervoice.com/player/23145/51/1#3
43. Patient Treatment and Follow-Up: Heba
Treatment
since anovulation is the most likely cause, Mrs. Aisha was
given a progestagen from day 5 to 25 of her menstrual cycle
for three cycles.
She agreed to try this medication for at least 3 months.
Follow-up
Responded well to treatment.
Withdrawal bleed lasted for 5 days after 3 months
Heavy clots ceased
She enrolled for group therapy to reduce weight
and exercise
Understands that in 2 years she may start using
COCs which will help her control acne and
hirsutism
44. Coming to an end…
• Abnormal uterine bleeding is a rather common
presentation. It is met with among 1 out of 5
women in the reproductive age.
• FIGO updated classification of the causes of
bleeding helps to ask the right questions, chose
the proper investigations and tailor treatment for
a particular patient
45. • Progestagens act by stabilizing the endometrium
and promoting endometrial repair.
• Choosing the proper progestagen will help in
treating the condition while maintaining a high level
of compliance by minimizing the side effects.
• Treatment should be continued for at least 3
months to bring the endometrium back to its
normal pattern