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Yeast and molds
1.
Benson: Microbiological Applications Lab
Manual, Eighth Edition II. Survey of Microorganisms 10. The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001 48 The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds10 The fungi comprise a large group of eukaryotic non- photosynthetic organisms that include such diverse forms as slime molds, water molds, mushrooms, puff- balls, bracket fungi, yeasts, and molds. Fungi belong to Kingdom Myceteae. The study of fungi is called mycology. Myceteae consist of three divisions: Gymnomycota (slime molds), Mastigomycota (water molds and others), and Amastigomycota (yeasts, molds, bracket fungi, and others). It is the last division that we will study in this exercise. Fungi may be saprophytic or parasitic and unicel- lular or filamentous. Some organisms, such as the slime molds (Exercise 25), are borderline between fungi and protozoa in that amoeboid characteristics are present and fungi like spores are produced. The distinguishing characteristics of the group as a whole are that they (1) are eukaryotic, (2) are nonphotosynthetic, (3) lack tissue differentiation, (4) have cell walls of chitin or other polysaccha- rides, and (5) propagate by spores (sexual and/or asexual). In this study we will examine prepared stained slides and slides made from living cultures of yeasts and molds. Molds that are normally present in the air will be cultured and studied macroscopically and mi- croscopically. In addition, an attempt will be made to identify the various types that are cultured. Before attempting to identify the various molds, familiarize yourself with the basic differences be- tween molds and yeasts. Note in figure 10.1 that yeasts are essentially unicellular and molds are multicellular. MOLD AND YEAST DIFFERENCES Species within the Amastigomycota may have cot- tony (moldlike) appearance or moist (yeasty) charac- teristics that set them apart. As pronounced as these differences are, we do not classify the various fungi in this group on the basis of their being mold or yeast. The reason that this type of division doesn’t work is that some species exist as molds under certain condi- tions and as yeasts under other conditions. Such species are said to be dimorphic, or biphasic. The principal differences between molds and yeasts are as follows: Molds Hyphae Molds have microscopic filaments called hy- phae (hypha, singular). As shown in figure 10.1, if the filament has crosswalls, it is referred to as having sep- tate hyphae. If no crosswalls are present, the coeno- cytic filament is said to be nonseptate, or aseptate. Actually, most of the fungi that are classified as being septate are incompletely septate since the septae have central openings that allow the streaming of cytoplasm from one compartment to the next. A mass of inter- meshed hyphae, as seen macroscopically, is a mycelium. Asexual Spores Two kinds of asexual spores are seen in molds: sporangiospores and conidia. Spor- Figure 10.1 Structural differences between molds and yeasts
2.
Benson: Microbiological Applications Lab
Manual, Eighth Edition II. Survey of Microorganisms 10. The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001 angiospores are spores that form within a sac called a sporangium. The sporangia are attached to stalks called sporangiophores. See illustration 1, figure 10.2. Conidia are asexual spores that form on special- ized hyphae called conidiophores. If the conidia are small they are called microconidia; large multicellu- lar conidia are known as macroconidia. The following four types of conidia are shown in figure 10.2: • Phialospores: Conidia of this type are produced by vase-shaped cells called phialides. Note in fig- ure 10.2 that Penicillium and Gliocadium produce this type. • Blastoconidia: Conidia of this type are produced by budding from cells of preexisting conidia, as in Cladosporium, which typically has lemon-shaped spores. • Arthrospores: This type of conidia forms by sep- aration from preexisting hyphal cells. Example: Oospora. • Chlamydospores: These spores are large, thick- walled, round, or irregular structures formed within or on the ends of a hypha. Common to most fungi, they generally form on old cultures. Example: Candida albicans. Sexual Spores Three kinds of sexual spores are seen in molds: zygospores, ascospores, and ba- sidiospores. Figure 10.3 illustrates the three types. Zygospores are formed by the union of nuclear material from the hyphae of two different strains. Ascospores, on the other hand, are sexual spores pro- duced in enclosures, which may be oval sacs or elon- gated tubes. Basidiospores are sexually produced on club-shaped bodies called basidia. A basidium is con- sidered by some to be a modified type of ascus. Yeasts Hyphae Unlike molds, yeasts do not have true hy- phae. Instead they form multicellular structures called pseudohyphae. See figure 10.1. Asexual Spores The only asexual spore produced by yeasts is called a blastospore, or bud. These spores form as an outpouching of a cell by a budding process. It is easily differentiated from the parent cell by its small size. It may separate from the original cell or remain attached. If successive buds remain at- tached in the budding process, the result is the forma- tion of a pseudohypha. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE AMASTIGOMYCOTA Division Amastigomycota consists of four subdivi- sions: Zygomycotina,Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. They are separated on the basis of the type of sexual reproductive spores as follows: The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds • Exercise 10 49 Figure 10.2 Types of asexual spores seen in fungi
3.
Benson: Microbiological Applications Lab
Manual, Eighth Edition II. Survey of Microorganisms 10. The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001 Zygomycotina These fungi have nonseptate hyphae and produce zy- gospores. They also produce sporangiospores. Rhizopus, Mucor, and Syncephalastrum are represen- tative genera of this subdivision. Ascomycotina Since all the fungi in this subdivision produce as- cospores, they are grouped into one class, the Ascomycetes. They are commonly referred to as the “ascomycetes” and are also called “sac fungi.” All of them have septate hyphae and most of them have chitinous walls. Fungi in this group that produce a single ascus are called ascomycetes yeasts. Other ascomycetes pro- duce numerous asci in complex flask-shaped fruiting bodies called perithecia or pseudothecia, in cup- shaped structures, or in hollow spherical bodies, as in powdery mildews, Eupenicillium or Talaromyces (the sexual stages for Penicillium). Basidiomycotina All fungi in this subdivision belong to one class, the Basidiomycetes. Puffballs, mushrooms, smuts, rust, and shelf fungi on tree branches are also basidiomycetes. The sexual spores of this class are basidiospores. Deuteromycotina This fourth division of the Amastigomycota is an artifi- cial group that was created to place any fungus that has not been shown to have some means of sexual repro- duction. Often, species that are relegated to this division remain here for only a short period of time: as soon as the right conditions have been provided for sexual spores to form, they are reclassified into one of the first three subdivisions. Sometimes, however, the asexual and sexual stages of a fungus are discovered and named separately by different mycologists, with the result that a single species acquires two different names.Although generally there is a switch over to the sexual-stage name, not all mycologists conform to this practice. Members of this group are commonly referred to as the fungi imperfecti or deuteromycetes. It is a large group, containing over 15,000 species. LABORATORY PROCEDURES Several options are provided here for the study of molds and yeasts. The procedures to be followed will be outlined by your instructor. Yeast Study The organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is used in bread making and alcohol fermentation, will be used for this study. Either prepared slides or living organisms may be used. Materials: prepared slides of Saccharomyces cerevisiae broth cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae methylene blue stain microscope slides and cover glasses Prepared Slides If prepared slides are used, they may be examined under high-dry or oil immersion. One should look for typical blastospores and as- cospores. Space is provided on the Laboratory Report for drawing the organisms. Living Material If broth cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are available they should be examined on a wet mount slide with phase-contrast or brightfield op- tics. Two or three loopfuls of the organisms should be placed on the slide with a drop of methylene blue stain. Oil immersion will reveal the greatest amount of de- tail. Look for the nucleus and vacuole. The nucleus is the smaller body. Draw a few cells on the Laboratory Report. Mold Study Examine a Petri plate of Sabouraud’s agar that has been exposed to the air for about an hour and incu- bated at room temperature for 3–5 days. This medium Exercise 10 • The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds 50 Figure 10.3 Types of sexual spores seen in the Amastigomycota
4.
Benson: Microbiological Applications Lab
Manual, Eighth Edition II. Survey of Microorganisms 10. The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001 The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds • Exercise 10 51 Top Reverse 1. ALTERNARIA Top Reverse 2. ASPERGILLUS Top Reverse 3. CUNNINGHAMELLA Top Reverse 4. FUSARIUM Top Reverse 5. HELMINTHOSPORIUM Top Reverse 6. PENICILLIUM Top Reverse 7. PAECILOMYCES Top Reverse 8. SYNCEPHALASTRUM Figure 10.4 Colony characteristics of some of the more common molds
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Benson: Microbiological Applications Lab
Manual, Eighth Edition II. Survey of Microorganisms 10. The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001 has a low pH, which makes it selective for molds. A good plate will have many different-colored colonies. Note the characteristic “cottony” nature of the colonies. Also, look at the bottom of the plate and observe how the colonies differ in color here. The identification of molds is based on surface color, backside color, hyphal structure, and types of spores. Figure 10.4 reveals how some of the more com- mon molds appear when grown on Sabouraud’s agar. Keep in mind when using figure 10.4 that the appear- ance of a mold colony can change appreciably as it gets older. The photographs in figure 10.4 are of colonies that are 10 to 21 days old. Conclusive identification cannot be made unless a microscope slide is made to determine the type of hyphae and spores that are present. Figure 10.5 re- veals, diagrammatically, the microscopic differences that one looks for when identifying mold genera. Two Options In making slides from mold colonies, one can make either wet mounts directly from the colonies by the procedure outlined here or make cul- tured slides as outlined in Exercise 26. The following steps should be used for making stained slides directly from the colonies. Your instructor will indicate the number of identifications that are to be made. Materials: mold cultures on Sabouraud’s agar microscope slides and cover glasses lactophenol cotton blue stain sharp-pointed scalpels or dissecting needles 1. Place the uncovered plate on the stage of your mi- croscope and examine the edge of a colored colony with the low-power objective. Look for hyphal structure and spore arrangement. Ignore the white colonies since they generally lack spores and are difficult to identify. 2. Consult figures 10.4 and 10.5 to make a preliminary identification based on colony characteristics and low-power magnification of hyphae and spores. 3. Make a wet mount slide by transferring a small amount of the culture with a sharp scalpel or dis- secting needle to a drop of lactophenol cotton blue stain on a slide. Cover with a cover glass and examine under low-power and high-dry objec- tives. Refer again to figure 10.5 to confirm any conclusions drawn from your previous examina- tion of the edge of the colony. 4. Repeat the above procedure for each different colony. LABORATORY REPORT After recording your results on the Laboratory Report, answer all the questions. Exercise 10 • The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds 52 1. Penicillium—bluish-green; brush arrangement of phialospores. 2. Aspergillus—bluish-green with sulfur-yellow areas on the surface. Aspergillus niger is black. 3. Verticillium—pinkish-brown, elliptical microconidia. 4. Trichoderma—green, resemble Penicillium macro- scopically. 5. Gliocadium—dark green; conidia (phialospores) borne on phialides, similar to Penicillium; grows faster than Penicillium. 6. Cladosporium (Hormodendrum)—light green to gray- ish surface; gray to black back surface; blastoconidia. 7. Pleospora—tan to green surface with brown to black back; ascospores shown are produced in sacs borne within brown, flask-shaped fruiting bodies called pseudothecia. 8 Scopulariopsis—light brown; rough-walled microconidia. 9. Paecilomyces—yellowish-brown; elliptical microconidia. 10. Alternaria—dark greenish-black surface with gray periphery; black on reverse side; chains of macroconidia. 11. Bipolaris—black surface with grayish periphery; macroconidia shown. 12. Pullularia—black, shiny, leathery surface; thick- walled; budding spores. 13. Diplosporium—buff-colored wooly surface; reverse side has red center surrounded by brown. 14. Oospora (Geotrichum)—buff-colored surface; hyphae break up into thin-walled rectangular arthrospores. 15. Fusarium—variants of yellow, orange, red, and pur- ple colonies; sickle-shaped macroconidia. 16. Trichothecium—white to pink surface; two-celled conidia. 17. Mucor—a zygomycete; sporangia with a slimy tex- ture; spores with dark pigment. 18. Rhizopus—a zygomycete; spores with dark pigment. 19. Syncephalastrum—a zygomycete; sporangiophores bear rod-shaped sporangioles, each containing a row of spherical spores. 20. Nigrospora—conidia black, globose, one-celled, borne on a flattened, colorless vesicle at the end of a conidiophore. 21. Montospora—dark gray center with light gray periphery; yellow-brown conidia. Figure 10.5 Legend CAUTION Avoid leaving the cover off the mold culture plates or disturbing the colonies very much. Dispersal of mold spores to the air must be kept to a minimum.
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Benson: Microbiological Applications Lab
Manual, Eighth Edition II. Survey of Microorganisms 10. The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001 The Fungi: Yeasts and Molds • Exercise 10 53 Figure 10.5 Microscopic appearance of some of the more common molds (legend on opposite page)
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