12. Atoms Biosphere
Hydrogen Oxygen
Molecule
Water
Macromolecule
Chloroplast
Organelle
Epidermis
Tissue
Cell
Ecosystem
Community
Organ
Population
Organism
Fig. 1-3, p. 9
13. Characteristics of Living Things 1
• Organization
• Plants and other organisms are highly
organized with cells as their basic building
blocks
• Energy
• Plants and other organisms take in and use
energy
14. Plant Cells
-the basic functional
and structural
building block of
living things
15. • PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Biological process that includes capture of
light energy and its transformation into
chemical energy of organic molecules that are
manufactured from carbon dioxide and water
16. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Cellular process in which energy of organic
molecules is released for biological work
• All living things get the energy they need to
live from a chemical reaction
called respiration. This process needs
glucose as a starting point.
• respiration and photosynthesis are opposites
18. • Importance of Photosynthesis
The process is as important for the humans and
animals as it is for plants. Other than glucose,
which is an important source of carbohydrates,
even proteins, fats, and water-soluble sugars
are the products of photosynthesis. We cannot
produce these nutrients on our own, and hence
have to depend directly on plants, or other
animals (which feed on these plants) to derive
them. Plants, being the only producers, have a
crucial role to play in any food chain.
• Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/photosynthesis-for-kids.html
19. Characteristics of Living Things 2
• Interaction with environment
• Plants respond to stimuli in their environment
• Plants undergo growth and development
• Reproduction
• Plants form new individuals by asexual or
sexual reproduction
24. Characteristics of Living Things 3
• Heredity
• DNA molecules transmit genetic information
from one generation to the next in plants and
other organisms
• Evolution
• Plants and other organisms evolve
• Populations change or adapt to survive in
changing environments
26. KEY TERMS
• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
• A nucleic acid present in a cell’s
chromosomes that contains genetic
information
27. • EVOLUTION
• Cumulative genetic changes in a population of
organisms from generation to generation
• NATURAL SELECTION
• Mechanism of evolution (Charles Darwin)
• Tendency of organisms that have favorable
adaptations to their environment to survive
and become parents of next generation
28. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
• Distinguish among the six kingdoms and
three domains, and give representative
organisms for each
34. Three Domains:
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Six Kingdoms:
Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi
Prokaryotes (lack
membrane-bound
organelles);
unicellular;
most are
heterotrophic
(obtain food by
eating other
organisms),
but some are
photosynthetic or
chemosynthetic
Prokaryotes;
unicellular;
microscopic;
most live in
extreme
environments;
differ in
biochemistry
and in cell wall
structure
from bacteria
Eukaryotes;
mainly
unicellular or
simple
multicellular;
maybe
heterotrophic
or photosynthetic;
include protozoa,
algae, and slime
molds
Eukaryotes;
multicellular;
photosynthetic;
life cycle with
alternation of
generations;
cell walls of
cellulose
Eukaryotes;
multicellular;
heterotrophic;
most move
about by
muscular
contraction;
nervous system
coordinates
responses to
stimuli
Eukaryotes;
most
multicellular;
heterotrophic;
absorb
nutrients;
do not photo-synthesize;
cell walls of
chitin
Fig. 1-11, p. 14
35. KEY TERMS
• KINGDOM
• A broad taxonomic category made up of
related phyla; many biologists currently
recognize six kingdoms of living organisms
• DOMAIN
• A taxonomic category that includes one or
more kingdoms
37. KEY TERMS
• SPECIES
• A group of organisms with similar structural
and functional characteristics
• In nature, they breed only with one another
and have a close common ancestry
38. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
• Summarize the main steps in the scientific
method, and explain how science differs
from many other human endeavors
39. The Scientific Method 1
1. Recognize a problem
• or an unanswered question
• Why plants shoots grow away from gravity
or toward sunlight, while roots grow into the
soil in the direction of gravity?
2. Develop a hypothesis
• to explain the problem
3. Design and perform an experiment
• to test the hypothesis
40. The Scientific Method 1
2. Develop a hypothesis
• to explain the problem
gravitropism
Amyloplasts
Statolith
3. Design and perform an experiment
• to test the hypothesis
41. The Scientific Method 2
4. Analyze and interpret the data
• to reach a conclusion
5. Share new knowledge
• with the scientific community
42. KEY TERMS
• HYPOTHESIS
• An educated guess (based on previous
observations) that may be true and is testable
by observation and experimentation
• THEORY
• A widely accepted explanation supported by a
large body of observations and experiments
43. Assignment
1. What is prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
2. Define the following: paleobotany, bryology,
agronomy, horticulture, forestry & economic
botany.
3. What is gravitropism?
4. What is Amyloplasts and what is its role?
5. What is the function of Indole acetic acid in
plant growth?
Deadline: next meeting
Use white intermediate paper.