During the Renaissance in Italy, there were several advances in architecture, painting, and sculpture. In architecture, wealthy Italians built large palazzi and Filippo Brunelleschi invented hoists to lift heavy objects and designed the dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence without any internal supports. In painting, patrons like the Medicis funded artists, works had more realistic backgrounds, perspectives, colors, and oil paints became widely used. Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper used geometry and perspective. Sculptures began to look more realistic and expressive, could stand on their own, and were larger thanks to patron support, with Donatello's David being an iconic early Renaissance work.

1. Advancements During the Renaissance

6. Brunelleschi’s “Secret”

7. Brunelleschi’s Dome

8. Dome Comparisons Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

9. Brunelleschi Video

10. Video

12. The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 & Geometry

13. horizontal vertical Perspective! The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498

14. Perspective! Betrothal of the Virgin Raphael 1504

16.  15c 16c  What a difference a century makes!