properties of soil and water are describe here

1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
AND WATER, PRODUCTIVITY VS NUTRIENT
QUALITY &PRODUCTIVITY VS QUANTITY OF SOIL
AND WATER
Presented by
Alish Debbarma

2. SOIL PROPERTIES
1. physical properties 2. chemical propertices
• Horizonation Cation Exchange capacity
• soil color Soil Reaction(pH)
• soil texture Total alkalinity
• soil structure Total hardness
• soil consistence Dissolved oxygen
• bulk density
• Temparature

3. Physical Properties
a. Horizonation
Soil “horizons” are discrete layers that make up a soil profile. They are typically parallel with the
ground surface.
O horizons are dominated by organic material.
A horizons are mineral layers that formed at the surface or below an O horizon, that exhibit
obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure.
E horizons are mineral layers that exhibit the loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, humus.
B horizons are mineral layers that typically form below an A, E, or O horizon and are dominated by
obliteration of all or much of the original rock.
C horizons are mineral layers which are not bedrock and are little affected by pedogenic processes
and lack properties of O, A, E or B horizons.
R horizons are layers of hard bedrock.

4. Soil structure describes the arrangement of the solid parts of the soil and of the
pore space located between them. It is determined by how individual soil
granules clump, bind together, and aggregate, resulting in the arrangement of
soil pores between them.

5. • Temparature:
• Temparature sets the place of metabolism by
controlling molecular dynamics and rate of
biochemical reaction.fish metabolic rate doubles for
every rise of 10 degree Celsius.Temparature has
direct effect on the important factors –
growth,oxygen demand, food requirement & food
conversion etc…

6. Bulk Density
Bulk density is the proportion of the weight of a soil relative to
its volume.
It is expressed as a unit of weight per volume, and is commonly
measured in units of grams per cubic centimeters (g/cc).
Bulk density is an indicator of the amount of pore space
available within individual soil horizons, as it is inversely
proportional to pore …….

7. Soil Colour
In well aerated soils, oxidized or ferric (Fe+3) iron compounds are responsible for the
brown, yellow, and red colors you see in the soil.
When iron is reduced to the ferrous (Fe+2) form, it becomes mobile, and can be removed
from certain areas of the soil. When the iron is removed, a gray color remains, or the
reduced iron color persists in shades of green or blue.
Soil Texture
Soil texture refers to the proportion of the soil “separates” that make up the mineral
component of soil. These separates are called sand, silt, and clay. These soil separates have
the following size ranges:
 Sand = <2 to 0.05 mm
 Silt = 0.05 to 0.002 mm
 Clay = <0.002 mm

8. Soil Reaction (pH)
By definition, “pH” is a measure of the active hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. It is an indication
of the acidity or alkalinity of a soil, and also known as “soil reaction”.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values below 7.0 acidic, and values above 7.0 alkaline. A
pH value of 7 is considered neutral, where H+ and OH- are equal, both at a concentration of 10-7
moles/liter. A pH of 4.0 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 5.0.
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
Some plant nutrients and metals exist as positively charged ions, or “cations”, in the soil
environment. Among the more common cations found in soils are hydrogen (H+), aluminum
(Al+3), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), and potassium
Clay and organic matter particles are predominantly negatively charged (anions), and have
the ability to hold cations from being “leached” or washed away. The adsorbed cations are
subject to replacement by other cations in a rapid, reversible process called “cation
exchange…

9. PRODUCTIVITY VS NUTRIENT QUALITY
Nutrient
The capacity of a soil to
function within ecosystem
boundaries to sustain
biological productivity,
maintain environmental
quality, and promote plant and
animal health…….two type of
nutrient play major role in
aquaculture ie Macronutrient(P
& N) and
micronutrient(zinc,cobalt,mang
anese,copper)
• Productivity
• Productivity is directly related to
nutrient content of soil.
• The inherent capacity of a soil to
support the growth
communities . Soil productivity
may be expressed in terms of
volume or weight/unit area/year,
percent plant cover, or other
measures of biomass
accumulation……

10. PRODUCTIVITY VS NUTRIENT QUALITY
• The inherent capacity of a soil to
produce plant growth, due to the
soil’s chemical, physical, and
biological properties (such as depth,
temperature, water-holding
capacity, and mineral, nutrient, and
organic matter content). It is often
expressed by some measure of
biomass accumulation
• Nutrient plays a key role in the
aquaculture industry requirements of
fish and shrimp at all stages of life,
including proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals
for the the growth and health of
fish…..
• Phosphorus most important because
photosynthesis of fish food
organisms directly related with
phosphorus..
• Nitrogen is second most important
nutrient..brakishwater productivity
directly related with N.
Productivity of fishponds
depends on the occurrence of
suitable environmentalconditions
and abundance of fish food

11. soil quality…… is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function,
within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant
and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality,
and support human health and habitation. Soil Organic Matter and
Soil Biology play a major role in soil Quality.
For example:
•For people active in production agriculture, it may mean highly
productive land, sustaining or enhancing productivity, maximizing
profits, or maintaining the soil resource for future generations.
•For the environmentalist, it may mean soil functioning at its
potential in an ecosystem with respect to maintenance or
enhancement of biodiversity, water quality, nutrient cycling, and

12. soil quality is how soil changes depending on how it is
managed. Management choices affect the amount of soil
organic matter, soil structure, soil depth, and water and
nutrient holding capacity. One goal of soil quality research
is to learn how to manage soil in a way that improves soil
function. Soils respond differently to management
depending on the inherent properties of the soil and
surrounding ………..

13. Quantity and quality of the water very much affect the prospect of
fishculture. As water is the basic element in fish culture, its specific
properties as a culturalmedium are naturally of great significance in
the productivity of a pond.
Pure water is unable to support living organisms, but its content of
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium salts, dissolved organic
matter and gases like oxygen, nitrogen and carbondioxide determine
to a large extent the productivity…

14. When soil conditions are not favourable, the production will belimited.
Productivity of fishponds depends on the occurrence of suitable
environmental conditions and abundance of fish food organisms.
fish pond is constituted by primary food organisms e.g. phytoplanktons,
which derive their nutrients from the pond environment and with the help
of solar radiation undergo photosynthetic activities.
Occurrence of these nutrients in pond water and maintenance of its
relevant chemical condition depends largely on the nature and
properties of the bottomsoil…….

15. THANK YOU ALL