Overcoming challenges and barriers in CSA implementation
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The document discusses challenges and barriers to implementing climate-smart agriculture (CSA). It outlines 8 key challenges: 1) Bringing the three CSA pillars (productivity, adaptation, mitigation) together; 2) Integrating CSA with existing initiatives; 3) Defining the business case for farmers; 4) Access to finance for smallholders; 5) Knowledge exchange; 6) Lack of data and advisory services; 7) Uncertainty around policy incentives; 8) Accessing and monitoring data efficiently. It provides examples of CGIAR programs addressing these challenges through tools, services, and approaches like climate information services, scenario planning, and integrating mitigation and adaptation financing. The conclusion advocates for a holistic "CSA
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Overcoming challenges and barriers in CSA implementation
- 1. Overcoming challenges and barriers in CSA implementation Alain Vidal, Director of Strategic Partnerships, CGIAR Consortium
- 2. 2013 Why is CSA important? - Mitigation “Business as usual” (BAU) agriculture emissions would comprise ~50% of allowable emissions to achieve a 2°C world Gt CO2e per year 9 11 40 74 2010 2050 (Business as usual) 2050 (2°C target) Non-agricultural emissions Agricultural and agriculture-driven land-use change emissions ~50% 49 85 22
- 3. CGIAR: the world’s leading agricultural research partnership, working towards a food secure future At the UN SG Climate Summit in 2014, CGIAR committed to dedicate 60% of its 1b$ research for development effort to climate-smart agriculture
- 4. CGIAR’s global research Centers
- 5. CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs) portfolio • Maize • Wheat • Rice • Roots, Tubers & Bananas • Dryland Cereals • Grain Legumes • Livestock and Fish • Humid Tropics • Aquatic Agricultural Systems • Dryland Systems • Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) • Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) • Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) • CRP for Managing & Sustaining Crop Collections • Policies, Institutions & Market • Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 6. 1. Climate-Smart technologies, practices, and portfolios 3. Low emissions development 4. Policies and institutions for climate- resilient food systems 2. Climate information services and climate-informed safety nets
- 7. How do we address challenges and barriers?
- 8. Challenge 1 Complexity of bringing the three CSA ‘pillars’ together
- 9. Keep flooded for first 15 days and at flowering Irrigate when water drops to 15 cm below the surface Summer/ Autumn Winter/ Spring 30% less water 20-50% less GHG Lower costs No yield loss Alternate-Wetting-and-Drying in rice in Asia (AWD)
- 10. Beware of the « wrapped chocolate »… Source: World Bank, FAO Food security ≠ Productivity !
- 11. Challenge 2: Integrating CSA to drive existing initiatives and programmes Innovative approach involving: 1. Situation Analysis 2. Targeting, Prioritising and Programming 3. Monitoring and Evaluation CSA PLAN also helps understand implications of CSA across value chains (challenge 9)
- 12. Challenge 3: Defining the business case for farmers • Preference to spend on a mix of ways to minimize climatic risks • Buying special seeds or using special machines represent value for money • Climate information and warning services expected
- 13. Challenge 4: Access to finance for smallholder farmers • IFAD’s Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP) – 300m$ to 8m farmers • Unlocking carbon finance • Weather index-based insurance in India, Nigeria, etc. including for African pastoralists • Good target for impact investment e.g. Landscape Fund to mobilize investment for landscape-level programmes (Challenge 10)
- 14. Challenge 5: CSA knowledge exchange • SHAMBA SHAPE UP reached 9m farmers in East Africa • Seasonal weather forecasts in Senegal reaching 2m farmers through community- based radio • Precision fertilizer application advice through mobile phone apps in East Asia
- 15. Challenge 6: Lack of data and advisory services
- 16. Challenge 7: Uncertainty relating to policy incentives • Detailed future scenarios for 6 regions • National policy makers reimagine future scenarios in the context of their own goals • 7 countries using scenarios to test and revise major climate and agriculture initiatives
- 17. Challenge 8: Accessing, analysing and monitoring data in a cost-appropriate and efficient manner • Small-Holder Agriculture Monitoring and Baseline Assessment (SHAMBA) tool for mitigation data • IMPACTLite Tool for production systems data • Gender and Inclusion Toolkit for gender and social inequality data
- 18. A few take home messages
- 19. The Smart Way Forward • Go with the whole CSA chocolate box • Unwrap the food security chocolate before eating • Start envisage CSA as a social business where Mitigation pays for adaptation e.g. carbon finance Adaptation pays for mitigation e.g. index-based insurance • Integration is key… Come and visit our Climate Smart Villages
- 20. Key Interventions in a Climate-Smart Village
Hinweis der Redaktion
- ----- Notes de la réunion (19/05/2015 08:37) ----- Remove
- “2010” data – IPCC AR5 2014 https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter11.pdf “Annual GHG emissions from agricultural production in 2000–2010 were estimated at 5.0–5.8 GtCO2eq/yr while annual GHG flux from land use and land-use change activities accounted for approximately 4.3–5.5 GtCO2eq/yr.” Using medians of 5.4 (agriculture) and 4.9 (forestry), and assuming agriculture drives 73% of forest emissions (Hosonuma and Carter, Wageningen data, unpub) (.73 x4.9 =3.6), the total agriculture related emissions in 2010 were 9 GtCO2e/yr. (actually reflects annual average over period 2000-2010) 2050 data= based on FAO projection for agriculture of 6.3 GtCO2e to increase production by 60% by 2050, assuming agricultural intensification and using Carter Eageningen estimate of 4.32 GTCO2e, for total of 10.62. Based on http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/wri13_report_4c_wrr_online.pdf, esp. pp. 85-86 and fig. 33 there. And UNEP Gap Report 2013 http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEPEmissionsGapReport2013.pdf
- CGIAR - initially ‘The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research’ - was established in 1971 to support investments in research and technology development geared towards increasing food production in food deficit countries.
- In the new CGIAR, close to 90% of the research of the 15 CGIAR research Centers is organized into 16 global CGIAR Research Programs. There are approximately 10 000 staff members under the CGIAR Consortium. CGIAR is committed to a programmatic approach to research through its portfolio of research programs. And it is through its research programs that CGIAR and its member Centers, located worldwide, currently contribute significantly to the global bank of agricultural research, resulting in improvements to food security, nutrition, and health.
- CCAFS is the Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security research program of the CGIAR and operates through four flagships: 1. Climate-Smart technologies, practices, and portfolios led by CIAT 2. Climate information services and climate-informed safety nets led by IRI at Columbia University 3. Low emissions development led by the University of Vermont 4. Policies and institutions for climate-resilient food systems led by ILRI
- We believe we do research in a very different way from most research organisations. Why? Here are four reasons Outcome orientated Partnership focused Major focus on gender and social inequality Part of the development process.... As the next slide shows
- As a pioneer in the CSA arena and through our innovative research approach, we have gained considerable experience in CSA implementation at multiple levels. These experiences are relevant in overcoming the challenges and barriers identified by WBCSD members. In the next slides, I will explain how our experiences can help overcome the 10 identified challenges.
- CSA is not a nutshell where what is the most compelling from one’s perspective can be picked. The founders of the concept, of which CGIAR is part of, designed it as a way to generate co-benefits for farmers from the genuine combination of adaptation, mitigation and food security in agriculture, recognizing that only this combination will provide fair and equitable opportunities for farmers, especially the poor and vulnerable, to face climate change. Not in 50 years, but from now on.
- Much of the progress on addressing complexity of CSA in practice comes from putting issues of food security and farm profitability in the lead, as in normal agricultural development, and then measuring and finding intelligent ways to increase the adaptation and mitigation potentials. For example, in rice paddy, the exact height of the water has a huge impact on methane emissions.
- Our research is focused on enabling partners to understand and integrate CSA to drive existing initiatives and programmes. Working with partners, and testing in pilot countries and sites, we have identified a decision tree approach to support CSA implementation, the CSA Plan. CSA-Plan consists of three steps: (1) Situation Analysis; (2) Targeting, Prioritising and Programming; (3) Monitoring and Evaluation. These are flexibly applied depending on context, and can be applied at any level, from community to regional economic block. A key principle is stakeholder engagement at all steps. A wide range of tools and resources have been compiled to support implementers in each of these steps for example, CSA Plan uses tools such as the CCAFS’ Compendium of CSA Practices, climate change impact (e.g. FAO’s MOSAICC or CCAFS’ MarkSimGCM tools) vulnerability analysis (e.g. the sustainable livelihood framework for assessing community resilience to climate) and institutional analysis.
- We consider farmers to be entrepreneurs, our clients, and therefore our focus has been to try and understand farmer preferences and willingness to pay, so that we can develop CSA options which they are indeed willing to adopt. Our market research showed that farmers preferred to spend on a mix of options, rather than a single option. Buying special seeds and using special machines represent value for money, but farmers expect the government to provide climate information services and EWS. We also noted that there was low awareness of CSA technologies available.
- Providing farmers access to finance to adopt CSA has been done in several ways. IFAD’s Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP) is the largest global financing source dedicated to supporting the adaptation of poor smallholder farmers to climate change. Through an innovative partnership with CCAFS, the IFAD CCAFS Learning Alliance has been formed to inform ASAP investments. Till date, ASAP has channelled more than USD 300 million to over 8 million farmers. Carbon finance is still not accessible to smallholder farmers due to high project development costs, working with partners, we have strived to develop and improve tools such as MOT, SHAMBA which can allow smallholders to access carbon finance. This has been complimented with efforts to enhance capacity of farmers through training and development. We have been working with insurance companies to develop weather index-based insurance products for smallholder farmers in countries including India and Nigeria, these products are crucial for enhancing resilience of smallholder farmers. In Kenya and Ethiopia, ILRI has been instrumental in working with partners such as Cornell University and insurance companies to develop and pilot Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) projects. IBLI gives pastoralists the option to insure themselves against extreme weather events and resulting livestock mortality. In contrast with conventional insurance products, IBLI tracks local forage conditions using real-time, publicly available satellite data (“greenness maps”) to determine the severity of drought, predict area-average livestock losses, and calculate policyholders’ indemnity payments. The Landscape Fund is a new way to invest in sustainable agriculture at the landscape level. ----- Notes de la réunion (19/05/2015 08:37) ----- Impact investment
- Our approach to sharing knowledge with farmers is multi faceted. In East Africa, CCAFS and CGIAR centers inform CSA content in the popular farm makeover show Shamba Shape up, with a monthly viewership of over 9 million. 42% of which (over 5.5 million smallholders in 2014) adopted new practices, boosting Kenya’s gross domestic product (GDP) by over USD 24 million in the maize and dairy sectors. In Senegal, CCAFS works with the Met Service and Ag Ministry, supporting the development of better seasonal forecasts, which reach 2 million farmers through community-based radios. IRRI has developed a mobile/computer app which provides advice relating to fertiliser application to farmers.
- Data and tools exist, and these are being used to empower climate smart actions of farmers. For example, life changing predictions from weather and rice production data patterns won CIAT–CCAFS scientists the UN Big Data Climate Challenge and saved farmers in Colombia USD 3.6 million in input costs. Other examples include Ag Trials, Food Security Case Maps, MarkSimGCM tool, Climate Analogues etc.
- In order to cope with and plan for uncertainty, CCAFS and the University of Oxford have developed future scenarios for East and West Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Central America and the Andes. These scenarios are probably development pathways, and you can use these to inform decisions, as major development players and national practitioners are doing.
- A number of tools have been developed and are being developed in order to access, analyse, and monitor data in a cost efficient and effective manner. This includes the SHAMBA tool for mitigation data (developed by PwC, University of Edinburgh and Plan Vivo), IMPACTLite Tool, the Gender and inclusion toolkit and so on.
- If we need to be climate-smart, we also need to be water-smart, energy-smart, knowledge-smart and so on. We invite WBCSD members to visit one of our Climate Smart Villages to see how we do this in practice.