29. What is Organic Farming?
Organic farming is a production system which avoids or excludes the
use of synthetic preparations-artificial fertilizers, pesticides, growth
accelerators and fodder additives.
As an alternative to these means, OF applies a number of modern
preventive methods to maintain the natural soil fertility, such as:
1− Alternating sowing of cultures (with leguminous plants inclusive)
2− Suited use of manure
3− Stimulating the populations of useful insects.
4− Vegetation associations (combined cultivation of two or more
cultures in one and the same place)
5− Use of mechanical methods for weed control
6− Use of sustainable plant varieties and live stock breeds that are well
adapted to the relevant environmental conditions
30.
31. Principles of organic Farming
1. Production of enough high quality and nutritious food.
2. Organic farming, pest control and wild harvest systems should fit
the cycles and ecological balances in nature. Organic management
must be adapted to local conditions, ecology, culture and scale.
3. Maintenance of natural soil fertility
4. Inputs should be reduced by reuse, recycling and efficient
management of materials and energy in order to maintain and
improve environmental quality and conserve resources.
5. Organic agriculture should provide everyone involved with a good
quality of life, and contribute to food control and reduction of
poverty.
6. Practitioners of organic agriculture can enhance efficiency and
increase productivity, but this should not be at the risk of health
and well-being. Consequently, any harmful action should be
stopped.
32. Basic Steps of Organic
Farming
Organic farming approach involves following five steps
1. Conversion of land from conventional management to organic
management.
2. Management of the entire surrounding system to ensure
biodiversity and sustainability of the system.
3. Crop production with the use of alternative sources of nutrients
such as crop rotation, residue management, organic manures and
biological inputs.
4. Management of weeds and pests by better management practices,
physical and cultural means and by biological control system.
5. Maintenance of live stock in tandem with organic concept and
make them an integral part of the entire system.
33.
34. Techniques for Organic Farming for Medicinal
Plants
1. Zero cultivation /no till cultivation
2. Practice Clean Culture
3. Integrated Pest Management (IPM).GAP
4. Insect traps, lure and attractants.
5. Use of Biological pest control (natural enemies of pest)
6. Use of Organic Compost fertilizer and bio micro inoculants.
7. Use of Organic Pest and Disease control materials.
8. Use of indigenous resistant plant varieties and strain.
9. Practice crop rotation and following (resting the soil for some time).
10. Growing and inter-cropping of pest repellant and herbal plants.
11. Integrated Weed Management (IWM)
12. Growing the right crop on the right soil, climate and at the right time.
13. Solarization 14. Integrated Nutrient Management( I NM)
15. Vermipost 16. Integrated Farm Management ( IFM)
35. 1. Zero cultivation/no till
farming
is a way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without
disturbing the soil through tillage.
No-till is an agricultural technique which increases the amount
of water that infiltrates into the soil and increases organic matter
retention and cycling of nutrients in the soil.
36. 2.Practice clean culture.
Cultivation and weed control will also help not only in
soil aeration and softening of soil mass but will also
reduce or disturb the breeding place of insect pests and
fungal diseases.
37. 3.Integrated Pest Management
(IPM)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control program
using combination of all practices to reduce or eliminate pest
damage.
This includes natural, biological and mechanical practices as
well as bio and chemical pesticide application.
38. Good Agriculture Practices
Guidelines for Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) of Medicinal
Plants
Principles and Guidelines for Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)
1 Seeds and propagation material
Seeds in use are to be identified botanically, indicating plant variety,
cultivar, chemotype and origin1. The material used should be 100 %
traceable. The same applies to vegetatively propagated parent
material. Parent material used in organic production has to be
certified as authentically organic.
2. Cultivation
Depending on the method of cultivation e.g. conventional or organic,
growers should be allowed to follow different »Standard Operating
Procedures« for cultivation (to be elaborated). In general, care
should be taken to avoid environmental disturbances. The principles
of good crop husbandry must be followed including an appropriate
rotation of crops.
39. 3. Soil and Fertilization
Medicinal and aromatic plants should not be grown in soils that are
contaminated by sludge. Furthermore, soils should not be
contaminated by heavy metals, residues of plant protection products
and any other unnatural chemicals. It should therefore be endeavored
to apply the use of chemical products with as minimum negative
effect as possible.
4. Irrigation
Irrigation should be minimized as much as possible and only be
applied according to the needs of the plant.
5. Tillage should be adapted to the growth and requirements of plants.
6. Pesticide and herbicide application should be avoided as far as
possible.
7. Harvest
Harvesting should take place when the plants are of best possible
quality, according to their different utilizations.
40. 8. Primary processing
Primary processing after harvest includes such processing steps as
washing, freezing, distilling, drying, etc. All these processes, whether
for food or medicinal use.
9.Packaging
After the repeated control and eventual elimination of low-quality
materials and any foreign bodies, the product should be preferably
packaged in new, clean and dry sacks, bags or chests. The label must
be clear, permanently fixed and be made of non-toxic material.
Information must conform with the national labelling regulations.
10.Storage and Transport
Packaged dried materials and essential oils should be stored in a dry,
well aerated building, in which the daily temperature fluctuations are
limited and good aeration is guaranteed. Fresh products (except basil)
should be stored between 1°C and 5°C while frozen products should
be stored below –18°C (or below –20°C for longer term storage).
41. 11. Personnel and Facilities
Personnel should receive adequate botanical education before
performing tasks that require this knowledge.
12. Documentation
All parent materials and processing steps, including the location of
cultivation, have to be documented. Field records showing
previous cropping and used inputs should be maintained by all
growers.
13. Education
It is highly advisable to educate all personnel dealing with the crop or
those engaged in the management of production, in production
techniques as well as the appropriate use of herbicides and
pesticides.
42. 14. Quality Guarantee
Consultation between producers and buyers of medicinal
and aromatic plants, with regard to quality
questions, e.g. active principles and other characteristic
ingredients, optical and sensoric properties, limited germ
numbers, plant protection chemical residues and heavy
metals, must be based on nternationally recognized or
national specifications and should be laid down in written
form.
43. 4.Insect traps, lure and
attractants.
1.Light Traps
2.Lure with attractants
3 Chemical sex attractant
4. Blue electric lamp
5.Yellow pads
44. 5.Use of Biological Pest and Disease
Control
The use of living plant and animals or living organisms to control
pest and diseases are called Biological Control.
They may be microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, virus or
bigger life forms like insects, worms, reptiles, mammal and birds.
You can learn to increase the beneficial insects, microorganisms
and other animal and plant life in your farms to counter pests and
diseases harming your crops.
Let us protect and increase these beneficial enemies of pests.
45. 6. Use of Organic Fertilizer
Farm Yard Manure –
Manure is obtained from the solid and liquid excrements and the
padding of live stock animals after being left to decay. The manure
which has matured is good for agricultural use.
The bird manure is the richest one of all organic types of manure.
It is three times richer in nitrogen and potassium and about four
times richer in phosphorus than the ordinary mixed manure
produced from live stock animals.
Ashes are alkali fertilizer It has the effect of neutralizing the soil
acidity and improving the functioning of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Ashes may also be used for whitewashing.
Green Manure
Farm Slurry
46. 7.Used of Organic Pest and
Disease Control
Herbal preparations to control pest and diseases can easily be
made by farmers themselves since we have abundant plants in
the country that are suitable ingredient.
47. 8.Practice crop rotation and
following (resting the soil for
some time).
Crop rotation or changing crops grown in certain areas to avoid the
buildup of certain pest or disease affecting certain crops.
Example, rotating onions with pepper . Resting the soil for one to
two years to allow natural vegetation and the growth of natural
enemies to introduce balance of nature, while enriching your soil
environment for future crop production.
48. 9. Growing and inter-cropping of
pest repellant and herbal plants
There are crops that repel certain insect pests.
Intercropping tomato with cabbages and cauliflower
will help reduce the diamondback moth attacking
cabbages.
Learn what these crop combinations. You will not only
reduce your cost of pest and disease control but may
even increase your income per unit area with the crop
combination.
49. 10. Integrated Weed
Management
Certain weeds are difficult to remove or control, like
grasses. Planting vines and crawling crops like
sweet potato and cover crops will help suppress
weeds.
50. 11.Growing the right crop on the
right soil, climate and at the right
time.
There are suitable crops that are ideal for certain season of
the year and suitable soils for their healthy and productive
growth.
Learn the nature of the plants and their preferences before
deciding what to grow in your farm.
51. 12. Solarization
It is a non contaminant soil disinfestation technique. It is
based on the sun irradition to provide a temperature
rise; and humidity increase this effect.
The use of polyethylene ( usually transparent) to cover
the ground soil (upper layer), increases the thermical
effect and avoid soil moisture loss, raising temperature
to letal levels for living soil organism.
53. 14. Vermipost
WHAT IS VERMICOMPOSTING/WORM FARMING? The
process of using worms to aid in the decomposition of organic
matter. I.e., organic matter is put in a bin with worms; the worms
eat the organic matter and break it down, leaving behind a nutrient
rich product known as 'vermicompost', 'worm castings', 'worm
manu
BENEFITS OF VERMICOMPOSTING:
Improves soil structure
Increases the soil's ability to retain water
Improves the growth and structure of root systems
Enhances germination, growth, and yield of plants.
Increases the micro-organism population in soil by 10-20x
Makes nutrients more available for plant uptake Very space
efficient.
Worm composting can be done even in a small apartment
Not to mention all that food waste that's being turned into fertilizer
instead of being thrown away .
54. 15.Integrated Farm Management
Integrated Farm Management (IFM) involves:
A commitment to good farming and animal welfare
efficient soil management and appropriate cultivation
techniques the use of crop rotations minimum support on
crop protection chemicals and fertilisers
careful choice of seed varieties maintenance of the
landscape and rural communities enhancement of wildlife
habitats a commitment to team spirit based on
communication, training and involvement.
55. INTRODUCTION OF
BIOPESTISIDES
Biopesticide is a formulation made from naturally occurring
substances that controls pests by non toxic mechanisms and in
ecofriendly manner.
Biopesticides may be derived from animals (e.g. nematodes),
plants (Chrysanthemum, Azadirachta) and micro-organisms (e.g.
Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichoderma, nucleopolyhedrosis virus),
and include living organisms (natural enemies) etc.
However, biopesticides are generally less toxic to the user and
are non-target organisms, making them desirable and sustainable
tools for disease management.
56. Advatages of biopesticides
Inherently less harmful and less environmental load,
Designed to affect only one specific pest or, in some cases,
a few target organisms,
Often effective in very small quantities and often
decompose quickly, thereby resulting in lower exposures
and largely avoiding the pollution problems .
When used as a component of Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) programs, biopesticides can contribute greatly.
59. Microbial Pesticides
Microbial pesticides are composed of microscopic
living organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi,
protozoa, or nematodes) or toxin produced by
these organisms
Applied as conventional insecticidal sprays,
dusts, or granules.
Their greatest strength is their specificity as most
are essentially nontoxic and non pathogenic to
animals and humans.
Microbial pesticides includes insecticides,
fungicides, herbicides and growth regulators of
microbial origin.
60. Some of the important microbial
pesticides
a. Bacillus thuringiensis
Discovered in Japan in early 20th century and first
become a commercial product in France in 1938.
Control lepidopterous pests like American bollworm in
cotton and stem borers in rice.
When ingested by pest larvae, Bt releases toxins
which damage the mid gut of the pest, eventually
killing it.
Main sources for the production of Bt preparations are
the strains of the subspecies kurstaki, galeriae and
dendrolimus
61.
62. b. Agrobacterium radiobacter (Agrocin)
Agrobacterium radiobacter is used to treat roots during
transplanting, that checks crown gall.
Crown gall is a disease in peaches, grapevine, roses
and various plants caused by soil borne pathogen
Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
The effective strains of A. radiobacter posses two
important features:
1. They are able to colonize host roots to a higher
population density.
2. They produce an antibiotic, agrocin, that is toxic to A.
tumefaciens.
63. c. Pseudomonas fluorescens (Phenazine) •This
bacteria is used to control damping off caused by
Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Gaeumannomyces
graminis.
It has ability to grow quickly in the rhizosphere
d. Trichoderma : Pseudomonas
Trichoderma is a fungicide effective against
soil born diseases such as root rot.
This is also used against Necteia galligena, that causes
silver leaf disease of fruit trees by entering through
pruning wounds.
Fig. spores of Trichoderma
64.
65. e. Metarizium anisopliae
It infects spittlegbugs, rhinoceros beetles.
f. Beauveria bassiana
Controls Colorado potato beetle.
g. Verticillum lecanii:
Controls aphids and whiteflies.
h. Nomuraea riley:
Controls soybean caterpillars.
i.Baculoviruses(Bvs)
Control lepidopterous and hymenopterous pests.
Rod shaped, circular double stranded super coiled
DNA.
66.
67. Plant-incorporated-protectants (PIPs)
Pesticidal substances that plant produce from the
genetic material that has been added to the plant.
As the pest feed on such plants they will eventually die.
Botanical pesticides:
These are naturally occurring plant material that may
be crude preparation of the plant parts ground to
produce a dust or powder that can be used in full
strength or dilute form in a carrier such as clay, talc or
diatomaceous earth.
“Azadirachtin” effects the reproductive and digestive
procees of pest.
Several plant based insecticides as nicotinoids, natural
pyrethrins, rotenoids (flavonoid), neem products etc
69. 4.Biochemical pesticides
They are naturally occurring substance to control pest
by non-toxic mechanisms.
Biochemical pesticides include substances as insect
sex pheromones, that interfere with mating that attract
insect pest to traps.
The synthetic attractants are used in one of four ways:
i. As a lure in traps used to monitor pest populations;
ii. As a lure in traps designed to “trap out” a pest
population;
iii. As a broadcast signal intended to disrupt insect
mating
iv. As an attractant in a bait containing an insecticide
70. Biotic agents/Natural enemies
Predators
They consume several to many prey over the course
of their development, they are free living and they are
usually as big as or bigger than their prey. lady
beetles, rove beetles, many ground beetles,
lacewings, true bugs such as Podisus and Orius,
syrphid fly larvae, mantids, spiders, and mites such
as Phytoseiulus and Amblyseius.
71. Parasitoids
Parasitoids are almost the same size as their
hosts, and their development always kills the host
insect.
An adult parasitoid deposits one or more eggs
into or onto the body of a host insect or
somewhere in the host’s habitat.
The larva that hatches from each egg feeds
internally or externally on the host’s tissues and
body fluids, consuming it slowly.
Later in development, the host dies and the
parasitoid pupates inside or outside of the host’s
body.
72.
73.
74. Conclusion
Biopesticides are typically microbial biological pest
control that are applied in a manner similar to
chemical pesticides.
Available in different formulations
Also used to control soil borne and seed borne fungal
pathogens
Disadvantages of them are, high specificity, slow
speed of action and their requirement of suitable
condition for their survival.
Eventhough, biopesticides are best for controlling the
pests of agriculture then the chemicals.
Therefore there should be more works on production
on biopesticides and encourage people to use