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1. Evaluating the Performance of Small Wind
Turbines: A Case Study in Egypt

2. Evaluating the Performance of Small Wind
Turbines: A Case Study in Egypt
By:
Eng. Sameh Fares Abd El Azeem
(BSc of mechanical engineering-power)
Supervised by
Prof. Dr. Ramadan Youssef Sakr Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Moawed
Mechanical Power Eng. Department Mechanical Power Eng. Department
Shoubra faculty Of Engineering Shoubra faculty Of Engineering
Benha University Benha University
Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Abd El Rahman Ahmed
Mechanical Power Eng. Department
Shoubra faculty Of Engineering
Benha University
2020

3. Outline:
01 Introduction
02 Aims & Objectives The Study
03 Literature Review
04 A Brief Review of Small Wind Turbine
05 El kharga Oasis As A Case Study
06 Results and Discussion
07 Conclusion and Future Work

4. The oil and gas sector, according to Egypt's 2030 Energy Strategy
and current modernization to reach 2035, Egypt is expected to become a
permanent importer of oil and gas during a period that will not exceed
several years from the beginning of the third decade of this century.[1]
Therefore, the diversification of energy sources should be
reconsidered to maximize the use of domestic resources that enjoy
sustainability and stability in prices.
On the level of the private sector, the government opted for the
Build, Own & Operate (BOO) system and the reverse auctions. The
government offered very competitive prices for the electricity generated
from wind power turbines which led to the attraction of many investors.
Introduction

5. Increase installation capacity and produced power from wind
energy in the privet sector.
Aims & Objectives
Objectives
Collect small wind turbines available on the world market
1
Study the distribution of wind energy sources in Egypt
2
Determining the use of electric energy in remote areas of Egypt
3
Determine the appropriate small wind turbines in the selected remote area in Egypt
4
An economic evaluation of small wind turbines in the selected remote area in Egypt
5
Evaluation of the use of small wind turbines in the wind pumping system
6

6. Literature Review
Abhishiktha Tummala
A review on small scale
wind turbines
Range 1.4–20 kW
Small scale wind tur- bines
offer a great scope for
producing valuable power
which can be sufficient for
domestic needs without
altering the climatic
conditions[5].
Mohamed I. El-
Anwar, et al
Red Sea, Egypt
200 Watts
Recommended
using small
vertical wind
turbine NACA0021
200W on top
roofs[8].
Sarah Allardyce
Hoy in Orkney,
Scotland
Any change in the
power factor affects
the gross profit and
recovery of the
small wind turbine
period[3].
Suzan Abdelhady
Egypt
From 2.5 to 200
KW
Recommended
using wind turbines
with rated power
higher than 200
KW[6].
Mostafaeipour
Shahrbabak in Iran
It is recommended
to install small size
wind turbines for
electricity
production of the
houses[2].
2018
2017
2015
2015
2014
2011
2010
Many studies have focused on large wind turbines that produce tremendous
energy and operate in good operating conditions, but there are limitations in studies of
small turbines operating in complex locations and low wind speeds.
Messino and
Colota
South of Italy
From 0.5 to 25 KW
The prevalence of
small turbines in
remote areas
depends mainly on
government funding
and incentives[4].
Maciej and Piotr
Lodz, Poland
Economic Analysis Of
Small Wind Turbines.
The study showed that
to be economically
justifiable, a realistic
cost of the SWT should
not exceed 3000 €[7].

7. A Brief Review of Small Wind Turbine
There is still no globally unified definition of small wind. Originally, the small wind
was defined by its characteristics to produce a small amount of electricity for house
appliances or to cover various household-based electricity demand.
American family would need a 10 kW turbine[9].
Chinese household requires as small as a 1 kW turbine[9].
European household demands a 4 kW turbine[9].
wind turbines with a rotary shelf area smaller than or equal to 200 square meters, which correspond
roughly to P <50 KW[10].
UK classified small wind turbines to three classes 0-1.5KW, 1.5-15KW and 15-100 KW turbine [9].

8. The Collected S.W.T from the world market
Class
Power
Range
(KW)
Turbine
Classification
NO. OF
Turbine
Diameter
Range (m)
Tower
Height (m)
Cut-In
Speed
(m/s)
Rated
Speed
(m/s)
Cut-out
Speed
(m/s)
Class I 0 to 1.5 Micro wind 42 0.5 to 3.2 2.5 to 10 1.5 to 3.8 7 to 16 13 to 30
Class II 1.6 to 5 Small wind 43 1.3 to 7 4 to 24 1.5 to 4 7 to 17 12 to 25
Class III 6 to 10 Small wind 49 3.1 to 14 10 to 30 1.5 to 4.5 6 to 14 10 to 30
Class IV 11 to 20
Small-medium
wind
26 6.5 to 19 12 to 27 1.8 to 4 6.6 to 12 15 to 30
Class V 21 to 50
Small-medium
Wind
29 10.3 to 20 12 to 30 2 to 4.2 7.5 to 13 15 to 26
In this study, all brands of small wind turbines less than 50 kW available on the
world market are 189 turbines as shown in Appendix A.
According to previous studies and the available data on Appendix A, small wind turbines can be
classified to five classes as shown in Table.
H-Type
85%
V-Type
15%
H-Type V-Type
Note:
S.W.T : Small Wind Turbine

9. The Collected S.W.T from the world market
100%
93%
78% 73%
55%
7%
26% 31%
45%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V
TURBINES
PROBABILITY
NUMBER
PER
CLASS
-
%
WIND TURBINE CLASSES
Synchronous Genertor Asynchronous Generator
Probability of Generator Type Related to Turbine Rated
Power
11
43
63
40
12
3
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
≤0.1 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤0.4 ≤0.5 ≤0.6 ≤0.7
Noumber
Of
Turbines
Wind Turbine Power Coffecient - Cp
Small W.T ≤50KW
Probability of Wind Turbine Power Coefficient

10. The Collected S.W.T from the world market
3
8
10
21
37
50
25
14
3
5
2 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Noumber
of
Turbines
Wind Turbines Rated Speed - m/S
Probability of Wind Turbine Rated Speed

11. El kharga Oasis As A Case Study
Area Statues Wind Power Class
50 m
Wind Power Density
(W/m2)
Wind Speed (m/s)
Alexandria
Arish
Cairo
Farafra
Ismailia
Luxor
Minya
Siwa
Wadi El-Natron
Poor 1 ≤200 ≤5.6
Aswan
El Galala
El Kharga
DakhlaEGYPT
Shark El-Ouinat
El-Kosier
Sidi Barrani
Marginal 2 ≤300 ≤6.4
PortSaid Moderate 3 ≤400 ≤7.0
Ras Sedr
Hurghada
Good 4 ≤500 ≤7.5
El-Tor Very Good 5 ≤600 ≤8.0
Saint Paul
Abu Darag
Excellent 6 ≤800 ≤8.8
Zafarana
Ras Ghareb
Gulf of El-Zayt
Excellent 7 ≤2000 ≤11.9
Egypt wind Atlas[11] and the Survey by
Essa and Mubarak[12] used to segregate
places on Egypt according to power classes
as shown in Table:
EGYPT

12. El kharga Oasis As A Case Study
The Government of Egypt (GOE) embarked on applying the policy of horizontal
expansion through a comprehensive development plan included the reclamation of about 1.5
million Feddans to be implemented in 3 phases of 0.5 million Feddans each. Most of the
project’s areas will rely mainly on underground water for agricultural purposes, where the total
number of wells expected to be used is estimated to be around 4,800 wells[13].
El Kharga Oasis is one of the regions in Egypt that
lack electric power and has many irrigation activities. Therefore,
This study aims to evaluate the performance of small wind
turbines in this region.
Irrigation
Activities
Electric Power

13. El kharga Oasis As A Case Study
The Weather Online Ltd has historical
weather data for El kharga from 1988 till now so
some of the recorded data has been collected on
wind speed dated from 9/9/2018 to 9/9/2019,
this data is recorded at height 10m every 3 hours
as shown in Appendix C.
Linear regression method[14] (LRM) as well
as the name of the PIN method were used to
calculate the probability of wind speeds in
Kharga Oasis at altitudes 10m where:
c = e
−
k
a
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Y
X
LRM Slope for El Kharga Oasis at 10m
K=Slope a = intercept C
1.915783998 -2.521348807 3.728822
K&C factors for El Kharga at 10m

14. El kharga Oasis As A Case Study
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
FREQUENCY
%
WIND SPEED M/S
10m
15m
18m
24m
Tower Haight (m)
Weibull distribution curve for El Kharga at a different height.
PDF = f u = −
dF u
du
= k
uk−1
ck ex p −
u
c
k
….[15]
u = uo
h
ho
∝
……[16]
Tower Heights 10m 15m 18m 24m
K 1.799 1.799 1.799 1.799
C 3.298 3.713 4.008 4.237
K&C for El kharga Oasis at different heights
El Kharga Weibull distribution curve :

15. Class I at El kharga Oasis
Type Class TYPE
Power
KW
Rotor
Diameter
m
Blade
s No.
Swep
t Area
m2
VI
m/s
VR
m/s
DS-700
Class
I
V 0.7 1.93 3 3.1 3 12
Aeolos-H 500W H 0.5 2.7 3 5.72 2.5 12
Zonhan-S-
300W
H 0.3 1.3 3 1.327 2 12.5 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0
POWER
KW
VELOCITY M/S
DS-700
ZONHAN S-300W
AEOLOS-H-500
Turbine Brands
This class is mainly used off-grid and it has an
advantage of its small size, it is applicable to use in various
locations. its Power rating from 0 to 1.5 KW.

16. Class I at El kharga Oasis
784
410
929
883
477
1078
1001
555
1247
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
VAWT1 (DS-700) HAWT 2 ZONHAN S-300W HAWT3 (AEOLOS 500)
Annual
Eneregy
Output
(KWh)
Wind Turbine Brands
10 m 15 m 18 m
Tower Haight (m)
0.100
0.140
0.180
0.220
0.260
0.300
10 M 15 M 18 M
CAPAPCITY
FACTOR
-
CF
TOWER HAIGHT (M)
DS-700
ZONHAN S-300W
AEOLOS-H-500
Turbine Brands

17. 1. Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy, “Annual Report 2018,” www.nrea.gov.eg, p. 33, 2018.
2. A. Mostafaeipour, A.Sedaghat, A.A. Dehghan-Niri and V. Kalantar “Wind energy feasibility study for city of Shahrbabak in Iran”, Science Direct
Renewable, No. August, p.15, 2011.
3. S. Allardyce, “Small Scale Wind Power Case Study : North Walls Community School,” Dep. Mech. Eng. Strat. Univ., no. September, p. 73, 2011.
4. A. Messineo and S. Culotta, “Evaluating the Performances of Small Wind Turbines : A Case Study in the Energy Procedia Evaluating the
Performances of Small Wind Turbines : A Case Study in the South of Italy,” Elsevier B.V. Sel., no. December, p. 9, 2012.
5. A. Tummala, R. Kishore, D. Kumar, V. Indraja, and V. H. Krishna, “A review on small scale wind turbines,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 56,
p. 1351, 2016.
6. S. Abdelhady, D. Borello, and S. Santori, “Economic Feasibility of Small Wind Turbines for Domestic Consumers in Economic feasibility of small
wind turbines for domestic consumers in Egypt based on the new Feed-in Tariff,” Energy Procedia, vol. 664, no. September, p. 7, 2015.
7. M. KARCZEWSKI, P. BASZCZYNSKI, P. WIKLAK, K. SOBCZAK and K. JOZWIK “ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL WIND
TURBINES”, Journal of Machine Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2017
8. M. I. El-anwar, A. M. Elzahaby, M. K. Khalil, and A. S. Mohamed, “Small Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Design Case study : 200 Watts for use on
top roofs in Egypt,” IOSRJEN, vol. 08, no. August, p. 79, 2018.
References

18. References
9. New Energy Husum, “Small Wind World Report,” World Wind Energy Assoc., p. 20, 2014.
10. Irish Standard, “Wind turbines - Part 2 : Small wind turbines,” NSAI Stand. EN 61400-2, 2014.
11. N. Gylling, S. Said, and S. Said, “Wind Atlas for Egypt,” Third Middle East-North Africa Renew. Energy Conf., p. 13, 2006.
12. F. Mubarak and K. Essa, “Survey and Assessment of Wind-speed and Wind-power in Egypt, including Air Density
Variation,” Wind Eng., vol. 30, no. 2, p. 14, 2006.
13. I. Abou-Khodier and M. Mahmoud, “Market Assessment Study of Socio-Economic Impacts of Solar Pumping Systems in
Terms of Local Job and Value Creation in Egyp,” RCREEE, p. 98, 2017.
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of Indonesia,” no. April, 2016.
15. T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, and E. Bossanyi, “wind energy Handbook,” John Wiley Sons, Ltd, p. 642, 2001.
16. H. Sefidgar and S. A. Gholamian, “Suitable Wind Turbine Selection using Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in IRAN
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