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Introduction to HCI.ppt
- 1. Introduction to HCI Human Computer Interaction CIS 4930/6930 Section 1185/4198
- 2. Class Goals âșMotivate the field of HCI âșLearn ï§ Basics of interface design ï§ Evaluation of interfaces ï§ HCI research problems ï§ HCI community (conferences and people)
- 3. What the class will look like âș Lectures âș Readings + Quizzes + Presentations (?) âș Initial user study (web interface comparison) âș Final project ï§ Identify a client ï§ Create a new interface ï§ Evaluate the interface âș Differences between undergrad/grad ï§ Project requirements
- 4. Why take this course? âșBuild your portfolio ï§ Work on a project youâve always wanted âșStudy a unique topic ï§ A computer science course focused on users âșSkill building ï§ Important in most research ï§ Burgeoning job field
- 5. Intro âș What is a user interface? âș Why do we care about design? âș We see this all the time. ï§ Whatâs good about the design of this error box? âș The user knows there is an error ï§ Whatâs poor about the design of this error box? âș Discouraging âș Not enough information âș No way to resolve the problem (instructions or contact info)
- 6. Definition of HCI âșHuman-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them. âșACM SIGCHI Curricula for HCI (Hewett et al. 1992) âșhttp://sigchi.org/cdg/cdg2.html
- 7. Why HCI is Important âș The study of our interface with information. âș It is not just âhow big should I make buttonsâ or âhow to layout menu choicesâ âș It can affect ï§ Effectiveness ï§ Productivity ï§ Morale ï§ Safety âș Example: a car with poor HCI âș Take 5 minutes for everyone to write down one common device with substantial HCI design choices and discuss with the neighbor the pros and cons. How does it affect you or other users?
- 8. My Choice âș iPod by Apple Computers âș Pros: ï§ portable ï§ power ï§ ease of use ï§ # of controls âș Cons: ï§ scratches easily ï§ no speech for car use ï§ proprietary
- 9. What fields does HCI cover? âșComputer Science âșPsychology (cognitive) âșCommunication âșEducation âșAnthropology âșDesign (e.g. graphic and industrial)
- 10. HCI Community âș Academics/Industry Research ï§ Taxonomies ï§ Theories ï§ Predictive models âș Experimenters ï§ Empirical data ï§ Product design âș Other areas (Sociologists, anthropologists, managers) ï§ Motor ï§ Perceptual ï§ Cognitive ï§ Social, economic, ethics
- 11. HCI Tools âș Sound âș 3D âș Animation âș Video âș Devices ï§ Size (small->very large) ï§ Portable (PDA, phone) ï§ Plasticity âș Context sensitive/aware âș Personalizable âș Ubiquitous
- 12. Usability Requirements âș Goals: ï§ Usability ï§ Universality ï§ Usefulness âș Achieved by: ï§ Planning ï§ Sensitivity to user needs ï§ Devotion to requirements analysis ï§ Testing
- 13. Bad Interfaces âș Encumbering âș Confusing âș Slow âș Trust (ex. windows crashing) âș What makes it hard? ï§ Varies by culture ï§ Multiple platforms ï§ Variety of users
- 14. âș Whatâs wrong with each? ï§ Type of error ï§ Who is affected ï§ Impact âș Whatâs a redesign solution?
- 15. Requirements Analysis 1. Ascertain usersâ needs 2. Ensure proper reliability 3. Promote appropriate standardization, integration, consistency, and portability 4. Complete projects on schedule and within budget
- 16. Ascertain Userâs Needs âș Define tasks ï§ Tasks ï§ Subtasks âș Frequency ï§ Frequent ï§ Occasional ï§ Exceptional ï§ Repair âș Ex. difference between a space satellite, car engine, and fighter jet
- 17. Reliability âș Actions function as specified âș Data displayed must be correct âș Updates done correctly âș Leads to trust! (software, hardware, information) â case: Pentium floating point bug âș Privacy, security, access, data destruction, tampering
- 18. Standardization, Integration, Consistency, Portability âș Standardization â common user-interface features across multiple applications ï§ Apple ï§ Web ï§ Windows âș Integration â across application packages ï§ file formats âș Consistency â common action sequences, terms, units, layouts, color, typography within an application âș Portability â convert data and interfaces across multiple hardware and software environments ï§ Word/HTML/PDF/ASCII
- 19. Case Study: Library of Congress Database Design âșhttp://catalog.loc.gov/ âș Two interfaces ï§ Catalog New Books âș 3-6 hour training course - staffers ï§ Search Catalog of Books âș General public â too complex, command language and complex cataloging rules âș Solution ï§ Touch screen ï§ Reduced functionality ï§ Better information presentation âș Eventually Web based interface âș Same database and services, different interfaces
- 20. Usability Measures âș How can we measure the âgoodnessâ of an interface? âș What are good metrics? âș ISO 9241 ï§ Effectiveness ï§ Efficiency ï§ Satisfaction âș Schneiderman ï§ Time to learn ï§ Speed of performance ï§ Rate of errors ï§ Retention over time ï§ Subjective satisfaction
- 21. Usability Motivations âș Life-Critical systems ï§ Applications: air traffic, nuclear reactors, military, emergency dispatch ï§ Requirements: reliability and effective (even under stress) ï§ Not as important: cost, long training, satisfaction, retention âș Industrial and Commercial Use ï§ Applications: banking, insurance, inventory, reservations ï§ Requirements: short training, ease of use/learning, multiple languages, adapt to local cultures, multiplatform, speed âș Office, Home, and Entertainment ï§ Applications: E-mail, ATMs, games, education, search engines, cell phones/PDA ï§ Requirements: Ease of learning/use/retention, error rates, satisfaction ï§ Difficulties: cost, size âąTime to learn âąSpeed of performance âąRate of errors âąRetention over time âąSubjective satisfaction
- 22. Usability Motivations âș Exploratory, Creative, Collaborative ï§ Applications: Web browsing, search engines, simulations, scientific visualization, CAD, computer graphics, music composition/artist, photo arranger (email photos) ï§ Requirements: remove the âcomputerâ from the experience, ï§ Difficulties: user tech savvy-ness (apply this to application examples) âș Socio-technical systems ï§ Applications: health care, voting, police ï§ Requirements: Trust, security, accuracy, veracity, error handling, user tech-savy-ness âąTime to learn âąSpeed of performance âąRate of errors âąRetention over time âąSubjective satisfaction
- 23. Universal Usability âș Interface should handle diversity of users ï§ Backgrounds ï§ Abilities ï§ Motivation ï§ Personalities ï§ Cultures âș Question, how would you design an interface to a database differently for: ï§ A. right-handed female, Indian, software engineer, technology savvy, wants rapid interaction ï§ B. left-handed male, French, artist
- 24. Universal Usability âș Does not mean âdumbing downâ ï§ Ex. Helping disabled has helped others (parents w/ strollers, elderly) ï§ Ex. Door handles âș Goal: Address the needs of more users - unlike yourself! âș Everyone is often not at full faculties at all times
- 25. Physical Variation âș Ability ï§ Disabled (elderly, handicapped, vision, ambidexterity, ability to see in stereo [SUTHERLAND]) ï§ Speed ï§ Color deficiency âș Workspace (science of ergonomics) ï§ Size ï§ Design âș Lots of prior research
- 26. Physical Variation âș Field of anthropometry ï§ Measures of what is 5-95% for weight, height, etc. (static and dynamic) ï§ Large variance reminds us there is great âvarietyâ ï§ Name some devices that this would affect. âș note most keyboards are the same âș screen brightness varies considerably âș chair height, back height, display angle âș Multi-modal interfaces âș Audio âș Touch screens
- 27. Cognitive and Perceptual Variation âș Bloomâs Taxonomy ï§ knowledge, comprehension, analysis, application, synthesis, evaluation âș Memory ï§ short-term and working ï§ long-term and semantic âș Problem solving and reasoning âș Decision making âș Language and communication
- 28. Cognitive and Perceptual Variation âș Language and communication âș Search, imagery, sensory memory âș Learning, skill development, knowledge acquisition âș Confounding factors: ï§ Fatigue ï§ Cognitive load ï§ Background ï§ Boredom ï§ Fear ï§ Drugs/alcohol
- 29. Personality âș Computer anxiety âș Gender ï§ Which games do women like? ï§ Pac-man, Donkey Kong, Tetris ï§ Why? (Hypotheses: less violent, quieter soundtracks, fully visible playing fields, softer colors, personality, closure/completeness) ï§ Can we measure this? âș What current games are for women? âș Style, pace, top-down/bottom- up, visual/audio learners, dense vs. sparse data
- 30. Personality âș No simple taxonomy of user personality types. Ex. Myers- Briggs Type Indicator ï§ Extrovert vs. introvert ï§ Sensing vs. intuition ï§ Perceptive vs. judging ï§ Feeling vs. thinking âș Weak link between personality types and interfaces âș Think about your application, and see if user personality is important! ï§ Fighter jets vs. search engines
- 31. Cultural and International Diversity âș Language âș Date / Time conventions âș Weights and Measures âș Left-to-right âș Directions (!) âș Telephone #s and addresses âș Names, titles, salutations âș SSN, ID, passport âș Sorting âș Icons, buttons, colors âș Etiquette âș Evaluation: ï§ Local experts/usability studies
- 32. Users with Disabilities âș Federal law to ensure access to IT, including computers and web sites. (1998 Amendment to Rehabilitation Act) âș Disabilities ï§ Vision âș Blind (bill-reader) âș low-vision âș color-blind ï§ Hearing âș Deaf âș Limited hearing ï§ Mobility ï§ Learning âș Dyslexia âș Attention deficient, hemisphere specific, etc. âș Keyboard and mouse alternatives âș Color coding âș Font-size
- 33. Users with Disabilities âș Contrast âș Text descriptors for web images âș Screen magnification âș Text to Speech (TTS) â JAWS (web pages) ï§ Check email on the road, in bright sunshine, riding a bike âș Speech Recognition âș Head mounted optical mice
- 34. Users with Disabilities âș Eye Gaze control âș Learning what helps those with disabilities affects everyone ï§ Present procedures, directions, and instructions accessible to even poor readers ï§ Design feedback sequences that explain the reason for error and help put users on the right track ï§ Reinforcement techniques with other devices âș Good target area for a final project!
- 35. Elderly âș Reduced ï§ Motor skills ï§ Perception ï§ Vision, hearing, touch, mobility ï§ Speed ï§ Memory âș Other needs ï§ Technology experience is varied (How many grandmothers use email? mothers?) ï§ Uninformed on how technology could help them ï§ Practice skills (hand-eye, problem solving, etc.) âș Touch screens, larger fonts, louder sounds
- 36. Children âș Technology saviness? âș Age changes much: ï§ Physical dexterity âș(double-clicking, click and drag, and small targets) ï§ Attention span ï§ (vaguely) Intelligence âș Varied backgrounds (socio-economic) âș Goals ï§ Educational acceleration ï§ Socialization with peers ï§ Psychological - improve self-image, self-confidence ï§ Creativity â art, music, etc. exploration
- 37. Children âș Teenagers are a special group ï§ Next generation ï§ Beta test new interfaces, trends ï§ Cell phones, text messages, simulations, fantasy games, virtual worlds âș Requires Safety âș They ï§ Like exploring (easy to reset state) ï§ Donât mind making mistakes ï§ Like familiar characters and repetition (ever had to babysit a kid with an Ice Age DVD?) ï§ Donât like patronizing comments, inappropriate humor âș Design: Focus groups
- 38. Accommodating Hardware and Software Diversity âș Support a wide range of hardware and software platforms âș Software and hardware evolution ï§ OS, application, browsers, capabilities ï§ backward compatibility is a good goal âș Three major technical challenges are: ï§ Producing satisfying and effective Internet interaction (broadband vs. dial-up & wireless) ï§ Enabling web services from large to small (size and resolution) ï§ Support easy maintenance of or automatic conversion to multiple languages
- 39. HCI Goals âș Influence academic and industrial researchers ï§ Understand a problem and related theory ï§ Hypothesis and testing ï§ Study design (weâll do this!) ï§ Interpret results âș Provide tools, techniques and knowledge for commercial developers ï§ competitive advantage (think ipod) âș Raising the computer consciousness of the general public ï§ Reduce computer anxiety (error messages) ï§ Common fears: âș Iâll break it âș Iâll make a mistake âș The computer is smarter than me ï§ HCI contributes to this!
- 40. Near & Future Interfaces âșLetâs review âșMinority Report âșSteel Battalion âșEye Toy âșDance Dance Revolution âșNintendo Wii âąTime to learn âąSpeed of performance âąRate of errors âąRetention over time âąSubjective satisfaction