This ppt is completely about 3d printing and its application in construction. This ppt is done by students of Thiagarajar college of engineering Madurai.

2. Contents
1. 3D Printing
2. History of 3D Printing
3. General Principles of 3D Printing
4. Application
5. Scope of 3D Printing in
Construction Industry
6. Technology of 3d printing in
Construction
7. Examples of 3D printed buildings
8. Advantages of 3d printing in
Construction Industry
9. Disadvantages of 3d printing in
Construction Industry
10. Effects of 3D printing in
Construction Management
11. Future of 3D Printing

3. 3D PRINTING
• 3D printing is the construction of a three-dimensional
object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model.
• The term "3D printing" can refer to a variety of processes
in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under
computer control to create a three-dimensional object
• With material being added together (such as plastics,
liquids or powder grains being fused together), typically
layer by layer.
• 3D printing techniques were considered suitable only for
the production of functional or aesthetic prototypes.
• The precision, repeatability, and material range of 3D
printing have increased to the point that some 3D
printing processes are considered viable as an industrial-
production technology

4. • 3D printing has the ability to produce very complex shapes or
geometries, including hollow parts or parts with internal truss
structures to reduce weight.
• Fused deposition modeling (FDM), which uses a continuous filament
of a thermoplastic material, is the most common 3D printing process
in use as of 2020.
• 3D printing systems developed for the construction industry are
referred to as ‘construction 3D printers’.
• Depending on the technique adopted, printing can produce multiple
components simultaneously, can use multiple materials and can use
multiple colors.
• Accuracy can be increased by a high-resolution subtractive process.
• Some techniques include the use of dissolvable materials that
support overhanging features during fabrication.
• Materials such as metal can be expensive to print, and in this case it
may be more cost-effective to print a mould, and then to use that to
create the item.

6. • 1980: First patent by Japanese Dr Kodama Rapid
prototyping
• 1984: Stereolithography by French engineers then
abandoned
• 1986: Stereolithography taken up by Charles Hull
• 1988: First SLA-1 machine
• 1988: First SLS machine by DTM Inc then buy by 3D system
• 1990: First EOS Stereos system
• 1992: FDM patent to Stratasys
• 1993: Solidscape was founded
• 1995: Z Corporation obtained an exclusive license from the
MIT
• 1999: Engineered organs bring new advances to medicine
• 2000: a 3D printed working kidney is created
• 2000: MCP Technologies (an established vacuum casting
OEM) introduced the SLM technology
• 2005: Z Corp. launched Spectrum Z510. It was the first
high-definition color 3D Printer on the market.

7. • 2006: An open source project is initiated (Reprap)
• 2008: The first 3D printed prosthetic leg
• 2009: FDM patents in the public domain
• 2009: Sculpteo is created
• 2010: Urbee is the first 3D printed prototype car
presented
• 2011: Cornell University began to build 3D food
printer.
• 2012: The first prosthetic jaw is printed and
implanted
• 2013: “3D printing” in Obama’s State of the Union
speech
• 2015: Carbon 3D issues their revolutionary ultra-fast
CLIP 3D printing machine
• 2016: Daniel Kelly’s lab announces being able to 3D
print bone
• 2018: The first family moves into a 3D printed house

9. MODELING
• 3D printable models may be created with a (CAD)
package, via a 3D scanner, or by a plain digital camera
and photogrammetry software.
• 3D printed models created with CAD result in relatively
fewer errors than other methods.
• Errors in 3D printable models can be identified and
corrected before printing.
• The manual modeling process of preparing geometric
data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts
such as sculpting.
• 3D scanning is a process of collecting digital data on the
shape and appearance of a real object, creating a digital
model based on it.
• CAD models can be saved in the stereolithography file
format (STL),.
• STL is not tailored for additive manufacturing because it
generates large file sizes of topology optimized parts
and lattice structures due to the large number of
surfaces involved.

10. PRINTING
• Before printing a 3D
model from an STL file,
it must first be
examined for errors.
• Most CAD applications
produce errors in
output STL files.
• A step in the STL
generation known as
"repair" fixes such
problems in the
original model.
• Once completed, the
STL file needs to be
processed by a piece
of software called a
"slicer," which converts
the model into a series
of thin layers
• This G-code file can then
be printed with 3D printing
client software.
• Printer resolution
describes layer thickness
and X–Y resolution in dots
per inch (dpi) or
micrometers (µm).
• Typical layer thickness is
around 100 μm (250 DPI),
although some machines
can print layers as thin as
16 μm (1,600 DPI).
• X–Y resolution is
comparable to that of
laser printers.

11. FINISHING
• Though the printer-produced
resolution is sufficient for many
applications, greater accuracy
can be achieved by printing a
slightly oversized version of the
desired object in standard
resolution and then removing
material using a higher-
resolution subtractive process.
• ABS, allow the surface finish to
be smoothed and improved using
chemical vapor processes based
on acetone or similar solvents.
• Some additive manufacturing
techniques are capable of using
multiple materials in the course
of constructing parts.
• These techniques are able to
print in multiple colors and color
combinations simultaneously,
and would not necessarily
require painting.
• Some printing techniques require
internal supports to be built for
overhanging features during
construction.

13. MATERIALS
• Traditionally, 3D printing focused on
polymers for printing, due to the ease of
manufacturing and handling polymeric
materials.
• However, the method has rapidly
evolved to not only print various
polymers but also metals and ceramics,
making 3D printing a versatile option for
manufacturing.
A multi-material
3D Bench

15. FASHION INDUSTRY
• 3D printing has entered the world of
clothing, with fashion designers
experimenting with 3D-printed
shoes, and dresses.
• In commercial production Nike is
using 3D printing to prototype and
manufacture the 2012 Vapor Laser
Talon football shoe for players of
American football, and New Balance
is 3D manufacturing custom-fit
shoes for athletes.
A 3D selfie in 1:20 scale
printed using gypsum-based
printing

16. SAFETY INDUSTRY
• AM's impact on firearms involves two
dimensions:
• new manufacturing methods for established
companies
• new possibilities for the making of do-it-yourself
firearms.
• In 2012, the US-based group Defense
Distributed disclosed plans to design a
working plastic 3D printed firearm "that could
be downloaded and reproduced by anybody
with a 3D printer."
TRANSPORTATION
INDUSTRY
• In cars, trucks, and aircraft, Additive
Manufacturing is beginning to transform both
• (1) unibody and fuselage design and production
• (2) powertrain design and production. For example:
• In early 2014, Swedish supercar manufacturer
Koenigsegg announced the One:1, a supercar
that utilizes many components that were 3D
printed.
• Urbee is the name of the first car in the world
car mounted using the technology 3D printing
(its bodywork and car windows were
"printed").

17. HEALTH SECTOR
• Surgical uses of 3D printing-centric
therapies have a history beginning in the
mid-1990s with anatomical modeling for
bony reconstructive surgery planning.
• Patient-matched implants were a natural
extension of this work, leading to truly
personalized implants that fit one unique
individual.
• Virtual planning of surgery and guidance
using 3D printed, personalized
instruments have been applied to many
areas of surgery including total joint
replacement and craniomaxillofacial
reconstruction with great success.
• In March 2014, surgeons in Swansea used
3D printed parts to rebuild the face of a
motorcyclist who had been seriously
injured in a road accident.
CULTURAL HERITAGE
AND MUSEUM-BASED
DIGITAL TWIN
• In the last several years 3D
printing has been intensively
used by in the cultural heritage
field for preservation, restoration
and dissemination purposes.
• Many Europeans and North
American Museums have
purchased 3D printers and
actively recreate missing pieces
of their relics and archaeological
monuments such as Tiwanaku in
Bolivia.

19. • In the construction industry, 3D printing can be used to create
construction components or to 'print' entire buildings.
• Construction is well-suited to 3D printing as much of the information
necessary to create an item will exist as a result of the design
process, and the industry is already experienced in computer aided
manufacturing.
• The recent emergence of building information modelling (BIM) in
particular may facilitate greater use of 3D printing.
• Construction 3D printing may allow, faster and more accurate
construction of complex or bespoke items as well as lowering labor
costs and producing less waste.
• It might also enable construction to be undertaken in harsh or
dangerous environments not suitable for a human workforce such as
in space.
• 3d printing itself is not a new technology, harking back to the 1980s.
• Fabricating a three-dimensional model, or prototype, from a computer-
aided design by adding successive layers of material is now standard
practice in many industries, ranging from aerospace and architecture
to medicine and high-end manufacturing.

20. • 3D printers often use liquid metals, plastics, cement
and a variety of other materials which then cool or
dry to form a structure.
• For 3D printing in construction, a CAD or BIM
programme ‘tells’ the 3D printer what it needs to
print, and the machines then begin layering out
levels of material according to the plan.
• Concrete 3D printing in the construction
industry helps save time, effort and material
compared to traditional construction
methods.
• It’s important to note, though, that 3D printers
are not yet capable of creating a fully
functional house.
• Only the frame and walls of the house are
built; other elements, such as windows,
electricity, or plumbing, need to be installed
separately.
• But concrete 3D printers can also be used to
print bridges, benches, or simply outdoor
decorations.
• 3D printers are not unlike your desktop inkjet
printer.
• A software program ‘tells’ the printer about
the dimensions of the end product.
• The printer then injects material on a platform
according to that plan.

21. • There is now solid evidence showing that 3D printing is
credible and applicable in the construction sector, and it is
likely that the technology will start to be seen more and
more in the industry in the coming years.
• How far these machines end up being used on-site, or
whether they remain largely a tool for pre-fabrication
remains to be seen.
• But, for the right kind of project, it seems reasonable to
expect 3D printers will join the arsenal of tools available to
builders.
• This is the futuristic world of 3D printing in construction,
where robotic arms automatically squeeze layers of
cement, plastic or other material onto a foundation and
‘build’ a structure.
• Right now, this approach to construction remains very
niche – only a handful of 3D printed house and office
prototypes exist around the world.
• Nevertheless, it represents an exciting and potentially
profound change in how we build.
• Right now, this approach to
construction remains very
niche – only a handful of
3D printed house and
office prototypes exist
around the world.
• Nevertheless, it represents
an exciting and potentially
profound change in how
we build.

23. • House 3D printers use extrusion technology.
• Some construction 3D printers look like super-sized desktop FFF/FDM 3D
printers (gantry style), whereas others consist of a rotating mechanical
arm.
• In both cases, paste-type components such as concrete are used as
filament. The material is pushed out of a special nozzle to form layers.
• To put it (very) simply, paste extrusion is similar using a piping bag to
spread frosting on a cake.
• The printer creates the foundations and walls of the house or building,
layer by layer.
• The ground is literally the printer’s build plate.
• Some concrete 3D printers, however, are used to 3D print brick molds.
• When molded, the bricks are then piled atop each other manually (or
with a robotic arm).

25. ROBOTIC ARM
EXTRUDERS
• The Contour Crafting method involves the building
material being deposited to create a large-scale 3D
model with a smooth surface finish.
• Rails are installed around the building ground that
will act as a structure to direct the robotic arm.
• It moves back and forth to extrude the concrete,
layer-by-layer.
• Trowels placed on the side and above the nozzle to
flatten the extruded layers and ensure the model’s
strength.
• In this process, conventional concrete cannot be
used as it would need to harden before you could
continue the process.
• If it was 3D printed it therefore wouldn’t be able to
support its own weight.
• These machines are huge (32m long, 10m wide and
6.6m tall).
• This enables them to 3D print full structures and
assemble them on the spot.
• This is done through mixing concrete and glass
fibres
• This feat made builders and construction workers
aware of additive manufacturing.

27. DUBAI MUNICIPALITY OFFICE BUILDING, UAE
 In December 2019, 3D printing robot firm
Apis Cor announced it had completed the
world’s largest individual 3D printed
building.
 The office block, built in the UAE, is 9.5
metres in height and has a floor area of
640 m2.
 Apis Cor’s 3D printer was moved around
the open-air site by a crane as it built
different parts of the structure.

28. OFFICE OF THE FUTURE, UAE
 Another impressive 3D printed
building in the UAE, the Office of the
Future is a unique structure which is
currently home (appropriately
enough) to the emirate’s Future
Foundation.
 For this building, the printing itself
was done offsite, with all the parts
printed in 17 days.
 Workers installed the whole building
in just 48 hours.

29. 3D PRINTED HOUSES BY WINSUN, CHINA
 Chinese 3D printing firm WinSun also uses factory-based
3D printers to construct human dwellings.
 The firm has created a handful of home designs,
including a small apartment block.
 The design’s users can quickly and cheaply print the
parts before installing them on-site.
 The firm reckons that one of their five-story apartment
blocks could cost as little as $161,000 to print.
 The company “WinSun” made headlines globally in 2014
by printing a batch of ten complete houses.
 Since then, the company has conducted several bold
projects that received widespread media attention, such
as printing a stylish office building for the Dubai Future
Foundation.
 It has continued to develop technologies in 3D printing,

30. L&T CONSTRUCTION 3D PRINTS HOUSE, KANCHIPURAM
 It is the first ever in India.
 L&T Construction, the construction arm of
Larsen & Toubro, has 3D printed a ground
plus one 700-sq-ft house with
reinforcement for the first time in India at
Kanchipuram.

31. 3D PRINTED HOUSE INAUGURATED AT IIT-MADRAS
 Tvasta Manufacturing Solutions, a start-up founded by
alumni of IIT Madras, has made what it says is India's
first 3D-printed house.
 The team printed the structure using a specialty
concrete that it had developed to print large-scale 3D
structures in short periods.
 They say the mix is based on ordinary Portland cement,
which has a lower water-cement ratio.
 Though concrete is the primary material typically used
in construction projects, it cannot be recycled and
requires a lot of energy to mix and transport.
 So, the team's effort to use technology to print the
house using ordinary Portland cement can “overcome
the pitfalls of conventional construction.”

33. Reduced Material Costs Concrete Pour – Pile of
Concrete Waste
• Another improvement is a considerable reduction of
material waste.
• 3D printers use the exact amount of concrete needed for
the wall, floor, or whatever it is that you want to build.
Builders and GCs don’t have to order in bulk because
they’ll know exactly how much material they need.
• Not only is this a more sustainable, environmentally
friendly way to build, but it also results in reduced costs
for the contractor.
Reduced Injury
• One of the biggest benefits that 3D printers have presented
to construction workers is a reduction in injuries in the field.
• Considering that building with concrete is difficult-even
dangerous-this is a welcome improvement.
• Not only do workers have an easier time doing their job, but
employers have less worker’s compensation paperwork to
wade through due to injuries on the job.

34. Quicker Construction
• This is where concrete 3D printers truly set
themselves apart from traditional construction
methods.
• Where a project may sometimes take weeks–or
months-to complete, 3D printers can often finish a
project in a matter of hours or days.
• An entire house was once constructed in 24 hours!
• This allows contractors to move onto other projects
sooner…and with more orders filled, more money is
brought in for the contractor.
New Markets
• Using a 3D printer also allows construction companies
to work in markets that might have otherwise been
inaccessible to them before.
• And for new construction companies, having a 3D
printer on hand could set them apart from companies
that have been around for a few decades and are
resistant to change.
• Similarly, traditional and established construction
companies could utilize 3D printers to make sure they
remain relevant in the market.
• Essentially, 3D printers can be used as a means to
enter a new market but also to give an already
established company a competitive edge.

35. Improved Form
• 3D printers are renowned for their ability to create
seemingly odd and atypical design structures.
• Now construction companies can utilize that to offer
their clients unique buildings designed entirely for
them.
• This can open up their portfolio to certain individuals
who may not want the standard rectangular options.
• Essentially, being able to create unique architectural
designs for a client makes the construction company
more desirable to certain clients.
Cheaper Construction
• Overall, the use of 3D printers costs less than
traditional construction techniques and processes.
• With the reduction of injuries, time, and material cost,
companies will see a dramatic increase in their
profits.
• And while some workers will probably have to be let
go, others will remain, since someone still needs to
be able to put all of the pieces together.
• By learning the technology, workers have a chance to
maintain their job security as well. They’ll earn more,
as will the company as a whole.
Better Durability
• While testing concrete during the early stages of
construction will continue to be necessary, 3D printers
have been found to contribute to the durability of the
structural elements.
• This is due in part to how the materials are made and the
manner in which they are assembled.
• More durable buildings mean fewer repairs need to be
made, so construction companies can focus their efforts
elsewhere to drive profit. For clients, too, their
preferences certainly rest with a building that will last
longer.

37. CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
• Reduced employee numbers in the industry,
since the 3D printer does most of the work
• A limited number of materials can be used,
since the same printer might not be able to
print the required multiple materials
• Transportation – getting the printers for large in
situ components to and from the site
• Storage of the printer on site
• Higher risks – any errors in the digital model
can result in problematic issues on site during
the printing/construction phase
• Conventional product manufacturing
companies and plant renting companies could
suffer as their products are no longer required
• Additional time may be required on site if the
components are created in situ.

38. QUALITY
CONTROL
• Weather already has the potential
to slow construction progress, but
issues with Mother Nature may be
amplified with 3D printing.
• The weather, environmental factors
and more are all conditions that
could make 3D printing in
commercial construction more of a
bust than a boom.
• Furthermore, quality control in
construction can already be a tricky
matter.
• If not constantly monitored and
overseen by real humans, quality in
3D printing could end up being a
very expensive mess.

39. REGULATIONS
• One drawback that might not immediately come to mind is the
regulation of 3D printing.
• While regulation in 3D printing has made the news cycle recently, it
still hasn’t fully impacted the construction industry.
• However, there’s also the liability that may come with using printers
rather than humans to perform certain construction tasks.
• Currently, there’s much uncertainty in this aspect of 3D printing in
construction.
• Until laws and regulations are clearly defined, it’s unlikely that 3D
printing will make too much of a mark in the construction sector.

41. • 3D printers have been around since the 1980s
• But only recently the global production world taken notice.
• The applications for use in construction seem self-explanatory
• Since, building something from basic materials is what the
construction business does.
• Despite the obvious benefits of printing materials in-house,
3D printing machines provide a wealth of applications
beyond reducing the length of a supply chain.
• Multinationals are implementing the technology at a fervent
pace

42. Time and cost reduction
• As with AI in construction, a 3D printer
can work 24 hours per day, 7 days per
week.
• This means construction projects could
potentially be completed much faster,
and some low skilled labor costs could
be avoided.
Zero waste construction
• In the UK, almost one third of the country’s
waste is generated by the construction
industry.
• 3D printing has the potential to cut waste
to almost zero.
• A 3D printer only uses the material
required to print the structure – no more or
less. This could translate into huge
savings.

43. Improved Project Planning
• Creating this model by hand wastes
precious time that could be used to begin
the project.
• For those just getting started as general
contractors, or even looking to start a new
construction business, 3D printing
technology may provide a competitive
edge.
• With a 3D printer, the construction manager
simply plugs in the dimensions and details
of the project rendering and it automatically
comes to life.
• By creating a digital model, the construction
manager can show the client a rendering
faster and make changes to the model as
needed in a quicker time frame.

44. • Buying materials that are pre-cut and
fabricated is an expensive way to build a
home.
• By using their own materials and a 3D
printer to create components used in
construction, managers aren’t paying for an
outside party to fabricate these items.
Lower Supply Costs
• With 3D printing, construction managers save money
on labor, tools, and materials.
• They simply need to plug in the dimensions and
materials to a 3D printer and a custom item is made
using the specifications.
• Without this technological innovation, construction
workers may spend hours cutting materials to the right
size so they can be used in a specific way on the
jobsite.
• Workers could spend an entire day manually
modifying materials, so they fit in the correct
dimensions and protect the integrity of the home.
• It’s important to keep projects sustainable and with a
3D printer, construction managers also benefit by
saving money on construction materials.

45. Innovative Designs
• Traditional construction materials and methods limit how
buildings are created.
• A 3D printer has many capabilities that make different
shapes and other innovative designs easy to capture and
inexpensive to create.
• With a 3D printer, construction professionals can utilize
unique materials that can be manipulated into different
shapes, such as cylindrical and round shapes.
• In construction, it’s proven that the strongest shapes are
circles, triangles, and other unique figures that may be
impossible or too time-consuming to build from scratch.
• Not only do these shapes offer a creative design approach
alongside durability and strength, they also require less
material and save construction managers money on their
projects.
• The materials that 3D printers use for their output are also
generally sturdier and stronger, making them more desirable
to clients.

47. The automatic and accurate 3D printing process provides
several benefits
3D printing helps save time, money, and waste on construction
sites, there are challenges to implementing this strategy on
every jobsite.
There are also no building codes yet for 3D printing, which
makes it hard for construction managers.
A 3D printer made for construction can cost between $20,000
to $100,000.
With the increasing efficiency and capabilities of these
machines, 3D printers may become more intertwined with
construction job sites in the future.
New companies are developing 3D printers, coming up with
innovative solutions to change the construction industry.
There are already families moving into 3D printed houses
It is likely that the technology will start to be seen more and
more in the industry in the coming years.
But, for the right kind of project, it seems reasonable to
expect 3D printers will join the arsenal of tools available to
builders.
3D printed houses, offices, shops or other structures are
often impressive to look at.
Many people remain culturally attached to buildings made
from bricks.

50. REFERENCE
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
• https://www.sculpteo.com/en/3d-learning-hub/basics-of-3d-printing/the-history-of-3d-printing/
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_3D_printing
• https://www.constrofacilitator.com/3d-printing-in-construction-advantages-and-innovation/
• https://www.planradar.com/3d-printing-in-construction/
• https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/lt-first-to-3d-print-
ground-plus-one-building-in-india/articleshow/79938589.cms?from=mdr
• https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/3d-printed-house-india-iit-madras-2424579
• https://www.forconstructionpros.com/blogs/construction-toolbox/blog/12059477/how-3d-printing-is-
affecting-the-construction-industry
• https://specopstools.com/blog/the-impact-of-3d-printing-on-the-construction-industry/

52. Adarsh T S 19B003
Amuthan A 19B006
Jai Kaushik E R K 19B040
Sakthivel Karmegam 19B076
Vikkash S 19B115
Vishnukumaran H 19B116