1) There are three main types of muscles in the body - skeletal muscles, which are voluntarily controlled and attached to bones to enable movement; cardiac muscle found only in the heart to enable pumping of blood; and smooth muscle found in organs like the digestive tract and blood vessels to enable involuntary movement.
2) Joints can be classified based on their structure, function and region of the body. The main types of joints are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints. Synovial joints which include hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket and saddle joints, allow the most movement.
7. Bone marrow contains reticulo endothelial cell
which are phagocytic…
8. Bone stores 97% of the body calcium and
phosphorus.
9. According to shape
Developmental bones
Regional classification
Structural classification
10. ACCORDING TO
SHAPE:-
LONG BONES: Each
long bone has an
elongated shaft
(diaphysis) and two
expanded
ends(epiphysis).
Eg.humerus, femur
11. SHORT BONES: There shape is usually
cuboid, or scaphoid. E.g. tarsal and carpal
bones
12. FLAT BONES: Resemble shallow plates and form
boundaries of certain body cavities.eg-bones in vault of
the skull, sternum, ribs and scapula.
13. IRREGULAR BONES: Bones that is irregular in
structure. E.g.- hip bone and bones in the base of
the skull or sphenoid and first and second
cervical vertebrae.
14.
15. SESAMOID BONES: These are bony nodules
found embedded in the tendons or joint
capsules.
16. Generally not present in our body.
Formed due to non fusion of epiphysis.
Appearance of extra ossification centres .
20. Includes bones of the limbs e.g pectoral
girdle, free upper limb and pelvic girdle,
free lower limb.
21. COMPACT BONE
Dense in texture .
Extremely rigid.
Developed in the
cortex of long bones.
CANCELLOUS OR
SPONGY OR
TRABECULAR BONE
Open in texture
Made up of a
meshwork or
trabeculae between
which are marrow
containing spaces.
24. ARTERIAL SUPPLY:
The arterial supply of a long bone is
derived from:
Nutrient artery:
Periosteal arteries:
Epiphyseal arteries:
Metaphysical arteries:
37. Joint is a junction between two or more
bones or cartilage. It is a device to permit
movements.
38. CHARACTERSTICS OF
JOINTS
Articular surfaces are
covered with
hyaline(articular) cartilage.
Between the articular
surfaces there is a joint
cavity filled with synovial
fluid.
Joint is surrounded by
fibrous joint capsule lined
by synovial membrane.
42. Bones are joined by fibrous tissue.
Joints are either immovable or permit a slight
degree of movement.
These can be grouped in the following three
subtypes.
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
47. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:
In this type of joints the bones are joined by
cartilage.
These are of the following two types:
Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondrosis, or
hyaline cartilage joints.
Secondary cartilaginous joints(Symphyses or
fibrocartilaginous joints):
48. Primary cartilaginous joints
(synchondrosis, or hyaline cartilage
joints):
Bones are united by a plate of hyaline
cartilage so that the joint is immovable
and strong.
e.g. Joint between epiphysis and
diaphysis of a growing long bone,
Sternocoastal joint
51. Synovial joints are most evolved, and
therefore, most mobile type of joints.
Classification of synovial joints and their
movements:-
52. PLANE SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
Articular surfaces are more or less flat (plane)
Permit gliding movements (translations) in various
directions
E.g.Intercarpal joints, Intertarsal joints.
53. HINGE JOINT:
Articular surfaces are pulley- shaped.
There are strong collateral ligaments.
Movements are permitted in one plane around
a transverse axis.
Allows flexion and extension
.E.g.elbow joint, Ankle joint
54. PIVOT (TROCHOID) JOINTS:
Articular surfaces comprise a central bony
pivot (peg) surrounded by an
osteoligamentous ring.
Movements are permitted in one plane around
a vertical axis.
Allows pronation and supination
E.g. Superior and inferior radio of ulnar joints
55. BALL AND SOCKET(SPHEROIDAL) JOINTS:
Articular surfaces include a globular head
(male surface) fitting into a cup shaped
socket(female surface).
Movements occur around an indefinite
number of axes which have common center.
56. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
medial rotation, lateral rotation, and
circumduction all occur quite freely. E.g.
Shoulder joint, Hip joint.
57. ELLIPSOID JOINTS:
Articular surfaces include an oval, convex, male
surface fitting into an elliptical, concave female
surface.
Free movements are permitted around both the
axis, flexion and extension around the transverse
axis, and abduction and adduction .
E.g.wrist joint,
58. SADDLE JOINTS:
Articular surfaces are reciprocally concave.
Movements are similar to those permitted by
and ellipsoid joint, with addition of some
rotation(conjunct rotation) .
E.g.carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
60. Fixed or immovable
joints
Articular surfaces are
joined by tough
fibrous tissue
e.g sutures of the
skull.
61. Slight movement is
possible.
A pad of cartilage lies
between the bones
surfaces, and there are
fibrous ligaments to hold
the bones surfaces,.
e.g. the intervertebral
discs between the bodies
of the vertebrae
62. Freely moveable joints
The ligaments are of elastic connective tissue.
Eg .all synovial joints
72. Muscles are group of specialised contractile
cells, also called “FIBRES”. Its function is to
produce force and cause motion, either
locomotion or movement within internal
organs
76. CHARACTERISTICS:-
Attached by tendons to bones.
Multinucleated
Striated- have stripes, banding.
Voluntary movement of skeletal parts.
77. FUNCTION:
Movement of the
skeleton
eg. movement of
limbs, fingers, toes,
neck, etc.
Movement of
tissues of facial
expression. e.g.
ability to smile and
to frown.
78. LOCATION:- Found mainly in the walls of
hollow organs, vessels, respiratory pathway.
79.
80. Function:
Digestive system- to move food along the
gastrointestinal tract .
Regulating the diameter of blood vessels and parts
of respiratory tract.
96. Muscles are the organs that move body parts.
Your muscular system does lots of important
jobs. It helps you move, pumps your blood,
helps you digest food and even helps you
breathe.
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and Physiology for Nurses and Allied Health
Sciences. 1 edition. CBC publishers; 121-35.
Derrickson Bryan H., Tortora Gerard S.
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 12
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Wilson and Ross. Anatomy and Physiology in
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