1. SCHOOL OF
ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)
Building Materials ( BLD 62003 )
Assignment 2 : Site research report
Submission Date: 11th
July 2014
No. Name Student ID
1. Rachel Ernesta 0317966
2. Tan Chuu Yee 0315097
3. Tan Kai Sin 0315213
4. Tan Wei Hao 0313690
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2. Table of Content
No Title Page
1 Introduction of Cappuccino Garden Cafe 3
2 Floor, Ceiling and Structure 5
3 Wall 10
4 Window 22
5 Door 25
6 Compare and Contrast 28
7 Suggestion 31
8 References 32
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3. Introduction of Cappuccino Garden Cafe
Our chosen case of study is a cafe. The objective of the assignment to explore and
study the different materials and selected finishes of our chosen case of study. We
chose this particular area because of its interior design and architecture comprising of
interesting materials and finishes giving the cafe a warm and inviting tone and
atmosphere.
Due to the function of the area The selected finishes are designed and selected to
withstand traffic it should be easy to clean and maintain.
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4. Some of the materials explored in the assignment are basically finishes. The function of
these materials are to provide a durable visually attractive qualities and colours and at
the same time offers surface of floor walls and other areas to be maintenance free and
to be cleaned easily.
4

5. Floor, Ceiling and Structure
The floors, ceiling and overall structure is made up of concrete however these building
elements have their own applied finishes as further enhancement of the structure’s
durability and architectural quality.
Concrete is made up of clean water, commonly Portland cement, and is served as a binder for
the aggregates namely sand and coarse aggregates combined together in a mixture that when
hardened or curred it has the ability to withstand compressive forces.
Since concrete is strong in compression but weakest in tension, high-yield steel
reinforcement bars are embedded to the concrete to resist the tensile forces. The
reinforcement bars are deformed and ribbed to provide good grip between the concrete
and steel.
The combination of concrete and the steel reinforcement forms a reinforced-concrete
structure that is able to withstand both the compressive and tensile forces under applied
forces.
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6. The diagram below shows the manufacture of steel
FLOORING
The selection of the existing materials in the project are placed to define 3 types of area.
 outdoor
 Dining area
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7.  corridor
Interior floor
The interior floor in the main dining area is made up glazed ceramic mosaic and, Mosaic is
defined as the art of creating decorative with small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other
materials which in this case it is composed of ceramic. It is small tile units which can be flat,
roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different types of colors.
Whereas ceramic may be either porcelain or of natural clay.
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8. Its selection is due to its hard-wearing and resistance to chemicals, the ability to
possess slip resistant qualities due to its small singular size. Supplied by attached
sheets for ease of application.
The corridor is made of plain Ceramic tiles. it is the most common and lower in cost than
other types of tiling options or floor finishing options.
External floor
The flooring is assumed to be made of slate tiles. The tiles has non skid properties or
non slip properties which is contributed by the rough texture of the tile.
As an outdoor tile its properties include:
 Durability
 Slip resistant
 Weather resistant
 aesthetics
The tiles are of approximately 300x300mm. Slate is a metamorphic rock derived from
fine grained sand free clay sediments
Slate is a type of material that can be used for flooring, roofing and cladding.
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9. It can be sanded or polished to the desired texture.
Advantages of Slate
 Slate is water-resistant, tough,
 durable
 available in a range of more subtle tones
 The ability to use slate in bathrooms, kitchens, living spaces and even porches makes it
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10. versatile to apply to any room
Disadvantages of Slate
 Slate is a relatively expensive material
 It has a rough texture and can peel.
 Glossy finishes must be polished regularly to get the required finish,
 must be sealed regularly.
 Slate is a heavier option than most flooring, reinforced subfloor may be necessary.
 Grout lines can discolor and can be frustrating to keep clean.
Wall
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11. The wall of the cafe is made of brick.
About brick wall
History of brick walls
Brick walls have been in use for several thousands of years; India and other near eastern
countries first started building brick walls about 5000 years ago. The ideals behind the way brick
walls and bricks are made have changed little over the years. Even the size of bricks has stayed
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12. relatively unchanged. In addition, the brick size must be standardize in order to build stable,
strong brick walls, the bricks needed to be geometric duplicates. Standard brick size can be
traced back to ancient American civilizations that standardized their bricks to a 4:2:1 ratio.
Furthermore, the Romans were the first to use mortar as part of their standardized brick
placement and later brough that knowledge to must of what is present day Europe. Today, most
brick walls are constructed with bricks that are a standard 8 by 4 by 2.25 ratio.
Strong and Durable
An incredibly hard wearing building material, clay brick is able to take the knocks of every-day
life as well as the weather extremes sometimes experienced. They won’t fade, twist or warp, rot
or decay, erode or dent and termites can’t eat them. For hundreds of years, no material shows so
few signs of ageing.
All Boral bricks have a strong load bearing capacity to Australian Standards.
Low Maintenance
Spend the weekend with your family and friends, not trying to fix a peeling wall!
Brick houses have negligible routine maintenance, maybe a clean every so often, but they do not
require any finish to maintain performance like render does. In most constructions they do not
need re-sealing, re-painting or the like.
This is an important factor to consider when looking at the “whole-of-life” cost of a building and
wall cladding. The costs incurred don’t just stop once your home is complete so don’t forget to
take a long term view when choosing materials.
Thermal Performance
Brick buildings, particularly double brick, have excellent thermal mass. The University of
Newcastle research1
established that thermal mass, the ability of a material to retain heat energy
when subjected to a temperature differential, plays a key role in stabilising temperature swings,
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13. keeping the internal temperature in the comfort zone longer. This means it is cooler in summer
and warmer in winter. It also showed the performance of walls with internal thermal mass was
markedly improved by the inclusion of cavity insulation.
In conjunction with good design principles, appropriate use of thermal mass throughout your
home can make a difference not only to comfort but to your artificial heating and cooling usage
as well. This is significant considering that more than 30 percent of the average home’s energy
use is made up of heating and cooling.
Acoustic Performance
The density of brick makes for a quieter building compared to lighter weight materials, reducing
external sound such as aircraft and road noise. When building in cavity brick, adding insulation
helps further by absorbing resonating sound.
Internal partition walls made of brick can reduce noise transfer further when used between rooms
of the house. When assessing acoustic performance, it’s important to look at the properties of the
finished wall, not just the raw materials, and making sure they are sealed correctly and gaps filled
in properly.
Fire Resistance
There are many components to consider when designing and constructing for bushfire prone
areas that can improve the survival chances of a home exposed to bushfire.
The CSIRO survey of houses in the 1983 Ash Wednesday fires in Victoria1 showed that masonry
walls significantly reduce the chances of a house being destroyed by bushfire.
Design Flexibility
Clay brick has a classic, timeless quality, while still being contemporary, innovative and
versatile. Today’s generation of bricks mean the variety is now vast, and so are the uses.
Their compact size, colours, textures and shapes provide infinite design options. Made from
13

14. natural clay and shale, no two clay bricks are identical, giving each building its own distinct
personality.
Be creative and experiment with brick orientations and decorative effects such as stacking,
vertical stretcher courses, banding, corbelling and racking. Such design features are further
emphasised by changes in brick colour and size.
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15. The finishing of wall are gypsum, ceramic tiles and paint.
Gypsum
About Gypsum
Gypsum board is the generic name for a family of panel products that consist of a
noncombustible core, composed primarily of gypsum, and a paper surfacing on the face, back
and long edges. Gypsum board is one of several building materials covered by the umbrella term
“gypsum panel products.” All gypsum panel products contain gypsum cores; however, they can
be faced with a variety of different materials, including paper and fiberglass mats.
Gypsum board is often called drywall, wallboard, or plasterboard. It differs from other panel-type
building products, such as plywood, hardboard, and fiberboard, because of its noncombustible
core and paper facers. When joints and fastener heads are covered with a joint compound system,
gypsum wall board creates a continuous surface suitable for most types of interior decoration.
Advantages of Gypsum Board Construction
Gypsum board walls have a number of outstanding advantages:
• Ease of installation
• Fire resistance
• Sound isolation
• Durability
• Economy
• Versatility
Fire resistance
Gypsum board is an excellent fire-resistive building material. In North America, it is the most
commonly used interior finish where fire resistance classifications are required. Its
noncombustible core contains nearly 21% chemically combined water, as described earlier,
which, under high heat, is slowly released as steam. Because steam will not exceed 212
degrees F under normal atmospheric pressure, it very effectively retards the transfer of heat
and the spread of fire. Even after complete calcination, when all the water has been released
from its core, gypsum board continues to serve as a heat-insulating barrier. Moreover, tests
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16. conducted in accordance with ASTM E 84 show that gypsum board has a low flame-spread
index and a low smoke-density index. When installed in combination with other materials in
laboratory-tested wall and ceiling assemblies, gypsum board serves to effectively protect
building elements from fire for prescribed time periods.
Sound isolation
Preventing the transfer of unwanted sound to adjoining areas is a key consideration when
designing a building, specifically when taking into account the intended activities of the
occupants in the various parts of the building. For example, a building containing office
spaces adjacent to manufacturing facilities requires more noise-reducing features than are
typically necessary in a building that has only office space in it. Gypsum board wall and
ceilings systems effectively help control sound transmission. Some construction techniques
and gypsum board building systems that are successfully used for sound isolation and control
are described and illustrated in Section VII.
Durability
Gypsum board is used to construct strong, high quality walls that offer excellent dimensional
stability and durability. Surfaces created using gypsum board are easily decorated and
refinished.
Economy
Gypsum board is readily available and easy to apply. It is an inexpensive wall surfacing
material that provides a fire resistant interior finish. Gypsum board building systems can
generally be installed at significantly lower labor costs than most alternate systems.
Versatility
Gypsum board satisfies a wide range of architectural requirements for design. Ease of
application, performance, ease of repair, availability, and its adaptability to all forms of
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17. decoration combine to make gypsum board unmatched by any other surfacing product.
APPLICATION OF GYPSUM BOARD
Gypsum board can be applied over wood or metal framing or furring. It can be applied to
masonry and concrete surfaces, either directly or to wood or metal furring strips. When
applying board directly to masonry or concrete surfaces, smooth or fill in any irregularities to
ensure proper attachment and an acceptable final finished surface. Furring properly attached to
interior sides of exterior walls provides flat surfaces for standard fastener application as well
and sufficient separation from substrates to overcome dampness in exterior walls. Do not
allow gypsum board to directly contact surfaces, such as concrete or soil, with potentially high
moisture contents. Most common in residential construction is the gypsum wallboard
system1
in which the joints between the panels and internal corners are reinforced with tape
and covered with joint compound to create a surface suitable for final decoration. External
corners are normally reinforced with either a metal or plastic corner bead which in turn is
covered with joint compound. Exposed edges are covered with metal or plastic trim. The
result is a smooth, unbroken surface ready for final decoration of paint, textures, wallpaper
tile, paneling, or other materials.
Ceramic Tiles
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18. 18

19. The ceramic tiles is used as the wall finish of the cafe.
About Ceramic Tile
Ceramic tile is made from a mixture of clays that are pressed into shape. Tiles have either a
glazed or unglazed surface. Glazed tiles have a special ceramic coating that is applied to the
body of the tile and then fired under tremendous heat. The glazing becomes hard and non-
porous, resulting in a flooring that possesses the following characteristics.
-Stain resistant
-Scratch resistant
-Fire resistant
-Won’t fade from sun light
-Slip resistant
-Easy to clean
If glazed, the glaze on the tile doesn’t go all the way through, so if a tile gets chipped, the
inside colour will show through. Glazed tiles may tend to get scratched on frequently used
countertops, but are ideal for walls.
Advantages of Ceramic Tile
Ceramic Water Resistance
Glazed ceramic flooring tiles have a protective layer that rests over the material, making them
impervious to water and stain penetration. They are also naturally resistant to the ravages of
high humidity conditions. These properties makes them ideal for use in moist environments
such as in air-conditioner room.
Durable Ceramic Tile
Ceramic flooring is extremely tough and the tiles are difficult to crack. A quality installation
can last for 10 - 20 years and longer if well maintained. If a single tile does crack due to a
severe impact, the process of replacing the tile is relatively simple.
Maintenance
19

20. Ceramic tile is fairly easy to care for. Dirt, stains, and liquids all rest on the surface, allowing
you to easily wipe or mop them away. Regular maintenance just consists of sweeping or
vacuuming with a soft brush attachment to keep the surface free of dirt and loose debris. If set
in stains do occur you can use most heavy duty cleaners without having to worry about
damaging the material.
Disadvantages of ceramic tile
Hard Flooring
Ceramic is extremely hard, which makes it easy to clean and maintain. Unfortunately this can
also make it difficult and uncomfortable to touch for a long time.
The hardness of ceramic can of course be offset by using throw rugs or area rugs in strategic
places where people tend to touch for long periods of time.
Cold Ceramic Tile
This material does not hold on to heat very well. That means that it can get very cold in the
winter, which can be a shock to your hand first thing in the morning. The flip side to this is
that ceramic can be quite comfortable when touching on a hot summer day.
Installing Ceramics
Ceramic tiles are hard and heavy and they need to be installed using a variety of mortars,
grouts, and tools. While this is something that can theoretically be done by an amateur.
However, it is a difficult, time consuming process. In addition, making a mistake can
compromise the wall causing problems down the line.
Other Informations
Ceramic Tile Design Options
Modern manufacturing techniques allow ceramic producers to make materials which can be
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21. printed in numerous ways. Solid tiles can be mixed and matched in patterns or accented with
designs or motifs. They can also be printed to credibly reproduce the look of a number of
hardwoods and natural stones. Finally, the tiles themselves can be cut and shaped into
triangles, rectangles, and planks.
Ceramic Pricing
Most tiles will cost $5 - $10 per square foot, with bargain basement and premium materials
edging those numbers to greater extremes. This makes it a moderately expensive material
priced higher than carpet and lower than hardwood. Depending on where it is installed and
how it looks a ceramic floor can also add long term value to a property.
Allergen Concerns
Ceramic tiles have a hard, solid surface that does not tend to attract dirt, dust, pollen, or other
allergens. When these small debris particles do land on a ceramic floor, they stand out against
the surface, making it easy to wipe them away with a mop or sponge. This helps to keep the
air free of irritating materials that can be harmful to asthma sufferers.
Chemical Characteristics
Resistance to the corrosive or staining action of substances that may come into contact with
the tile surface. These chemical characteristics are tested: resistance to staining, resistance to
household chemicals and resistance to acids and alkaline.
Paint
21

22. The paint is covering the interior and exterior walls of the cafe.
About Paint
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to
a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect,
color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—
and in many different types, such as watercolor, artificial, etc. Paint is typically stored,
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23. sold, and applied as a liquid, but dries into a solid. Pigments are granular solids
incorporated in the paint to contribute color. Fillers are granular solids incorporate to
impart toughness, texture, give the paint special properties, or to reduce the cost of
the paint. Alternatively, some paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with
pigments. (Superpages.com, 2014)
Pigments
Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments include
various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silica, and talc. Synthetics would include
engineered molecules, calcined clays, blanc fixe, precipitated calcium carbonate, and
synthetic pyrogenic silica.
Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, also protect the substrate from the harmful
effects of ultraviolet light. Hiding pigments include titanium dioxide, phthalate
blue, red iron oxide, and many others.
Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its structure
and increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials,
such as diatomaceous, talc, lime, barites, clay, etc. Floor paints that must resist
abrasion may contain fine quartz sand as a filler. Not all paints include fillers. On the
other hand, some paints contain large proportions of pigment/filler and binder.
Some pigments are toxic, such as the lead pigments that are used in lead paint. Paint
manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with titanium white (titanium
dioxide), before lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US
Consumer Product Safety Commission. The titanium dioxide used in most paints
today is often coated with silica/alumina/zirconium for various reasons, such as better
exterior durability, or better hiding performance (opacity) promoted by more optimal
spacing within the paint film.
Advantages of paint
"Paint is the most popular and practical wall treatment. Why? Because it is quick,
easy, and generally the least expensive way to give a room an instant "makeover".
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24. Like cosmetics, paint can call attention to fine details or mask less than perfect ones.
There are two basic kinds of paints, and their different composition affects their color
and use.
1. Latex paint is water based, washable, and quick to dry.
2. Oil based paints take longer to dry and need solvents for cleanup, but have rich
colors and are durable.
Both are available in finishes that range from high gloss to flat. Gloss paints intensify
their colors and cover more area per gallon of paint (approximately 600 feet). Flat
covers are more subdued and cover approximately 400 square feet per gallon. Both
types are washable. Check with your local paint dealer for advice on which type of
paint is best for your project." (Answerbag, 2014)
Disadvantages of paint
* The disadvantages of using oil based paint or varnish.
* It has a slow drying time. This depends on the oil content, the less oil the faster the
drying time.
* There is a long drying time between coats; this can cause an inconvenience, as the
job takes longer.
* A skilled applicator is required to apply it as it can be difficult to brush, it runs,
curtains, laps etc.
* It doesn't have good sealing properties on "bleeding " surfaces. Bleeding materials
are mostly tar based and are easily soluble in oil. It is good however at covering water
stains.
* The heat resistant properties lower with increased oil content.
* It is not alkali resistant through saponification (to convert oil into soap by
decomposition with an alkali) of most drying oils but the resistance does increase by
decreasing the oil content. Tung oil is very stable.
24

25. Window
Glass can be
found in the
interior and
exterior of the
restaurant. Glass
window and panels
can be seen
around the exterior
of the restaurant.
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26. As picture shown, the windows are made with glass. However, the function of window
for the restaurant is to admit light and air into a room. As you can see from the photo,
the method of how the window opening is classify to horizontal pivot hung and the
material that covers the window is timber and its size is rectangle.
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27. 27

28. 28

29. Picture above has shown, glass window for toilet. The method of opening of this
window is Louvre which is support by material of steel. There were obviously show
the window as size of square.
Issues in glass usage
A challenge with glass is only due to ignorance of the product and not because of the
product. Glass can be as safe and efficient, if not more, as any other conventional
building material.
Type of Glass
Tempered glass Plate glass Laminated glass
High is strength Better optical quality Good at reducing the light
and heat
Not able to reduce the
heat and light from outside
Clearer, undistorted vision
and reflection
Good in reducing the noisy
Advantages and disadvantages
 Glass is treated as a frangible material
 Can be incurable, if not used properly
 Glass can be a good alternative for concrete wall
 Entry of sunlight provides warmth
 Provides ‘views’ of exterior environment
 Can be more energy consuming, if not used intelligently
 Limit occupant’s privacy
 Higher initial and operating costs
Properties of glass
Properties of glass as mixture of sand, soda ash or sodium, lime and small amount of
alumina, potassium oxide, and different elements to control colour-heated to form
glass.
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30. As following, soda acts as fluxes that permit silica to melt at lower temperature. Then,
limestone is used to improve weathering properties and the rest elements may be
added to give the glass special properties or colour.
Sustainability
Glass is a sustainable, fully recyclable material which provides great environmental
benefits such as contributing to moderating climate change and saving precious
natural resources. It is also highly treasured in many applications for its inert nature
and its contributions to safeguarding people’s health and well-being.
Maintenance
Glass is among the solidest of common construction materials currently being used.
The common maintenance for glass is use detergents and cleaning solutions that
specifically state they are safe for glass cleaning. Then, cleaning should start by
thoroughly soaking the glass with clean water and soap solution to release dirt or
fragments.
Using a circular motion and light to medium pressure, wipe the cleaning solution on
the glass. Rinse the glass immediately with generous amounts of clean water making
sure to remove all the cleaning solution.
Door
As photo shown, the door is
used to access to the
staircase of the building.
However, the customer is
not allow to use it. It is made
with timber. A type of timber
and finish for the door
showing is softwood.
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31. Timber
Timber is a natural material and renewable resource. It’s carried the aesthetically
beautiful which delight your eye with various colour and tones, grains-create warm
feeling. In addition, timber also clean to grow, fell and process.
Timber can also contribute significantly with the carbon sink effect of the forests,
carbon storage of the timber.
Advantages and disadvantages
 Timber will burn, at the same time as some of other materials such as masonry
and steel do not.
 Timber is a poor conducted of heat. The thicker timbers are better conductors
than the lighter timber.
 Timber has proven to be strong enough and durable material and the building
constructed with timber can last longer for hundred years.
Sustainability
Timber is sustainability. Timber has minimized the harm that brings to the eco-
systems and the forest eco-system health and vitality is maintained. Since the output
of the forest is preserved. Moreover, people necessity to use the moralities related to
the forest are recognized, documented are esteemed, mechanisms for resolving
complaint.
Maintenance
The key to the durability of timber has already been identified as "keeping it dry". So,
keep wringing out as much moisture as you can until you feel confident the mop is
only very slightly damp. Using a mop and bucket combination that has been designed
for easy wringing will go a long way to making this easier for you.
Secondly, using steaming hot water on hardwood floors can dull the finish, especially
on waxed floors, and seep deep into the timber and cause long-lasting damage. To
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32. avoid this, use only half-hearted to cool water on your hardwood floors.
Metal
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33. 33

34. The restaurant uses the metal side gate as their protection while close their shop.
The type of metal used for the gate is stainless steel.
Metal is commonly used in building. It is a combination of steel, layers of iron ore,
coke and limestone. There are 2 main types of metal which are ferrous, non ferrous
and alloy.
Ferrous Non Ferrous
Contain large percentage of iron Contain little or no iron
Wrought iron, cast iron, steel Aluminum, copper, zinc and lead
The type of metal used for the metal slide gate is stainless steel. Stainless steel is a
type of alloy. An alloy is a combination of two or more type of metal in molten form.
Advantage and disadvantage of stainless steel
 Resistance to corrosion
 Resistance to water
 Strong and durable
 Do not tarnish or scratch easily
 Poor electricity conductor
Sustainability of metal
Metal is sustainable. It can be recycled to help to save energy and raw materials.
Maintenance of stainless steel
It can be clean by using water and cloth, but it need to dry with dry towel or cloth to
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35. avoid water spot. The scratch on the stainless steel can be minimized by using
stainless steel cleaner to polish it.
Part 3 : Compare and Contrast
Ceramic Tile Plywood Flakes
 Mixture of clay  A type of timber.
 It made from severals
layers of veneer
 Textured surface
coating materials
Appropriate Usage/Application
 Floor
 Internal Wall
 Concrete panel
 Base of floors
 Walls
 Structural usage
 Flooring within
containers
 Wall, both interior and
exterior
Physical and Chemical Properties
 Durable
 Smooth
 Stain resistant
 Scratch resistant
 Fire resistant
 Would not fade from
sun light and electrical
light
 Slip resistant
 Easy to clean
 Chemical resistance
 Does not hold on
 Size : sold in 2440 x
1220mm and 1525 x
1525mm sheets.
The most common
thicknesses : 4, 6, 9 and 12
mm.
 Natural Thermal
Insulation
 Durable
 Smooth
 Chemical resistance
 Fire resistance if it
combine with non-
 Come in three pack
which are dry fine flakes,
bonding agent and top
coat
 Dry Fine Flakes
are made from China
Clay, Pigments, homo-
polymer emulsion,
mica,etc.
 Boding Agents is
made from pure acrylic
emulsion, broad-
spectrum fungicide etc
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36. heat
 Hygienic - do not
absorb water, smoke,
odours or germs
 Frost resistance
 Do not conduct
electricity
 Environmental
Friendly
combustion materials
 Flexibility
 Impact resistance
 Recyclable
 Top coat is based
on pure Acrylic polymer
 It is smooth
 Thickness : in the
range of 4-5 mils
 Durable
 Alkali Resistance
 Acid Resistance
 Water Resistance
 Resistance to surface
spread flame
 Resistance to dump
 High adhesion
strength
 Abrasion Resistance
 Impact Resistance
 Repeated Cooling
and warming resistance
 Environmentally
Friendly
Disadvantage
 Will crack due to
several impact
 The grout lines between
the tiles are susceptible to
stains, mold and mildew
 Delaminated when
absorbed water vapour.
 Weak spots or gaps can
occur in the sheets of
veneer, leading to void or
hollows insides of the
plywood.
 Will become puckering
when exposed to extreme
heat or moisture.
 Chipping off of flakes
 Artificial to
Weathering
 Accelerated
Weathering
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37. Aesthetical Value
 There are many
designs and shapes.
 Its appearance depend
on the grain of the wood
 There is mono or
multi color shades in a
single coat.
Maintenance
 The dust on the tiles
can be clean by
sweeping or mopping
 The grout line need
to be sealed
 If crack can be
maintain by using plaster
 Paint or vanish it
 The stains on it can be
cleaned by using mild
household cleaner or
detergent
 Can be clean by
using soap and water
Method Of Application
 Installed using a variety
of mortars, grouts, and tools
 Making a mistake can
compromise the wall
causing problems down the
line.
 Installation with nails
 Installation with
adhesive
 Three Coat systems :
 First Coat : Base Coat
(Primer) by brush
 Second Coat: Material
application by trowel.
 Third Coat: Glossy /
matt top coat by trowel.
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38. Part 3 : Suggestion
As the pictures shown, the ceramic tiles in the restaurant started to crack and is
maintained by placing plaster on it. In addition, the grout line between the tiles is
having stain on it. These make the ceramic tile look ugly and dirty and it might
influence the image of the restaurant. Therefore, ceramic tiles can be replaced by
flakes as the finishing of the wall. Flakes is a type of materials which is like a paint.
Flakes will not face the same problem as the ceramic tile but it is having some same
advantages with ceramic tiles. For example, it is water resistance, chemical
resistance, abrasion resistance and environment friendly. The way to clean the dust
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39. stain on flakes is also very easy, it just need to mop by a wet cloth and soap. Besides,
the flakes is more suitable than ceramic tile because it contain fine granite. It will
provide the wall a more naturally look which is more matching the theme " garden" of
the cafe. Moreover, it's installation is much easier and cheaper than ceramic tile
because the installation of ceramic tile is complicated, hard and require a profession
to do but the installation of flakes is easy enough to be done by a skilless worker or
even the owner himself. In conclusion, the ceramic tiles can be replaced by flakes.
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41.  House & Home, (2014). Ceramic & Porcelain Tile. [online] Retrieved 2014, July 9, from
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