This document presents the results of an investigation into the performance of solar domestic hot water systems in Northern Cyprus. Laboratory and on-site tests were conducted to analyze the effects of collector tilt angle and azimuth orientation on system efficiency. The results show that a tilt angle of 36 degrees performs best overall, with lower angles in summer and higher in winter. East-facing azimuths increase morning performance while west-facing boosts afternoons. Testing found efficiencies of 25-30% in the lab but 15-25% in actual use, highlighting the need for improved installation practices. The study provides guidance on optimizing collector orientation for seasonal hot water demands.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ABSORBER PLATE FOR NOCTURNAL.pptx
PRESENTATION SEEP
1. AN INVESTIGATION
ON THE PERFORMANCES OF SOLAR
DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEMS IN
TURKISH REPUPLIC OF NORTHERN CYPRUS
Presented by:
YOUSSEF YAHYA OSMAN
Done by:
Assit. Prof. Dr. ALİ EVCİL
YOUSSEF YAHYA OSMAN
2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
AIM
METHODOLOGY
RADIATION ON
HORIZONTAL SURFACE
RADIATION ON SOLAR
COLLECTORS
SDHWS LAPORATORY TESTS
SDHWS ON-SITE TESTS
RESULT AND DISCCUSION
Solar Radiation for Nicosia in
2007
RADIATION ON SOLAR
COLLECTORS
LAPORATORY TESTS
ON-SITE TESTS
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
3. INTRODUCTION
Cyprus is located at the eastern part of Mediterranean Sea
Sunny days are about 340 days per year
Yearly average global radiation is 1727 kWh/m2
Thermosyphon type SDHWS are used commonly
The question is “How efficient SDHWS are in use in TRNC?”
Solar Domestic Hot Water System (SDHWS)
5. INTRODUCTION
System consists of:
• Storage cylinder
• Solar collectors
24 Galvanized pipes
Glass cover
Insulation
• Connecting pipes
Thermosyphonic System
6. AIM
The aim of the study is
• To investigate the effect of collector tilt and azimuth
angles on the performance of SDHWS theoretically
and also experimentally
• To investigate the performances of SDHWS in use in
TRNC
7. METHODOLOGY
Hourly variation of solar radiation on a horizontal
surface (Qmet) in Nicosia for the year 2007 and also for
the dates of experiments conducted were obtained
from meteorological office of TRNC.
8. Radiation on Horizontal Surface
By adding the hourly radiation data the daily total radiation
were obtained.
By averaging the total daily radiation per month of the year
to calculate the monthly average values for SDHWS
applications.
10. Radiation on Solar Collectors
• Solar azimuth angle
• Altitude angle
• Zenith angle
cos 𝛼1 =
sin 𝛽1 sin 𝐿 sin 𝛿
cos 𝛽1 cos 𝐿
sin β1 = cos 𝐿 cos δ cos 𝐻 + sin 𝐿 sin δ
cos 𝜃𝑧 = cos 𝐿 cos δ cos 𝐻 + sin 𝐿 sin δ
11. Radiation on Solar Collectors
• Incidence angle
cos 𝜃𝑖=
sin 𝐿 sin 𝛿 cos 𝑆 − cos 𝐿 sin 𝛿 sin 𝑆 cos 𝛹
+ cos 𝐿 cos 𝛿 cos 𝐻 + sin 𝐿 cos 𝛿 cos 𝐿 sin 𝑆
+ cos 𝛹 sin 𝐻 sin 𝑆 sin 𝛹
12. LABORATORY TESTS
Laboratory tests done with a range of tilt and azimuth angles were
considered
Six T-type thermocouples (T1 to T6) used to record the temperature
variation
Data acquisition system (ORDEL UDL100)
Procedure:
1. Adjust the tilt and collector azimuth angles.
2. Refill the system with cold water.
3. Start the measurements removing the cover of solar panels.
4. Stop the experiment after enough data is collected.
5. Plot the results against time.
13. ON-SITE TESTS
2 T-Type thermocouples used to measure the top and button temperature
variation of HWC
Data acquisition system (ORDEL UDL100)
Procedure:
1. Record the variables on the case study paper
(Date, Tilt angle, Collector azimuth, Area of collector, Volume of HWC)
1. Make the connections before sun rise.
2. Record temperature variations from sunrise to sunset.
3. Calculate energy absorbed by assuming linear variation of temperature
4. Plot the results against time.
15. Solar Radiation for Nicosia in 2007
Daily Solar Radiation (Nicosia, 2007) Monthly Average Daily Solar Radiation
(Nicosia, 2007)
16. Radiation on Solar Collectors Tilt
Angle Variation
Autumn Equinox
• Tilt angle below and above
36° the radiation on the
collector surface increases
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18
GMT
SolarRadiation(kJ/hm
2
)
0°
12°
24° 48°
36°
60°
Autumn Equinox
Sept. 23rd
, 2007
Nicosia
17. Radiation on Solar Collectors
Azimuth Angle variation
Winter Solstice
• The change in azimuth angle
towards east and west will
cause more energy gain in
the morning and afternoon,
respectively.
• Performance decreases
48°
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18
GMT
SolarRadiation(kJ/hm
2
)
Winter Solstice
Dec. 21st
, 2007
Nicosia
South
Qmet
20°E
60°E 60°W
20°W
18. Radiation on Solar Collectors
• The installation of the
system may cause
efficiency drops well below
the lowest efficiency value
of 30% down to 10%
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18
GMT
ThermalEnergy(kJ/hm
2
)
10%
Aug. 8th
, 2007
Nicosia
Tilt: 36°
Azimuth: 0°
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Qmet
100%
19. Radiation on Solar Collectors
• for the equinoxes the best
tilt angle seems to be 36
which makes half of the
year needs this angle and
as the study shows that for
the summer and winter
time the average tilt angle
is also 36 degrees where
also at this angle the
performance is stable.
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Tilt Angle (Degrees)
ChangeofPerformance(%)
Summer Solstice Autumn Equinox Winter Solstice
20. Radiation on Solar Collectors
• Azimuth angle directed to
the south gives the
equinoxes and solstices a
stable performance
21. LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
Gradual increase in
temperature
Decrease in the
temperature difference
between the upper and
lower parts of the HWC
shows that the SDHWS
has nearly reached to its
maximum capacity of
heating.
28. CONCLUSIONS
Collector Azimuth Angle
Effects the energy absorption
More in morning towards east
More in afternoon towards west
Summer performance not effected due to
longer day time
In winter, spring and autumn lower
performance due to shorter day time
Collector Tilt Angle
Autumn and spring: 36 °
Summer: < 36 °
Winter: > 36 °
Laboratory Experiments
HWC water temperature increases gradually
At the beginning of the experiment ∆T is about
6 to 7°C.
At the end of the experiment ∆T is about 2 to
3°C.
As the temperature difference becomes less the
energy absorption also becomes less.
The temperature profile was almost linear
except at the beginning of heating and after
hot water usage.
Efficiency is between 25 to 30%
On-Site Experiments
Efficiency is between 15 to 25%
30% not working at all
29. RECOMMENDATIONS
Much more care must be taken during the installation of the
systems and also for maintenance to obtain the most out of solar
energy.
To obtain a most effective collector tilt angle for a SDHWS one
must use seasonal domestic hot water requirements together with
the seasonal performances, and can be considered as a future
work.
