The document discusses climate resilience and infrastructure challenges posed by climate change. It notes increasing natural disasters are causing billions in damages annually. The need for resilient infrastructure to withstand gradual climate changes and periodic shocks is discussed. Challenges include uncertainty around projections, high adaptation costs, difficulty coordinating stakeholders, and economic risks to business from disruptions. Solutions proposed include standards, certification programs, insurance products, international city networks, and innovative infrastructure technologies and monitoring tools to enhance resilience.
9. CLIMATE CHANGE
“Any change in climate over
time, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of
human activity”
IPCC, 2007
10. THE HUMAN-INDUCED DRIVERS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Human
activity
Greenhouse gas
emissions
Climate
change
Demographic
spike
Economic
growth
Environmental
impact
11. Periodic
climate shocks
Gradual evolution of
climate factors
A GLOBAL PHENOMENON WITH LOCAL CONSEQUENCES
Typology of climate risks
Climate change will affect each region differently
12. THE GRADUAL EVOLUTION OF CLIMATE FACTORS
Sea level Thermohaline
circulation
Wind patterns Air quality
Air
temperature
Rainfall
patterns
Melting
permafrost
17. QUALITIES OF A RESILIENT SYSTEM
RESOURCEFUL
Facilitated
reallocation of
resources
REFLECTIVE
Able to
learn
ROBUST
Limits the
propagation of flaws
FLEXIBLE
Alternative
strategies
REDUNDANT
Back-up
capacities
INCLUSIVE
Input and
involvement of
stakeholders
INTEGRATED
Systems that
work together
as a whole
18. FUNCTIONAL RESILIENCE
Operation in fail-soft mode while ensuring a minimum service level in the
absence of the usual resources
Resistance
Absorption
Recovery
19. TWO TYPES OF RESILIENT MEASURES
Adaptation
Manage the
inevitable
Attenuation
Avoid the
unmanageable
30. EACH THREATENED FOOD SOURCE UPSETS THE ENTIRE SUPPLY CHAIN
This applies across every sector: agriculture, fishing, construction, retail, insurance, tourism, etc.
Ecosystem and
biodiversity
Economy Health
Access to
resources
Geopolitical
instability
Climate
migration
31. CHANGING DISTRIBUTIONS OF DISEASE VECTORS AND ALLERGENS
Pollen season could become longer and more severe (Inserm, 2017)
Ecosystem and
biodiversity
Economy Health
Access to
resources
Geopolitical
instability
Climate
migration
36. ALREADY A HIGH GLOBAL COST
Total cost of
natural disasters
in 2017 (Swiss Re)
330Billion
37. In France, the cost of natural disasters could double in 25 years due to climate
change, the increase in the country’s total wealth and unfavorable regional
development (FFA, 2015)
€48B
in damages
from 1988 to 2013
€92B
in damages expected
from 2014 to 2039
THE RISING COST OF CLIMATE DISASTERS
39. INFRASTRUCTURE: A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF ADAPTATION
Housing Energy Production Communication
Protection Transport Water & sanitationStorage
75% of infrastructure cities will need in 2050 has not been built
(GIB, 2014)
A unique chance to include resilience in their design: Resilience by design
41. SETBACKS TO ADAPTATION
Science & technology
Financial
Social & cultural
Governance & institutions
In light of uncertain long-term projections, greater knowledge
and advances in modeling will be needed
Access to funding and implementing adaptation measures is
often costly
Informing stakeholders about climate change and the various
levels of acceptable risk can inhibit the formation of a
common strategy and ability to take responsibility for the
phenomenon
Increasing stakeholders makes it harder to take decisions and
implement regional adaptation strategies
43. A. Operational risks to business continuity
Due to periodic climate shocks
B. Long-term risks to the contract economy
Due to the gradual evolution of climate parameters
44. A. OPERATIONAL RISKS TO BUSINESS CONTINUITY
DUE TO PERIODIC CLIMATE SHOCKS
Damage to equipment Health and safety Business and worksite
stoppage
Environmental
45. DAMAGE TO A CONSTRUCTION CRANE BECAUSE OF HURRICANE IRMA (Miami, 2017)
46. EXTREME WEATHER WILL INCREASE THE PHYSICAL HARDSHIP AND ACCIDENT RISK OF JOBS:
CRAMPING, FROSTBITE, EXHAUSTION, DEHYDRATION OR HEAT EXPOSURE THREATENS
WORKSITE SAFETY
49. B. LONG-TERM RISKS TO THE CONTRACT ECONOMY
DUE TO THE GRADUAL EVOLUTION OF CLIMATE PARAMETERS
Operation and
maintenance spending
Performance of
structures
Contractual
penalties
Infrastructure
maladjustment
Ineligibility for “green
funding”
51. THE LIFESPAN OF STRUCTURES WILL BE ALTERED IF PHENOMENA SUBJECT TO CLIMATE CHANGE
– SUCH AS SHRINK-SWELL CAPACITY OF SOIL – IS NOT ACCOUNTED FOR IN THE DESIGN PHASE
58. CONVERGENCE OF INITIATIVES
Insurance
Parametric insurance
Weather derivatives trading
Cat bonds
Institutions
Paris climate agreement
Connected Cities network
Multilateral backers
Standards
Norms
Resilience label for French cities
HQE Resilience
59. A GLOBAL NETWORK OF CITIES: THE C40
The C40 connects
urban stakeholders and
mayors worldwide to
encourage stronger
collective action on
climate issues
60. ANOTHER GLOBAL NETWORK OF CITIES: THE 100RC
The 100 Resilient Cities
(100RC) network aims
help cities around the
world withstand the
physical, social and
economic challenges
of the 21st century
61. AXA GLOBAL PARAMETRICS
COVERS CLIMATE DISTURBANCES
Compensation is paid when a weather
parameter associated with
the customer’s losses reaches a
predetermined threshold
Insurance covering the cost of additional
defrosting for aircraft during prolonged periods
of low temperatures
62. THE NEW INTERNATIONAL NORM:
ISO 37101
The ISO 37101 norm offers assistance to
municipalities to improve the sustainable,
smart or resilient nature of strategies,
programs and plans
63. THE NEW STANDARD:
THE RESILIENCE THEME OF NF HABITAT HQE
In early 2018, a “resilience” section was
added to the NF Habitat HQE certification
to encourage building design to account
for risks posed to buildings by natural
hazards. To that end, it inventories the
potential impacts for each hazard in order
to implement adaptation measures
PHOTO A
CHANGER
76. SCORE ICU (E6 & ACPP) IS A TOOL FOR MONITORING THE FORESEEABLE IMPACT OF
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ON URBAN HEAT ISLANDS
Place des Jacobins in LYON, France
Initial state
ICU score: 0.764 ICU score: 0.693
Projection
77. CLS (Satellite Location Collection) OFFERS SATELLITE TOOLS AND SERVICES FOR MONITORING
WATER RESOURCES AND THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING
78. TEMPERATE (AZAVEA & ICLEI-USA), ADAPTATION STRATEGY PLANNING SOFTWARE THAT
ACCOUNTS FOR FUTURE CLIMATE DATA BASED ON RECOGNIZED MODELS AND SCENARIOS,
FOR AMERICAN CITIES
87. DHI FRANCE MANAGES WATER ISSUES WHILE TAKING CLIMATE CHANGE INTO ACCOUNT TO
HELP ITS CUSTOMERS IMPLEMENT ADAPTATION STRATEGIES: MANAGING AND ASSESSING
URBAN FLOODS, WATER SHORTAGES, ETC.
95. IN IOWA, HISTORIC DATA IS USED TO MAKE INFRASTRUCTURE MORE ROBUST BY IDENTIFYING
THE MOST VULNERABLE STRUCTURES AND ADAPTING THEM TO FUTURE FLOODS (USA)
100. EU SEQUANA 2016
A EUROPE-WIDE CRISIS MANAGEMENT EXERCISE SIMULATING A 10-YEAR FLOOD
IN ILE-DE-FRANCE FROM MARCH 7-18, 2016
Operate the European civil
protection system
Focus attention on flood
phenomenon
Bring together partners and
stakeholders in the Paris region to
improve coordination of their
actions
Result: the May-June 2016 floods, the exercise, which took places
upstream, helped to streamline crisis management procedures
117. A REFLECTIVE SYSTEM
According to 100RC, reflective people and institutions use
past experiences to inform future decisions and modify
norms and behaviors in turn.
Example:
A reflective planning process is more apt to respond to new circumstances
Source : 100RC
118. A ROBUST SYSTEM
According to 100RC, a robust project is well designed, built
and managed. It includes measures to ensure that failures are
predictable, safe and not disproportionate to their cause.
Example:
Robust protection infrastructure will not break down in a catastrophic way
when the design thresholds are exceeded
Source : 100RC
119. A FLEXIBLE SYSTEM
According to 100RC, flexibility refers to the drive and capacity
to adopt alternative strategies in response to changing
circumstances or sudden crises. Systems can be made more
flexible by introducing new technologies or knowledge,
notably by recognizing traditional practices.
Example:
In a period of crisis, cities can reassign city buses for emergency
evacuations.
Source : 100RC
120. AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM
According to 100RC, integrated processes combine systems
and institutions and can also trigger additional benefits as
long as resources are shared and stakeholders can work
together to achieve greater goals.
Example:
Integrated urban planning enables a city to cope with multidisciplinary
problems, such as an emergency response to catastrophe through
coordination
Source : 100RC
121. A RESOURCEFUL SYSTEM
According to 100RC, resourceful people and institutions can
recognize other ways to use resources during crises to meet
their needs or achieve their goals
Example:
Although households in the cities of Chile’s central valley use water provided
by municipal networks, service is frequently out after strong earthquakes. In
response, many households have wells to maintain their water supply.
Source : 100RC
122. A REDUNDANT SYSTEM
According to 100RC, redundancy refers to the reserves
available for coping with disturbances caused by extreme
stress, demand spikes or external events. This includes a
diversity of ways to meet a given need.
Example:
Redundant energy systems deliver several solutions for supplying networks
during demand spikes or service outages
Source : 100RC
123. AN INCLUSIVE SYSTEM
According to 100RC, inclusive processes focus on expanded
cooperation aiming to create a shared vision and a feeling of
shared ownership in order to build resilient cities
Example:
Advance warnings enable at-risk populations to protect themselves and
minimize human and material damages
Source : 100RC
124. FOCUS ON FUNCTIONAL RESILIENCE:
THE BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN
To be resilient in response to a natural
catastrophe, a business or institution will
need to implement a business continuity
plan (BCP) to maintain a minimum level of
service without its usual human and material
resources.
This includes a strategic document updated
regularly to plan the reaction to adopt in
response to a hazard in order to minimize the
impact on business.
In practice:
• In response to a climate shock like a
tropical cyclone, this may include taking
cover to protect staff, equipment and
installations, while working to restore
priority activities within a short time frame
• In response to a prolonged episode, it may
involve a backup for the portion of the
company that can be backed up