1. Global Veterinaria 12 (2): 158-164, 2014
ISSN 1992-6197
© IDOSI Publications, 2014
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.gv.2014.12.02.8286
Prevalence and Impacts of Ectoparasitic Fauna Infesting Goats (Capra hircus)
of District Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan
Asif Iqbal, Faisal Siddique, Muhammad Sh 1 2 2 ahid Mahmood, 1Asim Shamim,
3Tayyab Zafar, 3Imaad Rasheed, 3Ijaz Saleem and 4Waheed Ahmad
1Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
3Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
4Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology,
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Abstract: The current study was conducted to define the prevalence and associated determinants of
ectoparasitic fauna infesting domestic goats of district Toba Tek Singh (T.T. Singh), Punjab, Pakistan. Overall
prevalence was found 11.14% (448/4020). Among various ectoparasites, ticks (33.58%) were found predominant
as compared to lice (9.58%), fleas (6.84%), mites (3.23%) and flies (2.49%). Hyalomma anatolicum (20.39%),
Rhipicephalus microplus (13.18%), Ctenocepahlides felis (4.35%), Ctenocepahlides canis (2.48%),
Haematopinus spp. (3.48%), Damalinia spp. (3.23%), Linognathus spp. (2.73%), Psoroptes ovis (2.23%),
Sarcoptes scabei (0.99%) and Hypoderma ovis (3.42%) were the prevalent species of ectoparasites. Age, sex
and breed of host were not found positively associated with the prevalence of ectoparasites. Among various
husbandry practices, floor pattern was found having significant variation, while feeding system, housing
system and animal keeping were not found significantly (P>0.05) associated with the prevalence of
ectoparasites. Seasonal trend showed highest prevalence of fleas, lice and mites during the months of winter
while peak frequency distribution of ticks and flies was recorded during summer and spring months,
respectively. Comparison of hematological parameters showed low values in positive animals, while an increase
was recorded in biochemical parameters due to infestation. The fallout of the present study may play significant
role for planning an effective control of ectoparasites in the study area.
Key words: Prevalence Ectoparasites Goat Heamatological Biochemical Parameters Toba Tek Singh
INTRODUCTION direct damage to animals due to their blood feeding
Goats (Capra hircus) induct an imperative cradle of [6]. Self-wounding due to rubbing and transmission of
vital proteins in many poor regions through meat and milk various pathogens are also the biggest source of losses
[1]. In some parts of the world, they are kept as a mean of in animals [7- 9].
procurement quick cash and for cultural functions, Ectoparasites have been recognized as the serious
contributing to income generation and food security. threat to domestic animals causing severe irritation,
Parasitic infestations have significant impact on allergy and toxicosis. Additionally, they also have been
husbandry, productivity and welfare of livestock round known to transmit various protozoal and bacterial
the globe [2]. Some parasitic infestations even cause diseases in man and animals [10-13]. Periodic
death when the control measures are neglected [3]. investigations of the prevalence and associated risk
Reduction in weight gain, lowered productivity and factors of ectoparasites are required to foresee the impact
damage of hide quality are the major activities performed of ectoparasites in the particular locality. Different
by the ectoparasites in goats [4, 5]. They can also cause investigations have been made in various parts of
Corresponding Author: Asif Iqbal, Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Cell: +92-300-6560477.
158
activities and can transmit many pathogenic organisms

2. Global Veterinaria, 12 (2): 158-164, 2014
Pakistan on ectoparasites [12, 14]. Up till now, as there is as young. Animals were divided into two categories
no information about the ectoparasites of district T.T. (male and female) on the basis of sex. The breeds of goats
Singh, so this study was designed for the determination included were Beetle, Teddy, Dera Din Pannah and Desi
of the prevalence and associated risk factors of of the study area. The positive animals were further
ectoparasites infesting goats of district T.T. Singh and to observed for association of husbandry practices with the
compare the hematological and biochemical parameters of prevalence (%) of ectoparasites.
infested and non-infested animals in study area. The data about temperature, relative humidity and
MATERIALS AND METHODS obtained from the meteorological department of Pakistan.
Study Area: The detailed geography, climatic conditions both), housing system (open/ close/ semi-close), floor
and seasonal variations of district T.T. Singh has been pattern (non-cemented/ cemented/ partially cemented) and
described earlier by Iqbal et al. [15]. Physical map of the animal keeping (rope tied/ open) were the observed
study area has been shown in figure 1. husbandry practices. The selected animals were screened
Sampling Units: The present study was cros-sectional presence of ectoparasites by using magnifying glass.
and prospective from April, 2011-March, 2012. By Infested animals were segregated for collection of
applying two stage cluster random sampling, 150 samples/specimens. Collection of the specimens was
farms comprising of 4020 goats were randomly made by using forceps [17], while for mites, skin scrapings
selected. A pilot study of the questionnaire was used were taken by following the method described by
to refine the questions and their multiple choices. Fthenakis et al. [18]. All specimens were preserved in
All information were collected on a pre-designed glycerin alcohol (95 parts of alcohol and 5 parts glycerin)
questionnaire. Questionnaire was refined through formal in McCartney bottles. All specimens were taxonomically
and informal testing [16]. identified by using description and specific keys [17].
The animals of the study area were divided into Blood samples (5-10ml) were collected from jugular vein
various categories based on their age ranges. Animals of using a sterile syringe in screw capped bottles containing
(>6 months), were considered as adult and (0-6 months) 5mg EDTA as preservative.
159
rain fall of the study area for the year 2011-12 was
During study, feeding system (grazing /stall feeding/
fortnightly through ante mortem examination for the
Fig. 1: Physical Map of District Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan

3. Global Veterinaria, 12 (2): 158-164, 2014
160
For hematological studies, blood samples were
collected from infested and non-infested domestic animals
and compare the parameters (including; erythrocyte, total
leukocyte counts, differential leukocytic count (DLC),
Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and haematocrit (PCV).
Similarly, serum total protein, serum albumin and serum
globulin were calculated through standard procedure
described by Lorin [19]. The collected data was analyzed
using multiple logistic regressions. Factors with paired
characteristics were analyzed by using Odd’s Ratio. SAS
software package 2010 was used for the analysis at 95%
confidence level. Fig. 2: Prevalance of ectoparasites infesting goat
RESULTS
population of district T.T. Singh
prevalence of P. ovis (2.23%; 18/804; P<0.05; OR= 1.97)
Over all prevalence of ectoparasites was found were found higher than Sr. scabei (0.99%; 8/804). While
(11.14%; 448/4020). Among these, ticks were found only one species of flies i.e. Hypoderma Ovis (3.42%;
predominant (33.58%; 270/804; P<0.05) as compared to lice 2.49%; 20/804) was found prevalent in the study area as
(9.58%; 77/804), fleas (6.84%; 55/804), mites (3.23%; shown in table 1. Host related determinants, like age, sex
26/804) and flies (2.49%; 20/804) as shown in figure 2. and breed were not found having any significant (P>0.05)
In ticks, the prevalence of Hyalomma anatolicum influence over the prevalence of ectoparasites.
(20.39%; 164/804) was higher (P<0.05; OR= 1.75) compared In different observed management and husbandry
with Rhipicephalus microplus (13.18%; 106/804). Between practices, the prevalence of ectoparasites was found
the identified species of fleas, the prevalence of highest in animals kept on non-cemented (6.64%;
Ctenocepahlides felis was found higher (4.35%; 35/804; 267/4020; OR= 2.17) followed in order by partially
P<0.05; OR= 1.94) as compared to Ctenocepahlides canis cemented (3.05%; 123/4020; OR= 1.29) and cemented floor
(2.48%; 20/804). In lice,Haematopinus spp. (3.48%; 28/804 (1.44%; 58/4020) while feeding system, housing system
P<0.05; OR= 3.97) was found predominant followed in and animal keeping were not found associated with the
order by Damalinia spp. (3.23%; 26/804; OR= 2.53) and prevalence of ectoparasites (P>0.05) as shown in the
Linognathus spp. (2.73%; 22/804). In mites, the table 1. Seasonal study showed highest prevalence of
Fig. 3: Seasonal Prevalence of Ectoparasitic Fauna Infesting Goat Population of District Toba Tek Singh

4. Global Veterinaria, 12 (2): 158-164, 2014
Table 1: Association of various determinants with frequency distribution of ectoparasitic fauna infesting goat population of district T.T. Singh
Determinants Variables Levels Prevalence (%) Odds Ratio P-value
Prevalent Ectoparasites Tick Hyalomma anatolicum 20.39% (164/804) 1.75 0.001
Boophilus microplus 13.18% (106/804) - -
Flea Ctenocepahlides felis 4.35% (35/804) 1.94 0.002
Ct. canis 2.48% (20/804) - -
Lice Haematopinus spp. 3.48% (28/804) 3.97 0.001
Damalinia ovis 3.23% (26/804) 2.53 0.005
Linognathus vituli 2.73% (22/804) - 0.004
Flies Hypoderma ovis 2.49% (20/804) - -
Mite Psoroptes ovis 2.23% (18/804) 1.97 0.010
Sarcoptes scabei 0.99% (8/804) - -
Husbandry Practices Feeding system Grazing 3.75% (151/4020) 1.00 0.058
Stall feeding 4.60% (185/4020) 1.01 0.053
Both 2.78% (112/4020) - 0.052
Housing system Open 3.53% (142/4020) 1.01 0.061
Close 2.76% (111/4020) 1.02 0.059
Semi close 4.85% (195/4020) - 0.073
Floor pattern Kacha 6.64% (267/4020) 2.1 0.001
Partially cemented 3.05% (123/4020) 1.2 0.004
Cemented 1.44% (58/4020) - 0.005
Animal Keeping Open 5.99% (241/4020) 1.02 0.057
Rope tied 5.14% (207/4020) - 0.059
Host Determinants Sex Ectoparasites Male (N=435) Female (N=369) - -
Ticks 33.10% (144) 34.15% (126) 1.05 0.056
Fleas 8.51% (37) 4.88% (18) 0.55 0.051
Lice 10.11% (44) 8.94% (33) 0.87 0.057
Flies 2.30% (10) 2.71% (10) 1.18 0.111
Mites 2.76% (12) 3.79% (14) 1.39 0.071
Age Ectoparasites Young (N=495) Adult (N=309) - -
Ticks 35.15% (174) 31.07% (96) 0.83 0.053
Fleas 6.06% (30) 8.09% (25) 1.36 0.058
Lice 10.10% (50) 8.74% (27) 0.85 0.061
Flies 2.42% (12) 2.59% (8) 1.07 0.82
Mites 5.25% (16) 3.24% (10) 0.60 0.065
Breed Beetle 11.28% (141/1250) 1.09 0.052
Teddy 11.84% (116/980) 1.15 0.067
Dera Din Pannah 13.33% (20/150) 1.32 0.071
Desi 10.43% (171/1640) - 0.054
Table 2: Comparison of hematological and biochemical profile of infested and non-infested goats of district T.T. Singh
Sr. No. Components Healthy animal (Mean ± S.E.) Infested animal (Mean ± S.E.)
Hematological Parameters Hb( g/100ml) 14.0 ± 0.16 9.5 ± 0.63
PCV (%) 35.04 ± 0.22 28.60 ± 0.74
TEC(106/mm3) 13.8 ± 0.8 8.90 ± 0.54
TLC(103/mm3) 15.2 ± 0.32 12.45 ± 0.19
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lymphocytes 60 ± 0.39 71.41 ± 3.20
Neutrophils 31 ± 0.89 17.17 ± 1.56
Eosinophils 7 ± 0.37 10.27 ± 1.90
Monocytes 2 ± 0.41 1.29 ± 0.33
Biochemical parameters Total protein (gm/dl) 6.4±3.9 8.1±1.2
Albumin (gm/dl) 3.2±5.7 4.1±1.1
Globulin (gm/dl) 3.6±5.2 4.0±0.2
161

5. Global Veterinaria, 12 (2): 158-164, 2014
fleas and mites in winter while prevalence of ticks and flies Seasonal dynamics of ectoparasitic load observed
was found at their peak in the months of summer and
spring seasons respectively as shown in figure 3.
Comparison of hematological parameters showed
remarkable differences between infested and non-infested
animals, in the form of low values of infested animals.
Whereas, the values of biochemical parameters increases
due to infestation as shown in table 2.
162
DISCUSSION
Ectoparasites like ticks, lice, mites, fleas and flies
identified during present survey have also been reported
by previous other workers [2, 12, 20, 21] in various parts
of the world. The prevalence of ticks reported in current
study fall in the prevalence range of 10.14-84.30%
recorded from other regions of the world [20- 22]. This
high variation in distribution could be due to varied
geographical and climatic conditions of any area. Three
species of lice reported from study area has also been
recorded in different parts of world with the prevalence
range of 1.9-94% [2, 6, 23, 24] which may depend on many
factors like herd size, husbandry and management
practices. Report of mite infestation of present survey is
very similar to other scientists [2, 12] who recorded that
7% and 5.19% mite infestation in animals. Reports of flea
infestation in ruminants are not very common. In Israel,
Japan and Brazil Ct. felis has the major cause of disease in
ruminants [25, 26]. Ct. canis have been reported in
Nigerian goats [25]. Local breed of goat carried markedly
lower ectoparasitic loads than cross bred. This suggests
that indigenous goat could have a higher innate and/or
acquired resistance. This agrees with results of Sajid et
al.[14] that recorded breed susceptibility to ectoparasitic
infestation in ruminants and demonstrated lowest
prevalence in indigenous breed. It has been reported that
the local breeds have lower ectoparasitic counts
compared to exotic breeds [27]. He described that even
though the mechanism of resistance is not fully
understood, it could be related to a pre-immunity to
ectoparasites often established through continuous
contact with the infectious agents from early stage in life
[28]. Avoidance behaviour, skin hypersensitivity and
increased grooming may also contribute to increased
resistance of the local breed to ectoparasites. Age and sex
were not found associated risk factors (P>0.05)
influencing prevalence of ectoparasites. It was assumed
that age and sex did not affect ectoparasitic load in
ruminants [29].
during the survey of other investigators who observed
high ectoparasitic count during the hot-wet season
[27, 30, 31]. The higher ectoparasitic prevalence and loads
observed in the hot-wet season than in the cool-dry
season could be attributed to the more conducive
conditions for their proliferation and survival during this
season. Accelerated ectoparasitic proliferation occurs
when environmental temperatures and humidity are high
[32, 33]. Results about different management and
husbandry conditions were very similar to those reported
by Sajid et al. [5] from districts Muzaffar Garrrah &
Layyah, Pakistan. There was a strong association
between floor pattern and ectoparasitic prevalence being
higher prevalence in non-cemented floor. Ectoparasites
consume host’s erythrocytes which tend to reduce the
TEC in affected subjects [34]. This also results lowering
of Hb concentration hematocrit and erythrocyte instability
and reduced PCV and increased ESR. Infested animals
presented eosinophilia, which could be due to allergic
reactions caused by mites or their products of
provocative reactions or due to the activation of immune
system. In contrary to the findings of present study, some
observed no change in the blood of small ruminants
suffering from sarcoptic mange which might be due to
lower quantitative burden of mites that the TEC is directly
related to degree of infestation [25]. Marked increase of
TP in ectoparasites infested subjects [35] is due to
increased albumin fraction. DLC revealed significantly
lower numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes and
monocytes in infested as compared to healthy animals.
The present study calls for special ectoparasite
control intercession in the district for valuable production
of skin and to upsurge the efficiency of small ruminants.
Findings of our study provided possible indicators
associated with the ectoparasitic infestation in the T.T.
Singh which will be a source of guidance for poor farming
community to get maximum economic return of goat
farming through utilization of maximum genetic potential
to produce. We believe that implementation of appropriate
husbandry practices and special attention for the younger
and female goats before onset of parasitic threat.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study is a part of research conducted in a
technology transfer project funded by the Endowment
Fund Secretariat, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

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