2. 1. INTRODUCTION
2. CLASSIFICATION
3. NATURAL POLYMERIC MATERIAL
4. MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATION
5. NEW NATURAL POLYMER AND MODELING
6. ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL POLYMER
7. DISADVATAGES OF NATURAL POLYMER
8. APPLICATIONS
9. MARKETED PRODUCTS
10. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
2
3. From the Greek word
“POLYMERS”
“Poly” “Meros”
means Many mean Parts
Many parts=POLYMER
Natural polymer synthetic polymer
Polymers that occurs in
nature produced from
living organisms
• The polymers are defined as
macromolecules composed of one or
more chemical units (monomers).
3
4. • A natural polymer is a
polymer that is found in
nature and is not man made
all natural or organic polymers
come from living organisms.
GUAR GUM
POWDER
Why great attention for natural
polymer ?
Biodegradable, Biocompatible
Non-toxic
4
6. Polysaccharides from plant origin
CELLULOSE
• Major sources of cellulose are plant
fibers like cotton (genus-Gossypium,
Family-Malvaceae)
• Linear chain of several hundred to over
ten thousand β(1→4) linked D glucose
units having the formula (C6H10O5)n.
• cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin.
• MCC-Diluent/binder in tablet
• Cellulose acetate Fibers-wound
dressing.
• Carboxylated MCC-Film coating agent.
Structure of cellulose
6
7. AGAR
• Dired Gelatinous substance.
• Gelidium amansii (Gelidaceae)
• Mixture-agarose and agaropectin.
• Suspending agent, emulsifying agent,
gelling agent in suppositories, surgical
lubricant, tablet disintegrants, medium for
bacterial culture, laxative.
• jellies, confectionary items,
Agar agar seaweed
STARCH
• maize (Zea mays),rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum
aestivum) (Graminae) , and potato (Solanum tuberosum)
(Solanaceae)
• Carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose
units joined together by glycosidic bonds.
• Mixture-amylose and amylopectin
• Use-Packaging,container,films,textile sizing.
7
9. Polysaccharides from animal origin
CHITIN
Source- mollusks, annelids,
arthropods.
• constituent of the mycelia
and spores of many fungi.
Application-
• Nanoparticles &
microparticles [controlled
drug delivery]
• Mucosal, nasal, peroral
drug delivery.
Structure of chitin
Structure of Chitosan
9
10. XANTHAN GUM
Source- Product of gram negative bacteria
Xanthomonas Campestris
Composition-Cellulose derivative contains a
cellulose backbone ( -D-glucose residues)
and a trisaccharide side chain of -D-
mannose- D gluronic acid – -D-mannose
attached with the main chain of alternate
glucose residues.
Application-
• Oral and topical formulations,
cosmetics, food industry as a suspending
and stabilizing agent.
• Sustained release matrix tablet.
Structure of xanthan Gum
10
11. ALGINATE
Source-Alginate is a water-soluble linear
polysaccharide extracted from brown
seaweed. ( Phaeophyceae include
Laminaria hyperborea)
Composition-1–4 linked -L-glucuronic
and –D mannuronic.
Sodium Alginate powder
Structure of alginates
Applications:
11
12. PSYLLIUM (PSYLLIUM MUCILAGE
SEED)
Source-Plantago ovata ( Plantaginaceae)
Applications-
• Tablet binder
• Psyllium husk hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
prepare a novel sustained release, swellable and
bioadhesive gastro retentive drug delivery
systems for ofloxacin.
PSYLLIUM
PLANTAGO
Psyllium Husk
Powder
12
13. Proteins from Animal Sources
COLLAGEN
Source-
• Primary protein component of animal
connective tissues.
• pig skin, bovine hide, and pork and cattle
bones.
Composition-
• 27 types of collagen exist & is composed of
different polypeptide , (glycine, proline,
hydroxyproline and lysine)
Applications-
• Collagen films-ophthalmology DDS for slow
release of drug.
• Tissue engineering-skin replacement, bone
substitutes, and artificial blood vessels and
valves.Structure of collagen
13
14. GELATIN
Properties and composition
• Translucent, colorless
• A high molecular weight polypeptide
• It consist of 19 amino acid.
• Water soluble
• Proteins from animal source -Elastin, albumin
and fibrin.
Applications
• Tablet coating
• Suppositories
• Gelatin emulsions
• Microencapsulation
• Gelatin as nanoparticle & microparticles
Soft gelatin capsules
Hard gelatin capsules
14
15. Proteins from vegetal sources
WHEAT GLUTEN
Source-Product of the starch
fabrication.
Composition- main groups:
proteins, gliadin and glutenin.
Advantages-
• Fastest degradation rates.
• Biodegradable, non-toxic
• Available in high quality & low
cost
Application-film forming agent
SOY PROTEIN
Source & composition-Soy
protein isolate -form of soy
protein +90% proteins.
Applications-
• Health benefits
• Helps in heart
problems.
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17. CUTIN
• It is a complex combination of nonpolar lipids which
form part of the waxy layer that envelops the plant
on the outermost layer, protecting it against water
loss to the environment.
• outermost layer is referred to as cuticle ; it is the
structure thought to be a major enabler of plant
evolution from water to dry land due to the
enhanced water retention capacity it provides.
• discovery of natural polyester from plant cuticle came
later than that of polysaccharides and proteins.
SUBERIN –
• similar role as cutin of protecting the root tissue
against water loss. It is commonly used industrially as
the main constituent of cork.
Polyhydroxyalkanostes- Found in bacteria,
synthesized in plant,particularly in leaves.
Cutin Pathway
17
18. Polyesters used in pharmaceutical blister packaging
Polyester used in medicated cotton coil
Cleanroom Polyester Swab
18
19. SOURCE POLYMER
Cell walls of plant Pectin
Seeds and Roots Galactomannans
Seaweeds Carrageenan, Alginates, agar
Animal cell walls Hyaluronan
Shells of aquatic animals Chitin
Skins and bones of animal
and scales of fish
Gelatin
Bacteria Xanthan , Hyaluronan , gellan
19
20. • Linking together of a large molecule of small molecule termed as
monomers with each other to form a macromolecule or polymer
molecule through chemical reaction is termed as polymerization.
MECHANISM OF
POLYMERIZATION
• Chemical reaction in which polymer is formed.
• Small molecule of by-product with a lower molecular weight is released.
• Reaction can take place between two similar or different monomers,
known as step-growth polymerization.
Condensation
Polymerization or
Step-growth
Polymerization
• No elimination of any molecule.
• It is obtained by linking together the monomer molecules by a chain
reaction to give a polymer whose molecular weight is exactly an integral
multiple of that of the monomer.
Addition
Polymerization or
Chain
Polymerization
20
21. • Computer based techniques –Used to design and predict the
properties of polymers
• The potential of emerging computer based methods to predict
conformation, interactions and properties of natural polymers, their
chemical derivatives and blends is immense.
• Computer modeling may well become the "screening method" of
choice to identify new polymers without having to go through the
long and tedious process of synthesizing or "growing" every
possibility.
21
22. ADVANTAGES
Biodegradable
Biocompatible and non-toxic
Low cost
Environmentall
Local availability (especially in
developing countries.
DISADVANTAGES
Microbial contamination
Batch to Batch variation
The uncontrolled rate of hydration
Slow process
Heavy Metal contamination
22
23. APPLICATION OF
NATURAL POLYMERS
IN NANODRUG
DELIVERY
APPLICATIONS OF
NATURAL POLYMER IN
DRUG DELIVERY
APPLICATION OF
NATURAL POLYMERS
BLENDING IN
PACKAGING INDUSTRIES
APPLICATION OF
NATURAL POLYMER IN
NATURAL EXCIPIENTS.
23
24. Polysaccharides
STARCH
• use of starch in pharmaceutics is
extensive.
• Use as co-polymer and excipient
in controlled drug delivery.
• magnetised iron-oxide nano-
particles coated with starch were
used – targeting brain tumor.
Maize starch
modified and un-
modified – used as
polymeric material to
formulate different
types of nano-
particles.
2 different types of
nano-particles –
cross linked with
epichlorohydrin and
phosphoryl chloride
(POCl3 ) using both
the gel and emulsion
methods.
24
25. Chitosan
• A nonvirus carrier, chitosan has excellent biocompatibility
and biodegradation, which has led to increasing application
of chitosan nanoparticles in gene drug delivery.
Non-viral gene delivery vectors
• Chitosan itself has a certain antitumor activity.
• chitosan nanoparticles can increase drug concentration in the
tumor site and improve therapeutic effects.
Carrier of anticancer chemical
drugs
• Nano-particles fabricated with chitosan - to investigate the
controlled release of anti-retroviral drug, lamivudine.
• chitosan and polyoxometalates (POM) were tested as anti-cancer
preparation.
• starch nano particles – used to chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) to
coat lipid based carriers in order to enhance ocular drug delivery
Other applications
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28. XANTHAN GUM
• free flowing powder
• soluble in both hot and cold water
to give viscous solutions at low
concentrations.
• Thickener and stabilizer-creams, eye
gels.
• In emulsions and suspesions for
pharmaceutical use xanthan gum
prevents the separation of insoluble
ingedients, e.g., Barium sulphate in
X-ray contrast media.
28
29. CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES
• Biodegradable, biocompatible and less toxic.
• used as a mucoadhesive, oral absorption enhancer and in protein and gene
delivery.
• Chitosan, typically isolated from the shell of shrimp, has the ability to react
with DNA and compact it to produce a nanoparticle. Such nanoparticles are
more readily taken up by cells.
PECTIN
• soluble in pure water
• binding agent in tablets.
• Used to prepare beads by ionotropic gelation technique, sustained
release drug delivery using calcium pectinate gel bead.
• Pectin hydrogels can be used in controlled release matrix tablet
formulations.
• Using a extruder/spheronizer, spherical pellets containing calcium
pectate were prepared.
• These were then coated in pectin solution resulting in the formation of
insoluble calcium pectinate gel around the pellets..
Structure and powder of pectin
29
30. CARRAGEENAN
• Chondrus crispus
• Gelling agent
• A good substitute for gelatin (animal-based
product) in hard and soft gel capsules.
• Thickening agent in hand lotions and
shampoos
• Carrageenan has unique properties like
viscosity, continuous phase gel formation and
specific interactions with the abrasive.
• Combination of these properties helps in
stabilizing the toothpaste preparations.
CELLULOSE ETHERS
• Pure cellulose as such is insoluble in
hot or cold water
• Cellulose is converted to cellulose
esters or cellulose ethers derivatives
which are water soluble
• Modified cellulose derivatives
enhance water retention capacity,
pseudoplastic behavior,film forming
properties and complexation.
30
31. Food packaging-
NON-
EDIBLE
EDIBLE
Starch+PE Polysacchari
des
Proteins Lipid
Polysacchari
des
Chitin/Chitos
an
Collagen/gel
atin
Soya
proteins
Bees wax
Polylactic
acid(PLC)
Starch Wheat
gluten
whey
Carnauba
wax
Polyvinyl
alcohol
Pectin Corn Zein Free fatty
acid
Pharmaceutical Industries-
• To protect the product for
distribution, storage and
until the process involved
in finishing of material
products.
• Quality and effectiveness.
Maintaining the
quality of products.
31
33. o Polymers play a vital role in the drug delivery system. So, the selection of polymer plays an
important role in the manufacturing of drugs.
o Natural biodegradable polymers have received much more attention in the last decades due to
their applications in the fields related to environmental protection and the maintenance of
physical health.
o Natural polymers can be good substitute for the synthetic polymers and many of the side
effects of the synthetic polymers can be overcome by using natural polymers.
o The polymers have great future, because of its increased demand and usage. Researches are
being carried out to use polymers more effectively.
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formulation”, a review Int.J. of institutional pharmacy and life science, 2015, 206
5. Krishna Sailaja, P.Amareshwar,P.Chakravarty, “Chitosan nanoparticles as a drug
delivery system”Research journal,July-sept.2010,volume-1,P.g.481,ISSN:0975-
8585
34
35. 5. Nawrath C,Poirier Y (2008).Pathway for the synthesis of polyesters in
plants;cutin,suberin and polyhydroxylalkonates. Adv.Plant Biochem Mol.Bi01:201-
239
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Nanodrug Delivery,”2011,2-
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as pharmaceutical Excipients.” A Review, 2011,P.2-16
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