The term neurotoxicity refers to damage to the brain or peripheral nervous system caused by exposure to natural or man-made toxic substances. These toxins can alter the activity of the nervous system in ways that can disrupt or kill nerves.
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neurotoxicity
1. Neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical,
or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or
function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.
It occurs when exposure to substance – specifically, aneurotoxin
– alters the normal activity of the nervous system in such a way as
to cause permanent or reversible damage to nervous tissue.
This can eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, which are cells
that transmitand process signals in the brain and otherparts of
the nervous system.
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2. Causes
Neurotoxicity can result from
organ transplants,
radiation treatment,
certain drug therapies (e.g., substances used in chemotherapy),
recreational drug use,
and exposure to heavy metals, pesticides,
certain industrial cleaning solvents,
certain naturally occurring substances.
3. Symptoms
Symptoms may appear immediately after exposure or be delayed.
They may include
limb weakness or numbness,
loss of memory,
vision, and/or intellect,
uncontrollable obsessive and/or compulsive behaviors,
delusions,
headache,
cognitive and behavioral problems
sexual dysfunction.
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4. The presence of neurocognitive deficits alone is not usually
considered sufficient evidence of neurotoxicity, as many substances
may impair neurocognitive performance without resulting in the
death of neurons.
In some cases the level or exposure-time may be critical, with
some substances only becoming neurotoxic in certain doses or time
periods.
Some of the most common naturally occurring brain toxins that lead
to neurotoxicity as a result of excessive drug use are beta amyloid
(Aβ), glutamate, dopamine, and oxygen radicals. When present in
high concentrations, they can lead to neurotoxicity and death
(apoptosis).
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5. Some of the symptoms that result from cell death include
loss of motor control,
cognitive deterioration and autonomic nervous system dysfunction.
neurotoxicity has been found to be a major cause of
neurodegenerative diseases such asAlzheimer's disease (AD).
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