Polyester, Rice husk and Banana fibre as composites

1. A
PRESENTATION ON
Polyester, Rice husk
and
Banana fibre as composites
Presented by:
Vinit Singh
2016PPE5370
Presented to:
Dr. Mukesh Kumar
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
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2. POLYESTER
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3. DEFINATION
• POLYESTER (AKA TERYLENE) IS A CATEGORY OF POLYMERS
WHICH CONTAIN THE ESTER FUNCTIONAL GROUP IN THEIR MAIN
CHAIN.
“Long chain polymers chemically composed of at least
85% by weight of an ester and a dihydric alcohol and
terephthalic acid”. The name “polyester” refers to the
linkage of several monomers (esters) within the fiber.

4. HISTORY
• IN 1926, UNITED STATES-BASED E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND
CO. BEGAN RESEARCH INTO VERY LARGE MOLECULES AND
SYNTHETIC FIBERS
• W.H. CAROTHERS, CENTERED ON WHAT BECAME NYLON, THE
FIRST SYNTHETIC FIBER.
• 1939-41, BRITISH RESEARCH CHEMISTS TOOK INTEREST IN THE DU
PONT STUDIES AND CONDUCTED THEIR OWN RESEARCH IN THE
LABORATORIES OF CALICO PRINTERS ASSOCIATION, LTD. THIS
WORK RESULTED IN THE CREATION OF THE POLYESTER FIBER
KNOWN IN ENGLAND AS TERYLENE.
• IN 1946, DU PONT PURCHASED THE RIGHT TO PRODUCE THIS
POLYESTER FIBER IN THE UNITED STATES.
• THE COMPANY CONDUCTED SOME FURTHER DEVELOPMENTAL
WORK, AND IN 1951, BEGAN TO MARKET THE FIBER UNDER THE
NAME DACRON

5. FORMS OF POLYESTER
1. FILAMENT
2. STAPLE
3. TOW
4. FIBERFILL

6. USES OF DIFFERENT FORM IN DIFFERENT PLACES
1. IN THE FILAMENT FORM, EACH INDIVIDUAL
STRAND OF POLYESTER FIBER IS CONTINUOUS IN
LENGTH, PRODUCING SMOOTH-SURFACED FABRICS
2. IN STAPLE FORM, FILAMENTS ARE CUT TO SHORT,
PREDETERMINED LENGTHS. IN THIS FORM
POLYESTER IS EASIER TO BLEND WITH OTHER
FIBERS
3. TOW IS A FORM IN WHICH CONTINUOUS FILAMENTS
ARE DRAWN LOOSELY TOGETHER
4. FIBERFILL IS THE VOLUMINOUS FORM USED IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF QUILTS, PILLOWS, AND
OUTERWEAR

7. Microscopic View

8. STRUCTURE AND APPERANCE
• COLOURLESS AND TRANSPARENT
• SMOOTH AND LUSTURUOS
• SHAPE AS WE REQIURE
• SHINY GLASSROD LIKE

9. POLYESTER FIBER CHARACTERISTICS
STRONG
RESISTANT TO STRETCHING AND SHRINKING
RESISTANT TO MOST CHEMICALS
QUICK DRYING
CRISP AND RESILIENT WHEN WET OR DRY
WRINKLE RESISTANT
MILDEW RESISTANT
ABRASION RESISTANT
RETAINS HEAT-SET PLEATS AND CREASE
EASILY WASHED

10. DISTINGUISHING FORM OTHERS
 DISTINGUISHING POLYESTERS FROM OTHER FIBERS:
POLYESTER IS SOLUBLE IN HOT META CRESOL; HOWEVER ,UNLIKE ACETATE
IT IS NOT SOLUBLE IN ACETONE, AND UNLIKE NYLON IT IS NOT SOLUBLE
IN CONCENTRATED FORMIC ACID.

11. POLYESTER BLENDS
• POLYESTER AND COTTON
1. RESIST WRINKLES
2. RESIST STAINS
3. RETAIN SHAPE

12. POLYESTER BLENDS
• POLYESTER AND WOOL
1. WRINKLE RESISTANCE
2. SHAPE RETENTION
3. INCREASE DURABILITY

13. POLYESTER BLENDS
• POLYESTER AND RAYON
1. MORE DURABLE
2. SHAPE RETENTION
3. MORE RESILIENCE

14. PROPERTIES DENIER: 0.5 – 15
 TENACITY : DRY 3.5 - 7.0 : WET 3.5 - 7.0
 ELONGATION AT BREAK : DRY 15 - 45 : WET 15 45%
 MOISTURE REGAIN: 0.2-0.5%
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.36 - 1.41%
 ELASTIC RECOVERY : @2% =98 : @5% = 65
 MELTING POINT : 260 - 270 DEGREE C
 EFFECT OF SUNLIGHT : TURNS YELLOW, RETAINS 70 - 80 % TENACITY AT LONG
EXPOSURE
 RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING: GOOD
 ROT RESISTANCE: HIGH
 ALKALI RESISTANCE: DAMAGED BY CON ALKALI
 ACID RESISTANCE: EXCELLENT
 INSECTS: NO EFFECT


15. CHEMISTRY OF POLYESTER
FIBER
COOHHOOC + CH3OH COOCH3CH3OOC
COOCH3CH3OOC + HOCH2CH2OH
COOCH2CH2OHHOCH2CH2OOC CH3OH+
Terephthalic Acid Dimethyl Terephthalate
Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl) Terephthlate
Polyester
Ethylene Glycol
C
O
COCH2CH2O
O
C
O
OCH2CH2OC
O
Polymerization
n

16. OTHER PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER
• FINENESS OF POLYESTER TEXTILE: FINENESS OF POLYESTER FIBER IS ALSO
CONTROLLABLE.
X-SECTIONAL SHAPE: NORMAL CROSS SECTIONAL SHAPE IS ROUND BUT IT IS ALSO
MADE TRIANGULAR, ELLIPTICAL OR PENTAGONAL. NORMALLY IT IS WHITE BUT COULD
BE OF ANY COLOR IF COLOR IS ADDED DURING SPINNING.
EXTENSIBILITY: EXTENSION AT BREAK VARIES FROM 20% TO 30 %. GOOD RECOVERY
FROM EXTENSION. DUE TO GOOD EXTENSION, STRENGTH AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY
POLYESTER IS WIDELY USED AS SEWING THREAD IN THE GARMENT INDUSTRIES.
RESILIENCY: POLYESTER TEXTILE SHOWS GOOD RESILIENCY PROPERTY. IT DOES NOT
CREASE EASILY AND ANY UNDUE CREASE CAN BE RECOVERED EASILY.
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY: POLYESTER FIBER IS DIMENSIONALLY STABLE. IT COULD BE
HEAT-SET AT AROUND 200 DEGREE C. HEAT SET POLYESTER FIBER DOES NOT SHRINK OR
EXTENDED.
ACTION OF BLEACHING AGENTS: IT IS NOT DAMAGED BY THE ACTION OF BLEACHING

17. RICE HUSKS
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18. BANANA FIBRE
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19. INTRODUCTION
• THE NATURAL FIBERS ARE RENEWABLE, NON-ABRASIVE, BIO-DEGRADABLE, POSSESS A
GOOD CALORIFIC VALUE, EXHIBIT EXCELLENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ARE
INEXPENSIVE.
• THIS GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY FEATURE MAKES THE MATERIALS VERY
POPULAR IN ENGINEERING MARKETS SUCH AS THE AUTOMOTIVE AND CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY.
• THE BANANA FIBERS ARE WASTE PRODUCT OF BANANA CULTIVATION, THEREFORE
WITHOUT ANY ADDITIONAL COST THESE FIBERS CAN BE OBTAINED FOR INDUSTRIAL
PURPOSES.
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20. BANANA FIBER
• BANANA PLANT NOT ONLY GIVES THE DELICIOUS FRUIT BUT IT ALSO PROVIDES
TEXTILE FIBER, THE BANANA FIBER.
• IT GROWS EASILY AS IT SETS OUT YOUNG SHOOTS AND IS MOST COMMONLY
FOUND IN HOT TROPICAL CLIMATES.
• ALL VARIETIES OF BANANA PLANTS HAVE FIBERS IN ABUNDANCE.
• THESE FIBERS ARE OBTAINED AFTER THE FRUIT IS HARVESTED AND FALL IN
THE GROUP OF BAST FIBERS.
• THIS PLANT HAS LONG BEEN A GOOD SOURCE FOR HIGH QUALITY TEXTILES IN
MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD, ESPECIALLY IN JAPAN AND NEPAL.
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21. PROPERTIES OF BANANA FIBER
• BANANA FIBER IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF BAMBOO FIBER, BUT ITS FINENESS AND SPIN ABILITY
IS BETTER.
• THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BANANA FIBER IS CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE, AND
LIGNIN.
• IT IS HIGHLY STRONG FIBER.
• IT HAS SMALLER ELONGATION.
• IT HAS GOT SHINY APPEARANCE DEPENDING UPON THE EXTRACTION & SPINNING PROCESS.
• IT IS LIGHT WEIGHT.
• IT ABSORBS AS WELL AS RELEASES MOISTURE VERY FAST.
• IT IS BIO- DEGRADABLE AND HAS NO NEGATIVE EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT AND THUS CAN
BE CATEGORIZED AS ECO-FRIENDLY FIBER.
• IT CAN BE SPUN THROUGH ALMOST ALL THE METHODS OF SPINNING INCLUDING RING
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22. COMPOSITION OF FEW COMMONLY USED NATURAL
FIBERS
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23. METHOD OF PREPARATION
• REQUIRED MATERIALS ARE:
• BANANA FIBER
• RESIN (POLYESTER, CAN BE USED
MANY)
• HARDENER (METHYL ETHYL KETONE
PEROXIDE, MANY
OTHERS CAN BE USED AS
HARDENER)
• FILLER (SILICON POWDER, MANY
OTHER TYPE OF
FILLERS CAN BE USED)
• RELEASING AGENT Resin Hardene
r
Filler 23

24. STEPS INVOLVED
• THE BANANA FIBER IS OBTAINED FROM BANANA PLANT.
• THE EXTRACTED BANANA FIBER FIRSTLY SUN DRIED AND THEN DRIED IN OVEN
TO REMOVE WATER CONTENT PRESENT IN THE FIBER.
• THEN BANANA FIBER OF DIFFERENT LENGTH IS MIXED WITH MATRIX MIXTURE
WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE VALUES BY SIMPLE MECHANICAL STIRRING AND
MIXTURE ARE SLOWLY POURED IN DIFFERENT MOULDS.
• RELEASING AGENT IS USED ON MOULD SHEET WHICH GIVES EASE TO REMOVAL
OF COMPOSITE FROM THE MOULD.
• AFTER POURING IN TO THE MOULD IT IS HEATED TO 30°C FOR
APPROXIMATELY 24 HOURS.
• A CONSTANT LOAD IS APPLIED ON TO THE MOULD.
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25. COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS• RESIN-60%
• HARDENER -10%
• FILLER- 30%
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Fabricated banana fiber reinforced composite

26. INFLUENCE OF FIBER PARAMETERS ON TENSILE
STRENGTH
• THE MECHANICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THE
BANANA FIBER BASED
EPOXY COMPOSITES
DEPENDS ON FIBER
PARAMETERS
• THE TENSILE
STRENGTH OF BANANA
FIBER REINFORCED
COMPOSITES
INCREASES WITH
INCREASE IN FIBER
LENGTH AND
LOADING.
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27. INFLUENCE OF FIBER PARAMETERS ON FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
• WHEN FIBER LENGTH INCREASES
THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE
FABRICATED COMPOSITES FIRST
INCREASES UP TO 10 MM LENGTH
AND THEN DECREASES.
• WHEN FIBER LOADING INCREASE
THEN FLEXURAL STRENGTH
INCREASE UP TO FIBER LOADING
15% THEN DECREASES.
• THE MAXIMUM FLEXURAL
STRENGTH IS OBSERVED WHEN
FIBER LENGTH IS 10 MM AND
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28. INFLUENCE OF FIBER PARAMETER ON IMPACT
STRENGTH
• THE IMPACT ENERGY IS
INCREASES WITH INCREASE
IN FIBER LENGTH. IT ALSO
SHOW THAT THE IMPACT
ENERGY INCREASES WITH
INCREASES IN FIBER
LOADING.
• THE MAXIMUM IMPACT
ENERGY ABSORBED BY THE
MATERIAL 15 MM LENGTH
OF FIBER AND 20% FIBER
CONTENT.
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29. INFLUENCE OF FIBER PARAMETERS ON
HARDNESS
• THE HARDNESS VALUE
INCREASES WITH
INCREASE IN FIBER
LENGTH AND IT IS
MAXIMUM AT 10 MM
FIBER LENGTH.
• HOWEVER, WITH
INCREASE OF FIBER
LOADING HARDNESS
VALUE INCREASES UP TO
FIBER LOADING 15% THEN
THE HARDNESS VALUE
DECREASES.
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30. USES
• AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES
• BANANA FIBER COMPOSITE WALL
• FLOOR TOPPING OF HOUSES
• WINDOW APPLICATION
• CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES
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31. REFERENCES
• KULKARNI A. G., ROHATGI P. K., SATYANARAYANA K. G., SUKUMARAN K., PILLAI S. G. K., FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES
OF NATURAL FIBER-REINFORCED POLYESTER COMPOSITES, COMPOSITES, 17 (1986), PP. 329-333.
• MERLINI C., SOLDI V. , BARRA G. M. O., INFLUENCE OF FIBER SURFACE TREATMENT AND LENGTH ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF SHORT RANDOM BANANA FIBER-REINFORCED CASTOR OIL POLYURETHANE COMPOSITES, POLYMER
TESTING, 30 (2011), PP. 833–840.
• DHIEB H., BUIJNSTERS J. G., EDDOUMY F., VÁZQUEZ L., CELIS J.P., SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACEDEGRADATION OF
UNIDIRECTIONAL CARBON FIBER REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES UNDER DRY AND WET RECIPROCATING SLIDING,
COMPOSITES PART A: APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING, 55 (2013), PP. 53–62.
• HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/S1877705814033517
• HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET/PUBLICATION/249356546_BANANA_FIBER_REINFORCED_POLYMER_COMPOSITES_-
_A_REVIEW
• WIKIPEDIA.ORG
• GOOGLE IMAGES
• GOOGLE SEARCH
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