4. CORRECTNESS
Different meanings depending on medium of
communication used.
Written – Grammar, spellings, punctuations, style
etcetera
Spoken – Use of right language, Vocabulary etcetera
5.
6. WRITTEN
Grammar – Dangling modifiers, Coherence, Parallel
structure.
DANGLING MODIFIERS (Misplaced Modifier)
UNCLEAR : Upset by the teams performance the arena started to get empty. (SUB-Arena)
CLEAR : Upset by the teams performance the fans started to leave the arena. (SUB-Fans)
7. WRITTEN
Grammar – Dangling modifiers, Coherence, Parallel
structure.
COHERENCE
Make the message to be conveyed, coherent and logical
Example : Also, however, therefore, for instance, similarly, because of, etcetera
Help tie sentences
8. WRITTEN
Grammar – Dangling modifiers, Coherence, Parallel
structure.
PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Parallel : The instructor explained how to start a car and how to shift gears.
Not parallel : The instructor explained how to start a car and shift gears.
10. WRITTEN
PUNCTUATION
EXAMPLE
Incorrect : Arunav is in the washroom (No use of any punctuation)
Correct : Arunav is in the washroom ? (Punctuation used)
While speaking, the tone determines whether the sentences is a question or just a
statement. But while writing the use of punctuations substitute the tone. Therefore in
the above case avoiding the use of question mark ( ? ) has made the sentence
ambiguous.
13. STANDARD STATE ABBREVIATIONS
1. ND – New Delhi
2. UP – Uttar Pradesh
3. AP – Andhra Pradesh
4. MP – Madhya Pradesh
5. TN – Tamil Nadu
6. HR – Haryana
7. WB – West Bengal
8. JK – Jharkhand
14. GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
1. PL – Place
2. N – North
3. S – South
4. W – West
5. E – East
6. RD – Road
7. CR – Credit
8. APT - Apartment
15. NUMBERS AND NUMERALS (Rules)
Rule of 10 – In letters spell out numbers from 1-9 and use numerals for 10
and higher.
Express numbers in word if sentence is beginning with a number
In a sentence if there is a series of numbers express them in numerical form
unless they all are below 10
Express monetary values in numerical form
16. NUMBERS AND NUMERALS (Rules)
Express quantity in numerical form if it has more than three digits
Express one in words and the other in numerical form if a number is
immediately preceded by another
Example : I wish to place an order of fifteen 4-inch paintbrushes
Express time, percentage, decimals, house number, dates, etcetera
17. SPOKEN
INFORMAL
Refers to the spontaneous speech in situations that may be described as natural
Used by people who know each other well
In an organisation informal conversation takes place between people at same level
Example : What’s up, dude, bro, etcetera
18. SPOKEN
FORMAL
Associated with scholarly writing
Contains long and involving sentences
Used while communicating with superiors and subordinates
Example : impromptu, rendezvous, leitmotif, etcetera
19. COMPARISON
MORE FORMAL LESS FORMAL
Participate Join
Deem Think
Edifice Building
Utilize Use
Procure Get
20. ACCURACY OF FIGURES, FACTS, AND
WORDS
Verifying statistical data
Double checking totals
Avoid guessing figures and facts
Considering time period when dealing with facts and figures
Have someone else read the messages
21. WORDS THAT CONFUSE
English is a dynamic language
A lot of confusion between similar sounding words and words with similar
spellings which have different meanings.
EXAMPLE
Effect & affect
Farther & further
Counsel & Council, etcetera
22. WORDS THAT CONFUSE
A & An – ‘a’ is used before consonants whereas ‘an’ is used before a vowel
or a silent ‘h’ as in ‘honesty’
Accept & Except – ‘accept’ means to receive something whereas ‘except’
means omitting something
Anxious & Eager – ‘anxious’ implies worry whereas ‘eager’ implies keen
desire
23. WORDS THAT CONFUSE
Continual & Continuous – ‘continual’ means recurring regularly whereas
‘continuous’ means without stopping
Counsel & Council – ‘counsel’ means to advice whereas ‘council’ is an
advisory or a governing group
Effect & Affect – ‘effect’ means result whereas affect means to influence
