This document provides a summary of qualitative analysis tests for various acid radicals and basic radicals. It lists common acidity and gas tests that can be used to identify ions such as CO32-, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, Br-, I-, NO2-, CH3COO-, and C2O42-. It also outlines confirmatory tests for identifying cations like Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Al3+, NH4+, As3+, and NO2+. The tests involve observing color changes, precipitate formations, and gas evolutions when different reagents are added to salt solutions or solids.

1. CHART
FOR
QUALITAT
ANALYSIS OF ACID RAIICALS
READYREFERENC
Conc. HS0,Test
Heat a
pinch
of the
s a l t
w i t h
c o n c .
H,S0,
(HCI gas
gives
w h i t e ppt. (soluble in NH,OH)wit AgNOCH
Dil. HSo, Test
DoS is evolved when mixture is heated with cone. HSO,
Treat the salt with dil. H,SO4
CO gas,
turns lime water milky -CO,
(tt) H,S gas
(smells like rotten eggs),
turns lead acetate paper black -S2
(tt)
SOg Bgas, turns acidified potassium
d i c h r o m a t e paper green-So2
(iw) NO, gas (reddish brown),
turns FeSO,
solution black -NO,.
i Br. gas
turns
s t a r c h paper yellow or orange-Br
sn ofC, Br, I, NO,", CH,CO0 and
C,0
ii) 1,
vapours
turn
s t a r c h paper blue-
(io) NO, gas
(on adding a paper pellet) turns FeSo, solution
(A
colourless,
o d o u r l e s s gas (CO,)-C,O,2
(v Colourless
vapours
with vinegar smell-CH,CO0-.
So salt does not react with dil. HSO, as well as conc.
HSO, test for
|
and PO"
Confim ation of SO
cONFIRMATORY TESTS
Confirmation ofCO,*
Try to dissolve the salt in water.
Ifthesalt dissolves soluble CO3is indicated.
i) To the solution add dil. HCI-CO, gas evolves with brisk efTervescence.
ii) To the solution add MgSO,
solution-White Ppt. confirms soluble carbonate
Ifthesalt does not dissolve in w a t e r - i n s o l u b l e carbonate is indicated.
Tothesolid sait add dil. HC-CO, gas evolves with brisk effervescence-confirm
insoluble carbonate.
Confirmation ofS
)W.E. orS.E. + acetic acid + lead acetate solution-Black ppt.
(Gi) W.E. or S.E. + Sod. nitroprusside solution-A purple or violet colouration.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS
)Barium chloride test.W.E. or S.E. + dil. HCI + BaCl, solution-White ppt.
nsoluble in dil. HCI.
Confirmation of CCF
To the salt solution add
conc. HNO, and AgNO, solution-A whit.
ble in NH,OH
solution.
t h e salt add MnO, and cone. H,S0, and heat-Cl, gas evolves.
Match stick test. Mix the salt with Na,CO. Make its paste. Fuse a
little
Paste on
the end of match stick. Dip the fused mass in sod. nitroprussidle
ohutionPurple steaks.
solu-
ii Sait +KCrO, solid
+
conc. 1, heat-Red vapours. Pass the
h NaOH solution. To the yellow solution obtained add acetie acid andonfirmation of PO
lead acetate solution-yellow ppt. confirms Cl-
vapoure
nr
Ammonium molybdate test. S.E. + conc. HNO, and boil. Now add amm.
molybdate sol. and heat-Yellow ppt.
Con firmation ofBr-
G Salt solution conc. HNO, + AgNo, solution-Pale yellow ppt. partialy
) Magnesia mxiture test. W.E. or neutral S.E. + Magnesia mixture-White
ppt.
soluble in NH,OH.
Chlorine water test. Salt solution + dil. HCl+ 1-2 ml of carbon disulphide +
chlorine water, shake-urange colour in
Cs, layer.
(ë) W.E. or S.E. + suspension of Cdco,-A yellow ppt.
Confirmation of S0,2
)W.E. or S.E. + BaCl, solution-White ppt. which dissolves with evolution of
SO, on adding dil. HCI.
(i) Salt+ a few drops ofacidified KMnO,-Pink colour of KMnO, disappears.
Con firmation of I
Salt solution + conc. HNO,+ AgNO, 5olution-Yellow ppt. insolublein NH,OH.
(i Chlorine water test. Salt solution + dil. HCI + 1-2 mL of CS, + Chlorine
water, shake-Violet colour in CS, layer.
Confirmation of NO,
)W.E. +acetic acid + FeSO,-Dark brown or black colour.
t) W.E. +2-3 drops of H,So, + KI solution + 2-3 drops of starch solution-Blue
Confirmat ion of CH,COO
G Oxalie acid test. Solid salt +Oxalic acid + 2-3 drops of water, rub-Vinegar
smell.
colouration.
W.E.+a few drops of acidified KMnO, solution-Pink colour disappears.
() Ester test. Salt + conc. H,SO, + Ethyl alcohol, heat-Fruity smell.
tfnogas is evolved when the salt is treated with dilute sulphurie acid.
AbeenceofC0,,8,SO,and NO,
Confirmation of C,0
)Salt solution + acetic acid +CaCl,solution-White ppt.
(ii) Salt + dil. HSO. warm and add 2-3 drops of KMnO, solution-Pink colour is
discharged.
Confirnation of NO
Mixture + conc. H,SO, +Cu chips. Heat-Reddish brown gas.
(ü) W.E. + FeSO, solution + conc. HsO, by the sides of the tube-Dark brown
ring.

2. J A L I T A T I V E
A N A L Y S I S
OF BASto
water, in dil, HCl or conc. HC, cold or
hot.
Label it original son
OF BASIC RADICALS
READYREFERENCECHART K inal son (O.S.). To the O.S., add dil. HC1.
Make the solution
hegven mixture in
distilledv
White ppt.
(Pb) Suticient time after acidification with dil. HCI. Filter
group I is absent, pass H,8 gas throig
AddHOH till it smells of
ammon
If group II is absent, add solid .
If gr IV is absent, to the 0.S. add solid NH,CI, NH,OH and (NH,,CO, solution.
s Or ammonia. If a ppt. is formed, group IIl is present.
Ppt.-Group I1
Black ppt.Pb3", Cu*)
lt
group
III is absent,
through a part
or
t solution
group
IV is present.
NH,CI, 0.5 mlconc. HNO, to the 0.S. Boil and
e
Confirmation of Pb
Boil white ppt. with distilled | Yellow ppt.-As"*)
water anddivide the solution
into two parts
a) Add KI solution to one
DLAIned in group IlI pass H,S gas. If a ppt. is obtained
Reddish brown ppt.-(Fe")
White ppt.-(A*)
tity of 50% HNO, Toone par hal 1f
aConfirmation of (Fe*)
Dissolve the black ppt. in minimum qu White ppt.-(Zn*)
Black ppt.-(Ni*
and Co
in dil. HC1 and Flesh coloured ppt.-Mn
Confirmation of Zn*
solution add dil. H,S0, and aleobol l nirmation of(Fe3y White ppt. (Ba2, Sr, Ca")
part of above
solution. white ppt. is formed Pb? is indicated.in olve the brown ppt. in dil. HCl and| Flesn o
part of above solution. white ppt. is
formed ro NH.OH to
divide the solution into two parts.
If group V is absent test for Mg'
(6) To the O.S. add a pinch of NH,CI, a
few drops of NH,OH and excess of
amm.phosphatesolution-White
ppt-Mg*
(ii) Perform eharcoal cavitycobalt
nitrate test with white ppt.-A pink
Yellow Ppt.
conjirmswhite ppt. is formed, add excess
N,
Pb**.
To one part of solution add pot. | Dissolve a partofwhite ppt. in dil. HUan Disso
the
second part of the solution-Blueco HCIan Dissolve apart of white ppt. in dil. acetic
(z) Add K,CrO, solution to | oured solution indicates Cu"
the second part of the
above solution.
Yellow Confirmation of Cu*
Ppt. confirms Pb2.
acid. Boil off CO
) To one part of the above solution, add
K,CrO,solution.Yellow ppt. Con
firms Ba2
) If Ba2* is absent, then to the second
part of above solution add amm. sul
phate solution. A white ppt. con Test for NH,
firms Sr
ii) IfbothBa and Sr2 are absent, then To the saltandsodium hydroxide solu-
o the third part ofthe above solution tion and heat. If ammonia gas evolves
addammonium oxlate solution. A| NH, is present.
white ppt.confirms Ca2.
Terrocyanide solution. A pruSsion divide the solution
.on add pot
blue colour orjPpt. (0) To one part of solution
add pot.
Terrocyanide solution-Bluish white
Ppt.
() To second part of solution add
pot.
() Add exoess of NH,OH solutionto
original solution. Deep blue
solution.
sulphocyanide solution. A blood
red colouration.
() To second part ofsolution add NaOH
solution. White ppt.
soluble in
ex
mass.
() Acidify the above deep blue solutionOntirmation of A13+
with dil. acetic acid. Add Pot. ) Perform charcoal cavity-cobalt cess.
ferrocyanide solution.Chocolate
brown ppt. confirms Cu.
nitrate test with white ppt. Blue
Confirmation of N"an
ake test. White ppt. + dil. HCI+a Iftheppt.obtained is black Ni2* or Co
y drops of blue litmus solution + indicated. Note the colour ofthesalt. lt
tne
H solution in excess. A blue
salt is greenish-Ni2* is indicated and i
Pp, Suspended in a colourless
the salt is purple Co~* is indicated.
medium (called a lake).
mass.
Confirmation of Ph2
()Pot. iodide test. Tothe 0.S. add KI
solution. Yellow ppt.
(ii) Pot. chromate test. To the O.S. add
KCrO. Yellow ppt.
Pass the gas through Nessler's reagent.
A brownish ppt. or colouration is obtained
Confirmation of Co* Perform the flame test with a part of the
(i) Take O.S. and neutralise the acid by salt.
adding NH,OH. Add a pinchofpotas
sium nitrite and acidify with dil. ace-
tic acid-Yellow ppt.
(ii) Perform boraxbeadtestwiththe
salt-i) Brick red flame-Ca confirmed.
If the ppt. obtained is yellow in colour As"" 0 Lightgreenflame-Ba2* confirmed.
Note. NH, may be tested in the
beginning of analysis of basicradicals as
is indicated.
() Crimsonredflame-S confirmed.
Confirmation of As"* zero group.
(0) Amm. molybdate test. Yellow ppt.
+ conc. HNO, + Amm. molybdate so-
lution-Yellow ppt.
Blue bead.
Confirmation of Ni2*
) Take O.S. and make alkaline by add-
ingNH,OH and then add a few drops
ofdimethyl glyoxime--Bright red
ppt.
(ii) Perform borax bead test with the
(7)
Magnesia mixture test. To the0.S
add magnesia mixture-White ppt.
salt-Brown bead in oxidisingflame
and grey bead in reducing flame.
Confirmation ofMn
() Dissolve flesh coloured ppt. in dil. HC1.|
boil off H,S, add Na OH and Br
water-White ppt. turning grey.
(ii) Perform borax bead test with group
ppt.-Pink bead in oxidising flame
and colourless in reducing flame.
2