CO2 Capture - Jon Gibbins, UKCCSRC, at the UKCCSRC ECR Winter School 2015

1. CO2 Capture
Jon Gibbins
Professor of Power Plant Engineering and Carbon Capture
University of Edinburgh
The UKCCSRC is supported by the
Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council as part of the Research
Councils UK Energy Programme
Director
UK CCS Research Centre
jon.gibbins@ed.ac.uk
www.ukccsrc.ac.uk
Winter School 2015
Co–organised by the ‘EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in CCS and Cleaner Fossil Energy’
and the ‘UKCCS Research Centre’
16th to 19th February 2015

2. About the UKCCSRC
The UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre (UKCCSRC)
leads and coordinates a programme of underpinning research
on all aspects of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in support of
basic science and UK government efforts on energy and climate
change.
The Centre brings together around 250 of the UK’s world-class
CCS academics and provides a national focal point for CCS
research and development.
It has Early Career Researcher and Associate membership
programmes
The Centre also operates the CCS Community Network, open to
anyone with an interest in CCS.
http://www.ukccsrc.ac.uk

3. Capture is an integrated part of CCS (and fuel conversion) systems

4. Scope
This presentation will cover
technologies most likely to
appear in Phases 2 and 3 of CCS
deployment.
Novel technologies, that will
have to compete with 2nd and
3rd generations of solvent post-
combustion, IGCC and possibly
oxyfuel, include:
• Calcium looping
• Chemical looping
• Solid adsorbents
• Immobilised solvents
• Membranes

5. IPCC Special Report on CCS
Hydrocarbon fuels
Types of Carbon Capture Technology
and hydrocarbon
production

6. IEA GHG: ELECTRICITY
COSTS FOR CAPTURE PLANTS
IEA GHG (2006), CO2 capture as a factor in power station investment decisions, Report No. 2006/8, May 2006
Costs include compression to 110 bar but not storage and transport costs.
These are very site-specific, but indicative aquifer storage costs of $10/tonne
CO2 would increase electricity costs for natural gas plants by about 0.4 c/kWh
and for coal plants by about 0.8 c/kWh.
Natural gas plants Coal/solid fuel plants
Consistent for comparison but
absolute values will very

7. PRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE (IEA GHG www.ieagreen.co.uk)
Extra steam
(or water quench)

8. http://www.power-eng.com/articles/2014/10/kemper-plant-costs-rise-an-additional-496m-due-to-startup-delays-brings-total-cost-to-6-1b.html?cmpid=enl-%E2%80%A61/4
http://www.mississippipower.com/about-energy/plants/kemper-county-energy-facility/facts
Plant: 582-megawatt electric power plant
Technology: TRIG™ Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Location: Kemper County, Miss., about 20 miles north of Meridian, Miss.
Fuel: Mississippi lignite, approximately 4.7 million tons used per year;
4 billion mineable tons available in Mississippi alone
CO2 capture: At least 65 percent

9. Design, Development and Large-scale Demonstration of an Oxy-combustion Boiler
Armand Levasseur, Greg Liljedahl, Bruce Wilhelm, Xinsheng Lou, Paul Chapman, Alstom Power, Windsor CT
Thirteenth Annual Conference on Carbon Capture, Utilization & Storage, April 28-May 1, 2014
Pulverised coal oxyfuel – Alstom reference concept with integration

10. Design, Development and Large-scale Demonstration of an Oxy-combustion Boiler
Armand Levasseur, Greg Liljedahl, Bruce Wilhelm, Xinsheng Lou, Paul Chapman, Alstom Power, Windsor CT
Thirteenth Annual Conference on Carbon Capture, Utilization & Storage, April 28-May 1, 2014
Pulverised coal oxyfuel – Alstom reference concept with integration

11. Design, Development and Large-scale
Demonstration of an Oxy-combustion Boiler
Armand Levasseur, Greg Liljedahl, Bruce
Wilhelm, Xinsheng Lou, Paul Chapman,
Alstom Power, Windsor CT
Thirteenth Annual Conference on Carbon
Capture, Utilization & Storage,
April 28-May 1, 2014

12. http://www.whiteroseccs.co.uk
• New standalone power plant at the existing Drax Power Station site near Selby,
• State-of-the-art coal-fired power plant with the potential to co-fire biomass.
• 426MWe (gross) oxyfuel power and carbon capture and storage
• 90% of all CO2 emissions captured
• Capturing approximately 2 million tonnes of CO2 per year
• Anchor project for Yorkshire CO2 transportation and storage network
White Rose CCS Project

13. • New standalone power plant at the existing Drax Power Station site near Selby,
• State-of-the-art coal-fired power plant with the potential to co-fire biomass.
• 426MWe (gross) oxyfuel power and carbon capture and storage
• 90% of all CO2 emissions captured
• Capturing approximately 2 million tonnes of CO2 per year
• Anchor project for Yorkshire CO2 transportation and storage network http://www.whiteroseccs.co.uk

14. Solvent post-combustion capture
CO2 reacts with amine solvents with two main overall mechanisms
1. Carbamate route
CO2 reacts with two amine molecules to form a carbamate and a protonated
amine, with a theoretical capacity limit of 0.5 mol CO2/mol amine.
: 2 R-NH2 + CO2 ↔ R-NH3
+ + R-NH-COO- (+ heat)
e.g. MEA:
2. Bicarbonate route
CO2 reacts with one amine molecule to form bicarbonate and protonated amine,
with a theoretical capacity limit of 1 mol CO2/mol amine – typically sterically
hindered amines where R is a bulky group
R-NH2 + CO2 + H2O ↔ R-NH3
+ + HCO 3
-
(+ heat)
e.g. 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP)

15. Ugochukwu E. Aronu, Shahla Ghondal, Erik T. Hessen, Tore Haug-Warberg, Ardi Hartono, Karl A. Hoff, Hallvard F. Svendsen, Equilibrium in the H2O-
MEA-CO2 system: new data and modelling, Proc. 1st Post Combustion Capture Conference, Abu Dhabi,17th -19th May 2011.
120ºC
100ºC
80ºC
60ºC
40ºC
Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium
(VLE) for 30% w/w MEA
LEAN RICH
(1 bar)

16. Process flow diagram for CO2 capture from flue gas with
temperature swing solvent and stripper/reboiler
Heat in
Heat
out
Heat out
Heat out
Based on: Paul H.M. Feron, Exploring the potential for improvement of the energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-
combustion capture of carbon dioxide, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 4(2), 2010, 152-160

17. Process Flow for Amine Absorption
C.W.
C.W.
Steam
Reboiler
C.W.
ABSORBER
Flue Gas
Cooler
CO2
Flue Gas
Outlet
Flue Gas
STRIPPER
Purity : 99.9 %
MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD.

18. Indicative breakdown of how heat energy is used
Paul H.M. Feron, Exploring the potential for improvement of the energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxide,
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 4(2), 2010, 152-160

19. G
HEAT FOR
CO2
RELEASE HEAT FROM
COMPRESSOR
INTERCOOLERS
HEAT FROM
CO2 REFLUX
CONDENSERS
HEAT INPUT FROM BOILER
HEAT TO
CONDENSER
COOLING
WATER
HP IP LP
FWH1FWH5 FWH2FWH3FWH4FWH7 FWH6 DEAERATOR
REBOILER
LPFWH HEAT RECOVERY
LIQUID
VAPOUR
SPRAY
DESUPERHEATER
Typical heat integration options for post-combustion capture
on steam plant
Integration is not
critical for plant
operation, just
improves
efficiency
LP turbine and generator can
give full power if steam
extraction turned off
J. Gibbins & R. Crane, Scope for reductions in the cost of CO2 capture using flue gas scrubbing with amine
solvents, Proc. I.Mech.E, Vol. 218, Part A, J. Power and Energy (2004), 231-239.

20. Electricity Output Penalty (EOP) for Post-Combustion Capture
on Pulverised Coal Plants
Paul H.M. Feron, Exploring the potential for improvement of the energy performance of coal fired power plants with post-combustion capture of carbon dioxide,
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 4(2), 2010, 152-160
Steam extraction plus
integration assumed to
provide 4 or 5 times as much
heat as the electricity output
lost
20

21. Factors in absorber system design
• Lean pinch – lean loading for required flue gas exit CO2
• Rich pinch – rich loading for flue gas inlet CO2
• Solvent concentration – limited by viscosity, corrosion
• Solvent flow rate – L/G ratio – column area
• Solvent reaction rate and packing – column height
• Heat of reaction & L/G ratio – temperatures – affects reaction rate and
rich and lean pinch
• Lean solvent temperature in
• Flue gas temperature in
• Water balance
• Gas pressure drop
• etc ….

22. Econamine FG+ for Coal Fired Power Plant Flue Gas
CW
CW
DEMIN WATER MAKEUP
FLUE GAS
FROM FGD
EXCESS
WATER
CW
LP
STEAM
PRODUCT CO2
ABSORBER VENT
MAKEUP
SOLVENT
LP
STEAM
WASTE TO
DISPOSAL
SODA ASH
2-STAGE DCC
SYSTEM
NaOH
BLOWDOWN
Reagent
http://www.ukccsc.co.uk/Meetings/industry-readiness-June-2011

23. Satish Reddy, Dennis Johnson & John Gilmartin, Fluor’s Econamine FG Plus Technology for CO2 Capture at Coal-fired Power Plants
Power Plant Air Pollutant Control “Mega” Symposium, August 25-28, 2008. Baltimorehttp://web.mit.edu/mitei/docs/reports/reddy-johnson-gilmartin.pdf
Absorber intercooling

24. Satish Reddy, Dennis Johnson & John Gilmartin, Fluor’s Econamine FG Plus Technology for CO2 Capture at Coal-fired Power Plants
Power Plant Air Pollutant Control “Mega” Symposium, August 25-28, 2008. Baltimorehttp://web.mit.edu/mitei/docs/reports/reddy-johnson-gilmartin.pdf
IntercoolingNo intercooling

25. Satish Reddy, Dennis Johnson & John Gilmartin, Fluor’s Econamine FG Plus Technology for CO2 Capture at Coal-fired Power Plants
Power Plant Air Pollutant Control “Mega” Symposium, August 25-28, 2008. Baltimorehttp://web.mit.edu/mitei/docs/reports/reddy-johnson-gilmartin.pdf
Vapour compression –
post-stripper flash with heat recovery

26. 26

27. Post-combustion solvent summary and some issues not covered
• Basic operating principles – temperature swing, thermal compression
• Need to meet heat and power requirements
• Integration needed within capture system……
• …. and with power plant
• Electricity Output Penalty – the critical performance metric for post-
combustion capture
Not covered:
• Construction details and costs
• Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Operability (Flexibility)
• Solvent degradation, reclamation and disposal
• Solvent volatility and environmental effects
• Water-balance and cooling requirements
• Foaming
• etc ….

28. SaskPower Boundary Dam Unit 3 CO2 capture project
• Final approval on 26 April 2011
•First CCS power project in the world
• $1.4-billion project
• Refurbish sub-critical unit
• Capturing ~ 1Mt CO2 /yr
• EOR opportunities in Saskatchewan
• Commissioning ~ 2014
• Cansolv (Shell subsidiary) post-combustion capture
• Hitachi Canada boiler, modified steam turbine , air quality control system
• SaskPower cancelled a 400MW supercritical PC oxyfuel project at their
Shand site in 2007, so have considerable CCS experience

29. http://www.saskpowercarboncapture.com/projects/boundary_dam
Boundary Dam Integrated Carbon Capture
and Storage Demonstration Project

30. http://www.powerofcoal.com/image/cache/7211-Clean_coal_information_Sheet_March_23_2012__2_.pdf
Boundary Dam Integrated Carbon Capture
and Storage Demonstration Project

31. Boundary Dam Integrated Carbon Capture
and Storage Demonstration Project,
http://www.powerofcoal.com/image/cache/7211-
Clean_coal_information_Sheet_March_23_2012__2_.p
df

32. http://www.saskpowercarboncapture.com/projects/boundary_dam
Boundary Dam Integrated Carbon Capture
and Storage Demonstration Project

33. http://www.powerofcoal.com/image/cache/7211-Clean_coal_information_Sheet_March_23_2012__2_.pdf
Boundary Dam Integrated Carbon Capture
and Storage Demonstration Project

34. MPS article on BD3
opening 2 Oct, 2014

35. Jeremy Carey, CCS Deployment in SSE- Peterhead and Beyond… , IPA / UKCCSC CCS Conference 1st
September 2011. http://www.ukccsc.co.uk/Meetings/edinburgh-sep-2011/Carey_IPA_HW11.pdf

36. ~
HRSG
Advanced
Post
Combustion
Capture
Gas turbine
Air inlet
Exhaust Gas Recycle - EGR
CO2 Transfer & Recycle - CTR
Gas in
Low
carbon
electricity
out
Decarbonised
flue gas out
Decarbonised
flue gas out CO2 transfer
Water/steam
injection
Gas turbine capture systems
EPSRC Gas-FACTS Project
http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/NGBOViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=EP/J020788/1

37. Gas Turbine Facilities with EGR + HAT
Fuel Flexibility: NG, Biogas, Liquid Fuel, Biofuel & H2 Enriched Gas
Pilot-Scale Advanced Capture
Technology Facilities
www.pact.ac.uk

38. Gas Turbine Facilities with EGR
+ HAT
Fuel Flexibility: NG, Biogas,
Liquid Fuel, Biofuel & H2
Enriched Gas
L-R
Karen Finney, Gas-FACTS
Deputy Director Research,
Jon Gibbins
Chris Davies,
Member of the European
Parliament and Rapporteur for
the Implementation report 2013:
Developing and applying
carbon capture and storage
technology in Europe
(2013/2079(INI))
Committee on the Environment,
Public Health and Food Safety
Pilot-Scale Advanced Capture
Technology Facilities
www.pact.ac.uk

39. Pilot-Scale Advanced Capture
Technology Facilities
Amine
Post Combustion Capture
Plant (150 KW)
Coal
S
B
C
G
Control
Units &
System
Integration
Oxygen
Coal
Biomass
AIR
Natural Gas
Gas
Turbine
APU &
Turbec
150Kw
Oxy/air-
Solid Fuels
CTF with
EGR
250KW
Coal –
Biomass
blend
Fuels
50KW
Coal –
Biomass
Air/Oxy
FB Reactor
150KW
Gas Mixer
Facilities
Up to
250 KW
O
L
Planned
IGCC
Reactor
(200 KW)
R
Gas
Cleaning
and
Shift
System
Monitoring
Via
Internet
R
E
E
M
A E
E
www.pact.ac.uk

40. Overview June 2013 40 | NET Power
The NET Power natural gas system
1 Fuel Combustion
2 CO2 Turbine
3 Heat Rejection
4 Water Separation
5 Compression and Pumping
7 Heat Recuperation
6 Additional Heat Input
5
1
2
3
4
7
6
5
 Oxy-fuel, closed-loop, CO2 working fluid
 High-pressure cycle, low pressure ratio turbine
 200-400 bar; 6-12 pressure ratio
 Target Efficiency 58.5% (LHV with 100% CC at 300 bar)
 Addition of a simple hot compression cycle maintains efficiency
and eliminates the need for ASU side heat
 HP CO2 and liquid water are the only byproducts
 No added costs of capture, separation or compression of CO2
Hideo Nomoto, Toshiba Corporation, Rodney Allam, NET Power, Presentation to 7th Trondheim Carbon
Capture and Sequestration Conference, June 5, 2013

41. Overview June 2013 41 | NET Power
NET Power natural gas cycle
Pressure(bar)
Additional Heat
Specific Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Turbine
Fuel Input
Compressor
Pump
Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger 1
2
3
4
5
6 7
Water
Separator
5
Combustor
Contains the intellectual property of 8 Rivers Capital, NET Power and Toshiba.
Hideo Nomoto, Toshiba Corporation, Rodney Allam, NET Power, Presentation to 7th Trondheim Carbon
Capture and Sequestration Conference, June 5, 2013

42. Overview June 2013 42 | NET Power
Natural gas cycle target efficiencies
Natural Gas Platform Target Efficiencies (100% CO2 Capture at 300 bar)
Energy Components HHV LHV
Gross Turbine Output 75% 83%
CO2 Compressor Power -11% -12%
Plant Parasitic Power
(primarily ASU)
-11% -12%
Net Efficiency 53% 59%
Hideo Nomoto, Toshiba Corporation, Rodney Allam, NET Power, Presentation to 7th Trondheim Carbon
Capture and Sequestration Conference, June 5, 2013

43. Conclusions
• Capture cannot be treated in isolation – CCS system & fuel
conversion plant
• No clear technology winners yet for coal or gas
• But technologies that get deployed gain a clear advantage -
2nd & 3rd generation vs. 1st generation of novel technology
• Gasification still challenged by capital costs, mainly for non-
CCS components
• Oxyfuel for pulverised coal awaiting large-scale
demonstration, relies on cryogenic air separation but
improved CO2 processing may give very high capture levels
• Alternative is pressurised oxyfuel, e.g. Allam Cycle
• Solvent post-com is getting deployed, range of incremental
improvements and cost reductions being developed

44. THE END

45. HOW TO MAKE PLANTS CAPTURE-READY
Must:
• Have access to suitable geological storage
• Have space and access for capture equipment
• Have reasonable confidence it will work (feasibility study)
Also consider:
• Pre-investment expenditure with savings later, e.g.
bigger/better equipment
move near cheaper/better CO2 storage
making the power plant more efficient
But only pre-investments with very good returns justified
See IEA GHG report on capture-ready

46. E.ON
Robin Irons
Doosan-Babcock
Gnanam Sekkappan
Imperial
Mathieu Lucquiaud,
Hannah Chalmers
Jon Gibbins
IEA GHG
John Davison