CPD for indoor pools & heat recovery
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The leaders in environmental control systems for indoor pools. Available as a CPD - Continuous Professional Development for CIBSE & Mechanical Engineers.
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CPD for indoor pools & heat recovery
- 1. Heat Recovery & Indoor Pools
- 2. • UK manufacturer and market leader in heat pump technology • Established 1977 • Supplied more Heat pumps in UK than any other manufacturer • Manufactured over 250,000 heat pumps to date • Based at 80,000 sq ft facility in Maldon Essex • Export circa 65% of finished goods Calorex Profile
- 3. Calorex Heat Pumps Indoor Swimming Pools Environmental Climate Control Systems. Heat Recovery & Dehumidification Outdoor Swimming Pools Air source heat pumps Portable Equipment Building Dryers Air Conditioners Air Movement Domestic Heating Ground & Air source Heat pumps Dehumidification Dehumidifiers Humidifiers Heat Recovery Calorex Product Applications
- 4. Services • Free Project appraisals - including site visits • Free sizing advice and product selection • Commissioning • Maintenance contracts • Extended warranty • Nationwide service network. • Over 30 service agents covering UK & Ireland
- 5. Some detail • Large Indoor pools • Public pools & leisure centres • Energy use • Running costs • Dehumidification & ventilation • Heat recovery • Case study
- 7. Setting the Scene • Large number of Leisure Centres 20-30 yr old • Existing AHU’s often use full fresh air • Energy use in Leisure Centre with pools is high • Energy costs rising - find ways of reducing running cost • Associated CO2 emissions • Environmental impact • Carbon footprint • Best practice
- 8. Benchmarks - Dry v Wet Annual Energy Use (kWh/m2) Dry Sports Centre Leisure Pool Centre Typical Good Practice Typical Good Practice Electricity 105 64 258 164 Heating Fuel 343 158 1321 573 Ref: ECG078
- 9. Benchmarks Leisure Centre with Pools • Total Area = 2500m2 (pool hall 1090m2) • Pool Area = 540m2 Leisure Centre with Pools Annual Energy Use (kWh/m2) Typical Good Practice Electricity 258 164 Heating Fuel 1321 573 Costs £119,250 £59,800 CO2 905 tonne 448 tonne
- 10. Energy Use Leisure Centre with Pool
- 11. Energy Use Leisure Centre with Pool 2 main uses of energy • Air Heating 42% – Ventilation and building losses • Water heating 17% – evaporation, back wash & dilution • Potential for 50% reduction in air heating and pool water energy use • Potential to reduce energy use of centre by 29.5% • Reduction in running costs • Reduction in associated CO2 emissions
- 12. Public Pools Municipal Pools and Leisure Centres • Large surface area • High usage • Long hours • Additional water features • Large number of occupants • Spectators
- 13. Fundamental Requirements for Pool Complexes • WATER HEATING Replenish pool water heat losses • AIR HEATING Replenish/maintain pool air above pool temperature • DEHUMIDIFICATION Remove moisture from pool hall air • FRESH AIR Ventilate at minimum acceptable rates • HEAT RECOVERY Use available latent heat
- 14. Dehumidification Affects of Uncontrolled Humidity • Condensation • Damage to building • Structural damage • Damage to fabric, fixtures and fittings • Mildew and mould growth • Personal discomfort
- 15. What do indoor swimming pools require? 1. A pool temperature of between 28ºC and 30ºC to make swimming pools suitable for swimmers 2. Pool hall air at 1ºC above pool temperature to minimise evaporation of pool water to minimise transmission loss to air to provide a comfortable condition for occupants 3. Relative Humidity of 55-65%RH to prevent condensation and damage to building to provide a comfortable condition for occupants 4. Fresh Air Ventilation at 10 litres/sec/person or 3 litres/sec/m2 pool area Dilute CO2 build up reduce airborne chemical build up
- 16. Fresh Air Requirements • Number of guides state ventilation rates based on air change rates in the pool hall • Traditionally based on using fresh air for dehumidification • CIBSE Guide B2, section 3.21.7 Overall 4-6 or 8-10 ac/h dependant on use Fresh Air at 10 l/s/m2 pool hall area & 12 l/s/pers • SPATA Standard Vol 2, section 3 Fresh Air at 10 l/s/pers & 3 l/s/m2 pool area for dilution of CO2 and chemicals • ISRM & ILAM – advice based on air changes • Any fresh air introduced will need to be heated • Should be kept to a minimum for occupancy & dilution only
- 17. Heat Losses from a Pool There are three major sources of heat loss • Evaporation from pool – 65% • Radiation – 20% • Conduction into ground – 15% Note Use of a pool Cover will significantly reduce the heat losses from a pool and therefore the heat input required
- 18. Typical Swimming Pool Losses • At 28ºC a pool loses an average of 20 litres/hour per 100 square metres of pool area • For a 6 lane 25m standard pool, area 325sqm, this equates to 65 litres per hour • The energy content of this moisture is 0.627kWh per litre • This equates to 65 x 0.677 = 44kW available to be recovered • Recovering this energy will make a significant contribution to the pool energy usage
- 19. Dehumidification Systems There are several types of dehumidification systems available:- • 100% Fresh air • Fresh air and heat recovery • Partial re-circulation • Mechanical dehumidifier • Heat pump dehumidifier Some offer heat recovery
- 20. 100% Full Fresh Air
- 21. 100% Full Fresh Air • Simple supply and extract AHU • No heat recovery • Large air heater battery to maintain pool hall temperature • All moisture and heat exhausted • Approx 6-8 air changes required to give sufficient dehumidification at peak ambient dew point • Many existing pools still using this type
- 22. 100% Full Fresh Air
- 23. Recuperator • 100% fresh air, no recirculation • Heat recovery with plate heat exchanger • 50-60% efficiency • At what condition? • Supply air at -5oC and extract air at 30oC • Possible modulation of air flow volume to suit duty; eg lower air flow at night • Also used; run round coils & rotary wheels
- 24. Run-around Coils
- 27. Recuperator & Recirculation • Recirculation to give fixed air flow volume • Fresh air volume modulated to suit DH duty • Minimum fresh air approx 30% of day time duty during night time operation • Heat recovery with plate heat exchanger • Heat recovery to air only • Up to 75% efficiency claimed for double pass recuperator • At what condition? Inlet -5oC, extract 30oC? • Little or no latent heat recovery
- 28. Recuperator & Heat Pump
- 29. Recuperator & Heat Pump • Heat pump added after recuperator • Additional heat recovery • Some latent heat recovery • Only used on exhaust air • No heat recovery on by-pass path • Heat recovery by-passed in summer • Can offer option of heat recovery to water
- 30. Desiccant Fresh Air Inlet Heater Heater Pool Hall Wet Air Exhaust Exhaust Air
- 31. Desiccant • Uses desiccant dehumidifier to do some DH duty • Fresh air modulated to suit extra duty required • Fresh air can be reduced to minimum during unoccupied periods • No heat recovery to air or water • Heat gain through rotor only 50% of regeneration heater energy use • Pay twice to evaporate water. Once for pool heating & then for regen heater to evaporate from desiccant rotor • Life of rotor 7-10 years
- 32. Calorex Systems • Based on heat pump dehumidifiers • Recovery of Latent heat • Recovered heat returned to air or water • Air re-circulated • Fresh air introduced when required • Units available for all pool sizes from small domestic to Olympic sized public pools • Stand alone units to fully packaged AHUs
- 34. What is a Heat Pump? • A heat pump is a thermodynamic device capable of recovering energy from one medium, enhancing it and transferring it to another • Heat pumps are usually based on a refrigeration cycle • They are often viewed as a ‘fridge in reverse’ • Unlike refrigerators the primary aim of a heat pump is to provide heating
- 35. A Heat Pump is a fridge in reverse
- 36. Types of Heat Pump • Usually described on basis of mediums between which heat is transferred • Air to air • Air to water • Water to air • Water to water • Geothermal or ground source
- 37. Heat Pump Cycle
- 38. COP = Coefficient of Performance COP = Total Heat Output Energy Consumed
- 39. Why use a Heat Pump? • Recovered energy • Energy efficient • Environmentally friendly • Lower running costs • Swimming pool water usually at 28-30oC • Air temp usually 30oC • Ideal operating conditions for heat pump • COP of approx 5 • Efficiency 500% • Subtract fan energy use, efficiency still 300%
- 42. Calorex HRD
- 43. Calorex HRD
- 44. Calorex HRD
- 45. Benefits of HRD • HRD controls air temp, water temp, humidity and fresh air introduction • Pool hall air re-circulated • Fresh air modulated to keep to minimum • Fresh air volume dependant on air temp, humidity or occupancy (AQ/CO2) sensor • Fresh air volume of up to 72% of re-circulated volume • Energy saving due to latent heat recovery • Heat recovery to water and air • Heat recovery to water sufficient to make up all of operational pool water heat losses • Save 30-40% of running cost compared to recuperator based system with variable fresh air • Significant reduction in associated CO2 emissions
- 46. Benefits of HRD • Compact size • Fully packaged unit including controls • Controls can be stand alone or utilise local BMS controller • Smaller LPHW air heater required due to lower fresh air volumes • Boiler capacity required therefore reduced compared to AHU with recuperator • Associated project costs lower:- • Boiler • Controls • Plant room space
- 48. Advantages of Calorex • Wide product range • Comprehensive range of options • Specifically designed for swimming pools • Established reputation • High quality and reliability • Excellent product support, before & after sale • Continuous product development • All units factory tested prior to despatch
- 49. Case Study Typical Local Authority Leisure Centre • Main Pool; 25m x 13m • Learner pool; 13m x 8.5M • Deck level type • Water in main pool at 28oC and learner pool at 30oC • Air at 30oC & 60%RH • Pool hall volume; 5000m3 • Municipal use, high activity, 16 hrs per day • No pool covers
- 50. Willowburn Sports and LC
- 51. Sizing of Heat Pump Dehumidifier Dehumidifiers are sized to cope with the average evaporation from a pool over a 24 hour period and maintain the correct humidity, usually 60%RH. Fresh air is used to assist with humidity loads at times of peak usage Factors that influence selection are:- • Pool surface area • Water temperature • Air temperature • Pool hall volume • Building heat losses and gains • Pool cover • Usage • PoolCalc selection programme
- 52. PoolCalc
- 54. Evaporation
- 55. Calorex HRD 30 Data • Airflow = 9.7m3/s (35,000m3/h) • Power consumption = 44kW • Heat recovery = 131kW (mode A; 117kW to water & 14kW to air) • Efficiency = 297% • Air heater = 210kW • Size = 4.15m l x 1.75m w x 2.53m h
- 57. Energy Analysis Energy Usage - kWh Comparative Energy Use per Annum 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 4000000 Full Fresh Air Desiccant AHU Recuperator AHU Heat Pump HRD30 EnergyUse-kWhperannum Gas Regen Heater Gas water heating Gas air heating only, building losses not included Electricity compressors & fans included
- 58. Energy Analysis Running Costs Running Cost per Annum Full Fresh Air £94,746 Desiccant AHU £69,334 Recuperator AHU £50,407 Heat Pump HRD30 £31,885 £- £10,000 £20,000 £30,000 £40,000 £50,000 £60,000 £70,000 £80,000 £90,000 £100,000 Costperannum Elec = 6.2p/kWh Gas = 2.4p/kWh
- 59. Energy Analysis CO2 Emissions CO2 Emissions per Annum Full Fresh Air 1048 Desiccant AHU 723 Recuperator AHU 510 Heat Pump HRD30 229 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 TonnesCO2perannum
- 60. Leisure Centres • In Britain there are 1,650 public sites with a total of 2,541 pools (source; Leisure Database Company) • CO2 saving per site when adopting Heat Pump technology from 281 to 819 tonnes per annum • A potential UK wide reduction of between 464,000 and 1,350,000 tonnes CO2 per annum
- 61. Health Clubs & School Pools • There are a further 1,362 private sites with a total of 1,508 pools (source; Leisure Database Company) • Assume CO2 saving per site is half that of Leisure Centre, i.e. from 140 to 410 tonnes per annum • An additional potential UK wide reduction of between 191,000 and 558,000 tonnes CO2 per annum
- 62. Reference Projects - UK • Cally Pool, Islington – HRD30 • St Helens Pool, Huntingdon – HRD15 • Camberwell Baths – HRD25 • William de Ferrers Centre, Essex – HRD20 • RJ & AH Hospital Hydrotherapy Pool – HRD25 • Queens Drive Recreation Centre, Liverpool – HRD20 • Pontypool Leisure Centre – HRD30 • Royal Wolverhampton School – HRD20 • Over 250 HRD units installed in pools, worldwide • 10,000s of Calorex heat pump ventilation units operating in pools of all sizes in UK and overseas
- 64. Running Costs £64,469 £42,333 £- £10,000 £20,000 £30,000 £40,000 £50,000 £60,000 £70,000 Energy Cost Total 08-09 Total 09-10 Reduction: £22,135 in first 7 months or 34% Project annual reduction: £38,000
- 65. CO2 Reduction 513 tonne 335 tonne 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 Total CO2 Emission kg Total 08-09 Total 09-10 Reduction: 177 tonne in first 7 months or 35% Project annual reduction: 305 tonne
- 66. Funding • Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs) – ETL categories for heat pump dehumidifiers • Carbon Trust & Siemens interest free loan scheme – Interest free loan over 4 years – Ltd company only – Payback based on energy saving achieved • Salix Finance – Loans and grants for public sector – Can assist Local Authorities with Carbon and energy saving projects • Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) – Summer 2011 – Subsidy based on ‘metered’ renewable heat generated – <100kW; GSHP 4.3p/kWh for 20 years; ASHP due 2012
- 67. Time for a break Any Questions?