MEEN 489/689 Lecture 8

MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015:
Entrepreneurship & Nanomaterials for
Energy Applications
Lecture 8
Applications of Nanomaterials in
Conventional Energy Sectors
James Donnell, Andreas Polycarpou,
Tanil Ozkan, Haejune Kim
Fall 2015
19/24/2015

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Source : Hessen Nanotech 2008

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http://www.adnjusa.com

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Extensive research &
investments necessary
Source: Shell energy scenarios to 2050 (2008).
This was before the game changer! What is the game changer in
in the competition between conventional and emerging sectors in
the energy business?

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Source:
http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/Where_the_Shale_Gas
_Revolution_Came_From.pdf

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Source: DOE Estimates (2014).

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Source : German Federal Institute for
Geosciences and Natural Resources, 2006
Political Decision Making vs.
Free Market Dynamics ?

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Ideal Recipe: Free Market Dynamics +
Apolitical Environmental Stewardship

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Nanotechnology in Oil and Gas

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Oil and Gas Industry - Exploration
Within the last decade,
nanosensors, ranging from
1-100 nm, have captured the
attention and imagination of
petroleum geologists
(Pitkethly, 2004) [1].
Nano-Computerized
Tomography (CT) can image
tight gas sands, tight shales,
and tight carbonates in which
the pore structure
is below what micro-CT can
detect [1].

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Oil and Gas Industry - Exploration
There are several active
and promising projects to
develop nanosensors
compatible with
temperature and pressure
ratings in deep wells and
hostile environments.
Nanosensors are
deployed in the pore
space by means of
“nanodust” to provide data
on reservoir
characterization, fluid-flow
monitoring, and fluid-type
recognition (Esmaeili,
2009) [1].
Hyperpolarized silicon nanoparticles provide a novel tool for
measuring and imaging in oil exploration (Song and Marcus,
2007) [1].

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Oil and Gas Industry – Drilling and Extraction

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In shale formations with nanodarcy (nd) permeability, the nanometer-sized pores
prevent the formation of the filter cake that is responsible for fluid loss reduction.
Nanoparticles can be added to the drilling fluid to minimize shale permeability
through physically plugging the nanometer-sized pores and shut off water loss.
Hence, Nanoparticles can provide potential solution for environmentally sensitive
areas where Oil-based muds used as a solution to shale instability problems (Price
et al., 2012) [1].
www.americangilsonite.com

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According to (Amanullah and Al-Tahini, 2009), Nanomaterial-based drilling mud
with hydrophobic film forming capability on the bit and stabilizer surfaces is
expected to eliminate the bit and stabilizer balling totally. Due to high surface
area to volume ratio and very low concentration requirement compared to macro
and micromaterial-based fluids, nano-based fluid could be the fluid of choice for
drilling in shale which is very reactive, highly pliable, and tenacious and thus can
stick easily to the bit, stabilizers, tool joints, etc. as it prevents the reduction in
ROP and in total operating cost.

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Hydrogen sulfide is a very dangerous, toxic and corrosive gas. It can diffuse into drilling
fluid from formations during drilling of gas and oil wells. Hydrogen sulfide should be
removed from the mud to reduce the environmental pollution, protect the health of
drilling workers and prevent corrosion of pipelines and equipment [1].
Sayyadnejad et al., 2008, used 14-25 nm zinc oxide particles size and 44-56 m2/g
specific surface area to remove hydrogen sulfide from water-based drilling fluid
according to the following chemical reaction: ZnO + H2S → ZnS + H2O
The efficiency of these nanoparticles in the removal of hydrogen sulfide from drilling
mud was evaluated and compared with that of bulk zinc oxide. Their results
demonstrated that synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles are completely able to remove
hydrogen sulfide from water based drilling mud in about 15 min., whereas bulk zinc
oxide is able to remove only 2.5% of hydrogen sulfide in as long as 90 min. under the
same operating conditions [1].

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Oil and Gas Industry – Drill Bit Technology
Nanodiamond particles
have been functionalized for
polycrystalline diamond
applications such as
compact (PDC) cutters for
drill bits [1].
http://www.asme.org

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Oil and Gas Industry – Refining and Processing
During the last two decades, nanotechnology has made
substantial contributions to refining and converting fossil
fuels. The development of mesoporous catalyst
materials such as MCM-41 has significantly changed
downstream refining. Nano-filters and particles have the
ability to remove harmful toxic substances such as
nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and related acids and
acid anhydrides from vapor, and mercury from soil and
water, with exact precision [1].
Nanotechnology further provides solutions for carbon capture and long-term storage.
Emerging nanotechnology has opened the door to the development of a new
generation of nanomembranes for enhanced separation of gas streams and removal
of impurities from oil (Kong and Ohadi, 2010) [1].

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Rotor and combustion chamber of a gas turbine. More heat resistant materials
provide for further increase in operating temperatures and thus in efficiencies of gas
and steam turbine power plants (Source: Siemens AG [2])

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Nanoparticle addition leads to significant improvements in properties of fluids used
in nuclear power plants (Source: [3])

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Nanoparticle addition leads to significant improvements in properties of fluids used
in nuclear power plants (Source: [3])

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(Source: [3])

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www.energy.siemens.com
http://philschatz.com

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bCIq-DUoaE
CNT Yarns in Power Transmission

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http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/05/nanocomp-technologies-will-be-supplying.html
CNT Yarns in Power Transmission

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Carbon Nanotube Yarns Could Replace Copper
Windings in Electric Motors
By Dexter Johnson
Posted 3 Oct 2014 | 20:00 GMT A staggering fact is that motors and motor driven
systems account for between 43 percent and 46 percent of
all global electricity consumption. Needless to say, if electric
motors could be made to run more efficiently, energy consumption
would fall. With research out of Rice University back in
2011 demonstrating that carbon nanotubes braided into wires could
outperform copper in conducting electricity, it looked like there would
soon be a new way to create those improved efficiencies.
Building on that research, a team at the Lappeenranta University of
Technology (LUT) in Finland has replaced the copper windings
used to conduct electricity in electric motors with a woven
material made from threads of carbon nanotubes and
achieved remarkable new efficiencies in the motors.
"If we keep the electrical machine design parameters unchanged and
only replace copper with future carbon nanotube wires, it is possible
to reduce the Joule losses in the windings to half of the present-day
machine losses,” said Professor Juha Pyrhönen, who has led the
design of the prototype at LUT, in a press release [4].

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“Implementation of
nanotechnology
adaptations in electric
motors has the
potential of
revolutionizing the
electric vehicle industry
by overcoming all
major limitations in
effective market
penetration.” [5]

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References
[1] A. I. El-Diasty, A. M. S. Ragab, Applications of Nanotechnology in the Oil & Gas Industry:
Latest Trends Worldwide & Future Challenges in Egypt, SPE-164716-MS, 2013.
[2] Einsatz von Nanotechnologien im Energiesektor, Bandnummer: 9, Publication
Series Hessen-Nanotech, available at:
http://www.hessennanotech.de/dynasite.cfm?dsmid=15523
[3] V. Patel, Y. Chitrapu, L. Bora, Nanotechnology and Fluid Flow Mechanics, Linked-In Slide
Share, available at:
http://www.slideshare.net/Vedant_09/nanotechnology-and-fluid-flow-mechanics
[4] D. Johnson, Carbon Nanotube Yarns Could Replace Copper Windings in Electric Motors,
IEEE SPECTRUM, Oct. 2014, available at:
http://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/nanotechnology/carbon-nanotube-
yarns-set-to-replace-copper-windings-in-electric-motors
[5] T. Ozkan and A. Mehta, Electric Vehicles ENG 328 LINC Course Lecture Notes, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Faculty of Engineering, Spring 2012.

MEEN 489/689 Lecture 8

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MEEN 489/689 Lecture 8