This can helps in understanding data

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY PRESENTATION
TOPIC-TYPES OF RESEARCH
MADE BY-TAMNNA
COURSE- MSC ZOOLOGY HONS

2. CONTENT
RESEARCH DEFINATION
APPLIED RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
CORRELATIONS RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
GROUND THEORY RESEARCH
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
PHENOMENLOGICAL RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

3. RESEARCH DEFINATION
• Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem ,
concern , or issue using the scientific method and systematic and
vigorous investigation of a situation or a problem in order to generate
new knowledge or validate existing knowledge

4. APPLIED RESEARCH
• Refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problem .
• Used to find solutions to everyday problems, rather than to acquire knowledge for
knowledge’s sake.
• EXAMPLES
• Treat a cure a specific diseases
• Improve agricultural crop production
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices.

5. BASIC RESEARCH
• Basic research, also called pure research or fundamental research, is a type
of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better
understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena.
• Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking
about the world. It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory; however,
explanatory research is the most common.
• EXAMPLE, basic science investigations probe for answer to question such as : How
did universe begin, How do slime molds reproduce.

6. BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH

7. CORRELATIONS RESEARCH
• Refers to the systematic investigatin or statical study of relationship among two or
more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect.
• The whole purpose of using correlations in research is to figure out which variable
are connected.
• Investigate the possibility of relationships between only two variables, although
investigations of more than two variables are common.

8. For example
• To test the hypothesis” listening to music lowers blood pressure
levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research
• Experimental- Group samples and make one group listen to music and
then compare the bp levels.
• Survey- Ask people how they feel how often they listen and then
compare.

9. • ADVANTAGE:
• Collect much information from many subjects at one time.
• Can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations.
• study variables that are not easily produced in the laboratory.
• DISADVANTAGE:
• Correlations does not indicate causation (cause and effect).
• Problems with self-report method.

10. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• Can be either quantitative or qualitative
• Descriptive research , also known as statistical research .
• Refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics of a
particular individual , situation, or group .
• These studies are a means of discovering new meaning, describing what exits ,
determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing
information
• For example,
• Finding the most frequent diseases that affects the children of a town.

11. METHODS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• Survey:It is the method that includes a detailed description of the
subjects or topic
• Observation: It is basically a technique that is utilized for observing
and recording participant.
• Case study: You can use the case study technique for gathering of
specific program phenomenon. It is the method which would enable
you to study the situation.

12. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• ADVANTAGE:
• The people individually studied are unaware so they act naturally or as they usually do in
everyday situation.
• Collects a large amount of notes for detailed studying.
• It is less expensive and time consuming than quantitative experiment
• DISADVANTAGE:
• Describe research requires more skills.
• Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon.
• Response rate is low in research.

13. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
• Refers to the investigation of a culture through an in depth study of the members of the
culture.
• It involves systemic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of
theories of cultural behavior.
• It studies people , ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their ethnos genesis,
composition, resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their material and
spiritual culture.
• Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires
etc.

14. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• It is an objective, systematic, controlled investigation for the purpose of predicting and
controlling phenomena and examine probability and causality among selected variables.
• ADVANTAGES:
• Best establishes cause and effect relationships
• DISADVANTAGE:
• Artificiality
• Feasibility
• unethical

15. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
• A type of research conduct for a problem that not been clearly defined.
• Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection
method and selection of subjects.
• Exploratory research is not typically generalizable to the population at large.
• The result of exploratory research are not usually useful for decision making by
themselves, but they can provide significant insight into a given situation.

16. GROUND THEORY RESEARCH
• is a systematic methodology that has been largely, but not exclusively, applied
to qualitative research conducted by social scientists. The methodology involves the
construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data.
• Grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning. The methodology
contrasts with the hypothetico-deductive model used in traditional scientific research.
• A study based on grounded theory is likely to begin with a question, or even just with the
collection of qualitative data. As researchers review the data collected, ideas or concepts
become apparent to the researchers.

17. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• Involving analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past.
• The term historical method refers to the collection of techniques and guidelines
that historians use to research and write histories of the past. Secondary
sources, primary sources and material evidence such as that derived
from archaeology may all be drawn on, and the historian's skill lies in identifying
these sources, evaluating their relative authority, and combining their testimony
appropriately in order to construct an accurate and reliable picture of past events
and environments.

18. APPLICATION
• Historical research can show pattern that occurred in the past and over time which can
help us to see where we come from and what kinds of solutions we have to used in the
past.
• THE STEPS INVOLVED IN THE CONDUCT OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• Identification of the research topic and formulation of the research problem or question.
• Data collection or literature review
• Evaluation of materials
• Data synthesis
• Report preparation or preparation of the narrative exposition

19. PHENOMENLOGICAL RESEARCH
• An inductive, descriptive research approach developed from phenomenological philosophy
• Its aim is to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the person.
• PHENOMENOLOGY is concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of
the individual ,
• ‘bracketing’ taken – for – granted assumptions and usual ways of perceiving.
• Relatively new research approach used in education to observe students approach to
learning

20. ON A BROADER PRESPECTIVE, ALL RESEARCHES CAN BE
CLASSIFEID INTO TWO GROUPS:
• Quantitative research:
• Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or
confirm theories and assumptions. This type of research can be used to establish
generalizable facts about a topic.
• Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as
numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions.

21. Qualitative research
• Qualitative research is expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts,
thoughts or experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in -depth
insights on topics that are not well understood.
• Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions,
observations described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts and
theories.

22. The differences between quantitative and qualitative
research
Quantitative research Qualitative Research
• Focuses on testing theories and hypotheses • Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a
theory or hypothesis
• Analyzed through math and statistical analysis • Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and
interpreting
• Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and tables • Mainly expressed in words
• Requires many respondents • Requires few respondents
• Closed (multiple choice) questions • Open-ended questions
• Key terms: testing, measurement, objectivity,
replicability
• Key terms: understanding, context, complexity,
subjectivity

23. REFERENCES
• WIKIPEDIA
• BOOK – RESEARCH METHADOLOGY (C.KOTHARI),
RESEARCH METHODS(RAM AHUJA)
Methodology of Educational Research(Lokesh Koul)
• Research Methodology Caroline V Catembe , PhD Universitas Advent Indonesia