2. 1. Title page
24. Preterite vs. Imperfect
2. Tabla de Contenidos
25. Future vs. Conditional
3. Present tense
26. Por
4. Ser vs. Estar
27. Para
5. Stem changers
28. Por vs. Para
6. Irregular “yo”
29. Commands
7. Saber vs. Conocer
30. Present Perfect Tense
8. Reflexives
31. Present Perfect Irregulars
9. “Se” Impersonal
32. Double Object Pronouns
10. Verbs like Gustar
33. Adverbs
11. Dipthongs with accents
34. Subjunctive
12. Verbs like Uir/Guir; Cer/Cir; Ger/Gir
35. Progressive w/Ir, Andar, & Seguir
13. Hacer Expressions
14. Imperfecto
15. Preterite
16. Los Irregulares Preterite (Car/Gar/Zar)
17. Cucaracha verbs
18. Spock verbs
19. Snake/Snakey
20. Comparatives
21. Superlatives
22. El Futuro
23. El Futuro Irregulares
3. Touse present tense change the ar/er/ir
ending to the following conjugation:
Yo- o Nosotros- Yo- o Nosotros-
amos imos
Tu- as Tu- es
El/Ella/Ust Ellos/Ellas/ Yo- o Nosotros- El/Ella/Ust Ellos/Ella/
ed- a Ustedes- emos/imos ed- e Ustedes-
an Tu- es en
El/Ella/Ust Ellos/Ella/
ed- e Ustedes-
en
5.
U
O
IE
EE
t
These verbs will change its
conjugation in the “yo” form.
• Hacer-haigo • Recoger-recojo
• Decir-digo • Escojer- escojo
-Go
G-J
verbs
C-Z C-ZC
• Ejercer-ejerzo • Conoce-
• Cocer-cuezo conozco
• Obedecer-
obedezco
6.
7. Saber:
expresses Conocer: to
knowledge of express
information knowing or
about being familiar
something with someone
8. Reflects action of the verb back to the
subject.
Pronouns: me, te, se, nos, se
Ex- Me rasco el brazo - (I scratch my arm)
Ex- Te rascas el brazo – (You scratch your arm)
Ex- Se rasca el brazo – (He/She scratches his/her arm)
Ex- Nos rascamos los brazos – (We scratch our arms)
Ex- Se rascan los brazos – (They scratch their arm)
9. We use the impersonal “se” to get around
specifying the person doing the action.
Using “se” impersonal is always used in the
3rd person.
Example:
Se nadar bien en el lago
One swims well in the lake.
Can be used in all tenses
Se hizo mucho
Se hara mucho
Se habia hecho
10. Yo (Me) Encantar
Tu (Te) Fascinar – to be
fascinating to
Mi amigo/a (Le) Molestar – to be a bother
Mi amigos/as (Les) Faltar – to be lacking
something
Usted (Le) Parecer – to appear to
be
Ustedes (Les) Disgustar – to hate
something
Nosostros (Nos) Importar – to be
important to
11. Combination of two vowel sounds to make a
strong syllable.
Made up of weak and strong vowels
Usually i, y, & u are weak vowels and a ,e ,& o are
strong
AI: UE: UA:
Baile Puesto Guatemala
dance post (country)
12. Changes in the “yo” form
Dirigir – to direct Recoger – to pick up
Dirijo Dirigimos Recojo Recogemos
Diriges Recoges
Dirige Dirigen recoge Recogen
Extinguir – to extinguish Reconstruir – to reconstruct
Extingo Extinguimos Reconstruyo Reconstruimos
Extingues Reconstruyes
extingue extinguen Reconstruye Reconstruyen
Convencer – to convince Decir – to say/ tell
Convenzo Convencemos Digo Decimos
Convences Dices
Convence Convencon Dice Dicen
13. Use this equation to express time
Ex- Hace dos dias que bebo kool-aid.
Two days ago I drink kool- aid.
14. No definite beginning or ending
Uncompleted action in the past
Ar-
aba abamos
Trigger Words: abas abias
Nunca(never) aba aban
A veces(sometimes) Er/Ir-
ia iamos
Todo a tiempo(all the time)
ias iais
A menudo(often) ia ian
15. -ar -er/ir
e i
aste iste
o io
amos imos
Pasttense aron ieron
Known beginning and or ending
“snapshot” of time
Trigger Words:
Ayer (yesterday)
Anoche (last night)
Anteayer (day before yesterday)
La semana pasada (last week)
17. • Hice
• Hiciste
Hacer • Hizo
• Hicimos
• Hicieron
Ser
• fui
Ir & • Fuiste
• Fue
Ser • Fuimos
• fueron
•Di
Dar
•Dio
•diste
•Dimos
•dieron
•Vi
Ver
•Viste
•Vio
•Vimos
•vieron
18. Andar Anduve-
Estar Estuve-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Quere Quis-
Saber Sup-
-e -imos
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin- -iste -isteis
Conducir Conduj- -o -ieron
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
Decir Dij- Take off the “I”
Traer Traj-
20. :comparison of one thing to another
using (more, less, or as…as)
Mas/menos + adj + que
adv *If using a number you use “de”
instead of “que”.
noun
Me acuesto mas tarde que tu
I go to bed later than you
To use equality use:
Tan- so
Tanto- so much
Tantos/as- so many Adjective Comparative
Bueno Mejor
Malo Peor
Grande mayor
Pequeno menor
21. :indicates the noun that is least, worst,
most, or best of all.
Definite article + noun + mas/menos + adj + de
Miguel es el chico mas inteligente de la clase
Michael is the smartest boy in the class.
Adjective Superlative
Bueno El/la mejor
Malo El/la peor
Grande El/la meyor
Pequeno El/la menor
22. e
as
a
Infinitive + ending emos
Ex: vivir – vivire an
Comer – comere
Hablar – hablare
Caminar - caminare
Ir + a + infinitve ( the immediate future)
23. Decir – dir
Haber – habr
Hacer – har
Poder – podr
e
Poner – pondr as
Querer – querr Infinitive + a
Saber – sabr emos
Salir – saldr an
Tener – tendr
Valer – valdr
Venir - vendr
24. Preterite: past tense for an action with a
known beginning and or ending.
Imperfect: uncompleted action in the past
without a known beginning or ending.
25. é
ás
Future is used to tell á
Decir – dir
what will happen. Haber – habr emos
Hacer – har
Conditional is used to Poder – podr
án
tell what would, should, Poner – pondr
Querer – querr
or could happen. Saber – sabr
Ar, Er, and Ir use the Salir – saldr
same endings. Tener – tendr
Valer – valdr ía
Use the same irregular Venir - vendr
stem from the future ías
with the conditional. ía
íamos
ían
26. Portal- the idea of passing through
Portugal- general rather than specific location
“Por”ever- how long something lasts
Porpose- the cause of something
Import/Export- an exchange
I‟m por, pay for me- doing something in place of or
instead of someone else
Transportation- a means of transportation
27. Surpriseparatay- for whom something is done
Paraguay- destination
The purpose for which something is done
Paragotive- to express an opinion
Comparason- to contrast or compare
Paramedic- to express the idea of a deadline
28. *they are not interchangeble
“Para” expresses:
Destination
Deadline or specific time in future
Purpose or goal + infinitive
Recipient for something
Comparison with others or an opinion
In the employ of
“Por” used to indicate:
Motion or general location
Duration of an action
Reason or motive for an action
Means by which something is done
Exchange or substitution
Unit of measure
29. Tu affirmative (+)-
Drop the „s‟
Tu negative (-)-
Put in the „Yo‟ form & change to opp. verb, the
add an „s‟
Ud./Uds. (+/-)-
Put in the „Yo‟ form & change to opp. verb
30. Thistense is frenquently used for past actions
that continue to affect the person in the He
present. Has
Ha
Hemos
Han
32. *You typically *If “l” occurs before
place it either both the indirect and
direct object pronoun,
directly before or change the indirect to
attached to an “se”
infinitive.
The order of the sentence would have the indirect object
before the double object pronoun.
Subject + Indirect object pronoun + Direct object
pronoun + Verb
IOP:
Example: me, te, el, le, nos, os,
Yo me la quiero les
comprar DOP:
“I want to buy it for me, te, él, lo, la, nos,
myself” os, los, las
33. To form an adverb: If the adjective you wan
to change into an adverb ends in any other
letter (besides O) you just add –mente to the
end. (The accent mark stays if there is one)
Example:
Frecuente – frequentemente *Adverbs that don‟t
General - generalmente follow the same
pattern:
Bastante-quite
Demasiado-too
Mal-badly
Mucho-a lot
Muy-very
Nunca-never
Peor-worse
Poco-little
Siempre-always
34. *Not a tense
but a mood.
Subjunctive mood: used to state attitudes,
uncertain, hypothetical.
Impersonal expressions: Es bueno que, es
malo que, es necesario que, es mejor que, es
importante que, es urgente que, es ojala, 5 Irregular Verbs
que
Estar Saber
Conjugation :
Ar • -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en Dar Ser
Er & Ir • -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Ir
