Think Grain Think Feed November 2020

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www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in
Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
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Volume 7 | Issue 1
November-2020

Publisher & Editor
Prachi Arora
prachi.a@benisonmedia.com
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Managing Editor
Dr. T.K. Walli
Former Head,
Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI
eed manufacturing is a science that requires upgradation
which comes at a cost. Whether it is about improving
Fefficiency, experimenting with newer alternative raw
materials or producing sustainable feed, Indian feed industry has
been evolving but the pace is quite slow.
Though varying cost or availability of quality feed raw material has
been a concern for Indian feed industry for years. But does that
mean we are ready to experiment with alternatives like Insect meal?
The answer might not be straight.
The Indian feed industry has started to experiment with this newer
ingredient to find out its efficacy in poultry feed. It might take its
own course of time to be used as a regular ingredient due to
higher cost and lower availability but for the time being whatever
little quantity is produced in India is getting used in pet food
industry. Positive news is that the big players of Indian poultry
industry have already started to invest in the technology not only
as a user but as an insect meal producer.
Protenga, a known player in Asian market, shared in a recently
conducted Feed Webinar by Think Grain Think Feed on insect meal
preference by producers who want to differentiate their products
from the competitors (find out more in webinar coverage at p14).
Another sustainable animal feed producing company from the UK
turning industrial emissions into novel protein got European
Innovation Council (EIC) Accelerator funding of €2.5 million. In the
UK, and in Europe, poultry and farmed fish are usually fed on
fishmeal and soy, which is mainly imported from South America
and has a huge environmental impact. The company is developing
a new, sustainable way to produce animal feed, which reduces CO2
emissions by more than 90 percent, compared to the currently
used protein sources.
India is also bringing such innovations. A Jodhpur-based animal
nutrition startup has raised Rs 5 crore in seed funding from
Rajasthan Venture Capital Fund (RVCF) to scale its feed production
capacity and expand to newer geographies. It is establishing a new
supply chain for unconventional ingredients in the animal nutrition
sector.
So, sustainability is on the radar in the International as well as
Indian feed market.
Prachi Arora
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Is Indian feed industry evolving?
Dr. Dinesh T. Bhosale
Former Chairman, CLFMA of India
Dr. S.P. Vinil
Poultry Expert
Mr. Amit Sachdev
Indian Representative, US Grain Council
Dr. P.E. Vijay Anand
US Soybean Export Council
Dr. Suhas Amrutkar
Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition,
MAFSU, Parbhani
Dr. SN Mohanty
Former Principal Scientist, CIFA
Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta
Agricultural Economist
Raghavan Sampath Kumar
Commodity Expert
Dr. Swamy Haladi
Feed Additive Expert
Dr. R Gnana Sekar
Lead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting
Dr. Suraj Amrutkar
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC,
SKUAST-J, Jammu
EDITORIAL
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Haryana | Published at: SCO-17, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora
Prachi Arora |
Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015
Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON Media at its office in Karnal. Editorial
policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. The
data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher considers
its sources reliable and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the
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R&D
05
INDUSTRY THOUGHT
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
ARTICLE
18
24
INDUSTRY NEWS
Sustainable Animal feed producing
company secures European Innovation
Council (EIC) Accelerator funding
06
COVER STORY
Company using unconventional ingredients for
Animal nutrition raises seed funding from Rajasthan
Venture Capital Fund
Feed industry should expect
the unexpected
08
WEBINAR COVERAGE
10 Feed Safety – A responsibility
or compulsion?
13 Lower EU corn supply outlook due to losses in
France and Romania – USDA report
14 Outlook of Traditional and
Alternative Feed Raw Material
Success Story of Bypass Protein
Role of Probiotics for Gut
Health Management in Poultry
30 A new market intelligence and price information
for farm produce

05
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
R&D
Sustainable Animal feed
producing company secures
European Innovation Council
(EIC) Accelerator funding
UK biotech company, Deep
Branch, has secured further
investment to scale up the
sustainable generation of
protein that could transform
food production and supply
chains.
Complementing the REACT-
FIRST project, the company is
turning industrial emissions
into novel protein sources for
animal feed and now, with
European Innovation Council
(EIC) Accelerator funding of
€2.5 million the company will
be able to scale up the
production process. The
funding will go towards
building a new facility at the
Netherlands-based
Brightlands Chemelot
Campus, a hub for circular
chemistry and chemical
processes, which Deep Branch
expects to be operational by
Q2 2021.
Using microbes to convert
CO2 from industrial
emissions, into a new type of
single-cell protein, Deep
Branch has developed a low
carbon animal feed with a
nutritional profile that is
comparable with fishmeal, the
gold-standard protein source
in aquafeed. However, unlike
fishmeal, the single-cell
protein can be produced
year-round, reducing the
impact of any seasonal
fluctuations in price or yield.
The REACT-FIRST project
supported by grant funding
from Innovate UK, the UK's
Innovation Agency is the first-
of-its-kind. It brings together
10 consortium partners from
industry and academia that
share a commitment to
tackling the global climate
crisis and achieving net zero
carbon emissions in the food
production industry. Extensive
research and testing will help
the partners to gather
valuable data about the cost,
digestibility, nutritional quality
and carbon footprint of the
single-cell protein.
Working with renewable
power company, Drax, as well
as a consortium of industry
leading partners, the
technology has already been
proven on a smaller scale.
This latest funding will enable
Deep Branch to scale up
increasing production to
enable animal feed
manufacturers to expedite
performance testing of the
new protein.
Deep Branch was one of only
two UK companies to be
shortlisted for the EIC
programme.
Peter Rowe, CEO of Deep
Branch, said: “In the UK, and
in Europe, poultry and farmed
fish are usually fed on
fishmeal and soy, which is
mainly imported from South
America and has a huge
environmental impact. We are
developing a new, sustainable
way of producing animal feed,
which reduces CO2 emissions
by more than 90 percent,
compared to the currently
used protein sources.
“Setting up the pilot plant
represents an important next
step in finding the perfect
recipe for new product that
meets the requirements of
feed producers. We'll be
undertaking further trials with
BioMar and AB Agri, two
leading animal feed
companies that support the
salmon and poultry farming
industries. Thanks to the EU's
Horizon 2020 research and
innovation support, we can
expand our production
capacity to match the
volumes that feed producers
need to run these trials.
“Brightlands Chemelot
Campus is the ideal location
for our Scale-Up Centre, and
there is a clear alignment
between our goals and the
facility's overall ambitions for
CO2 recycling and sustainable
hydrogen use. The industrial
site gives us the ability to
scale up quickly and has room
for a large-scale production
facility as well as the raw
materials to create Proton™.
We have access to everything
we need.”
Source: Deep Branch

06
Company using unconventional
ingredients for Animal nutrition
raises seed funding from
Rajasthan Venture Capital Fund
CO2 emissions and creating
new jobs in establishing
unconventional feed
ingredients supply chains.
While mentioning about the
deployment of funds, Nikhil
added, “We will use the fresh
capital to set up our feed
production plants, venture
into poultry and fish
segment and scale-up food
and agri waste upcycling
capacity. We will also be
focusing to build a strong
sales team and distributor
network in Rajasthan and
Karnataka and digitize feed
transactions.”
RVCF, a venture capital firm
based out of Jaipur, is
currently investing out of its
third fund and invests in
early and growth stage
transformative companies in
Agri/Food, IT/ITES,
Healthcare, Education space
etc.
“Krimanshi has built cost-
effective nutritive feed
solutions for milch animals
all-round the year by
upcycling food waste. It is
further expanding into
poultry and aqua feeds.
Nikhil and his team are well
equipped to provide
solutions to feed the
burgeoning livestock
population in the country,"
said Gaurav Chowdhry, Vice
President at RVCF.
Source: YourStory
INDUSTRY NEWS
Krimanshi Technologies Pvt
Ltd, a Jodhpur-based animal
nutrition startup has raised
Rs 5 crore in seed funding
from Rajasthan Venture
Capital Fund (RVCF) to scale
its feed production capacity
and expand to newer
geographies.
"Animal feed sector is an
underserved market and not
much innovation has been
seen here in the past. Quality
and affordability do not go
hand in hand and hence
most dairy farmers could not
get their hands on the best
of the products. We are
trying to change this
through our deeper
understanding of animal
nutrition, chemistry and
biotechnology and are
focused to reduce the feed
costs while ensuring better
quality feeds to our livestock
farmers,” said Nikhil Bohra,
Founder and CEO of
Krimanshi.
Founded in 2015, Krimanshi
is working in animal feed
production, primarily in
dairy, and is bringing
innovation by establishing a
new supply chain for
unconventional ingredients
in the animal nutrition sector.
The startup is expanding
production capacities across
Rajasthan and Karnataka and
would also cater to the feed
market in Tamil Nadu,
Telangana, Andhra and
North East. It also claims to
have a wider economic,
social and environmental
impact, with farmers
reporting up to 20 percent
increase in milk production,
transforming agri and food
waste into nutritious cattle
which results in saving of

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020INDUSTRY THOUGHT
We work in a volatile industry that is accustomed to prices spiking, however in 2020 we saw
something really unique. In a perfect storm brought on by COVID, everything spiked all at
once placing a huge amount of stress on feed industry. Feed additive prices rose very
sharply, peaked, and have since been on a far slower downward trajectory. Certain prices
have already reached pre-COVID levels, while others are very close. This return is just in time
for the expected end-of-year trend which often sees remaining stock sold off at a discount,
but if this year has taught us anything it's that we should expect the unexpected.
Feed industry should expect
the unexpected
Guy Soreq, Glowlit
08
Guy Soreq

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020COVER STORY
10
With increasing feed requirement in India and lower margins, how do a feed producer ensure
Feed Safety? How the FSSAI regulations would impact the cattle feed sector? Think Grain Think
Feed interacted with different kind of players to find out the answers. Read below excerpts:
Naturally occurring feed contaminants: This class of feed contaminants is made up of toxic or
deleterious substances that are inherent constituents of animal food and that are not the result
of environmental, agricultural, industrial, or other such contaminations.
There are two classes of feed contaminants which should go under testing - some of the
mycotoxins such as aflatoxin and fumonisin, the glycosylates; and heavy metals such as lead and
cadmium.
Non-naturally occurring feed contaminants: This class of feed contaminants is made up of
industrial toxic or deleterious substances which are increased to abnormal levels in the animal
food through mishandling or other intervening acts of industries. This can be avoided by careful
handling or standardized procedures.
Categories of feed contaminants
Role of feed regulations
Feed Safety – A responsibility
or compulsion?
ImageSource:InternationalFeedIndustryFederation

11
According to Justin Tan,
Regional Technical &
Marketing Director, Asia
Pacific at Biomin, Feed is an
integral part of the food chain
and its safety has been
recognized as a shared value
and a shared responsibility.
Feed production must thus be
subject, in a similar manner as
food production, to the
highest quality assurance
standards of integrated food
safety systems.
The most important role
played by feed regulations is
providing protection for the
consumer as well as the
regulated industry. Feed
regulations safeguard the
health of man and animals
while providing a structure for
orderly commerce. Feed
safety is a prerequisite for
animal health and welfare,
which in turn leads to food
safety and human health.
As recently as late last year,
the Food Safety and
Standards Authority of India
(FSSAI) announced that food
of animal origin, such as milk,
are often found to be non-
compliant with regulatory
standards prescribed by the
Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS). Cattle feed is a major
source by which milk gets
contaminated with Aflatoxin
M1, a carcinogenic derivative
of the most commonly
occurring mycotoxin in Indian
livestock feed, Aflatoxin B1. A
national-level survey revealed
the presence of this highly
toxic, cancer-causing
mycotoxin in milk samples
were taken from Tamil Nadu
and several other Indian
States. The safety of cattle
feed in India can easily be
improved with more attention
being placed on optimizing
animal nutrition, focusing on
gastrointestinal health and
performance, and adopting a
proper mycotoxin risk
management strategy.
FSSAI to cater issue of
mycotoxins in Milk in India
A survey conducted by FSSAI
in October 2018 revealed that
5.7% of the milk samples were
contaminated with Aflatoxin
M1 residues beyond
permissible limits i.e. in 368
out of 6,432 tested samples.
The regulatory body is taking
steps to regulate the feed
sector as well.
”In India, there is still a lot of
room for improvement in
terms of raising standards of
feed technology, while
building upon the existing
infrastructure, to take feed
and livestock production to
the next level,” Justin said.
Justin Tan
Feed Producer ensuring
safe feed production
De Heus India ensures safe
feed production with quality
raw material for which the
company has to pay a
premium. Tanveer Malik,
Director at De Heus India
shared that during the
purchase process we
communicate quality
specifications for each raw
material along with the
purchase order with vendors.
Raw materials (RM) are
analyzed at the reception
before unloading, all the
parameters like crude protein,
fat, fiber, moisture, starch,
amino acids in some cases,
Tanveer Malik

urease activity, and aflatoxin
(in high-risk RM) are checked
and if the quality meets our
standard then it is accepted
otherwise rejected. Even
during the production
process, the finish feed
samples are collected at every
one hour and analyzed, if
there is any deviation in the
quality or it is not fit to
dispatch then it is sent to RM
section for reprocessing.
According to Malik, quality is
one component in the buying
process in the animal feed
sector (especially in India) but
there are other factors which
influence the buying decision
like price, credit, supply,
availability, etc. Overall, the
percentage of farmers who
want to buy the quality feed is
quite less in the country
rather price is the most
important factor here.
“It would be a challenge for
all players to meet the
regulations as quality RM
availability itself is an issue. As
per my understanding,
around 85% of animals in
India are fed with raw material
or a mixture of a couple of
RM (home mixture) and if
feed company is implied with
quality standards as per FSSAI
regulations especially
Aflatoxin, though other
Quality feed acceptance in
India
Feed raw material should be
covered in regulation
parameters remain in control
in feed produced by bigger
players, then the cost would
increase to such an extent
that farmers might shift to
home mix. The objective
cannot be fulfilled until raw
materials also get covered in
this regulation,” Tanveer said.
“As it is well known that most
preferred feed RM in cattle
feeding is cottonseed cake
used by 90% of farmers but it
has a very high risk of
aflatoxin and gossypol, so the
impact on the feed industry
will be huge,“ he added.
wastes, etc and with possibly
new safety risks,” said Bharat
Aswani, General Manager –
FOSS India.
”Hence, feed producers must
continually monitor each of
their facilities and act swiftly
to address any feed safety
issue within their supply
chain. In addition, the
industry must be committed
to continuous improvement
in the area of feed safety
through ongoing research
and new feed technologies
and interventions,” Aswani
added.
The Indian dairy industry is
growing with a CAGR of 4-6%
for the last couple of years
and demand for cattle feed is
also increasing at the same
pace, many professional
players are entering the
market and even existing
ones are also improving their
quality to compete. It would
be difficult for smaller players
to compete.
“Based on milk production
and the number of animals in
India, the total feed
requirement is more than 100
million MT vs currently the
production is just at 12-13
million MT so there is a huge
growth opportunity for the
animal feed sector,” said
Tanveer Malik while
discussing the scope of the
cattle feed industry in India.
Future potential of cattle
feed industry in India
Risk with unconventional
feed ingredients
Though in many countries,
adequate knowledge and
sufficient awareness are
lacking to ensure feed safety
among all operators along
the whole value chain.
“New and unconventional
feed ingredients are entering
the production chain e.g.
agro-industrial by-products
(such as the ones of the
biofuel industry), insects, food
processing by-products, food
Bharat Aswani
COVER STORY
12
FEED SAFETY
Thursday, 17 December 2020, 16.00 (IST)
2nd webinar of Feed Webinar Series
For sponsorship contact : info@benisonmedia.com / +91 86074 63377

13
European Union (EU27 + UK)
corn production for 2020/21
is estimated at 64.2 million
metric tons (mmt), down 2.5
mmt (4 percent) from last
year, according to the USDA.
USDA recently released its
November Supply/Demand
Report. Harvested area is
estimated at 8.9 million
hectares (mha), down 0.1
mha from last month, but
unchanged from last year,
and up 3 percent from the 5-
year average. Yield is
estimated at 7.23 tons per
hectare (t/ha), down 2
percent from October, down
4 percent from last year, and
down 1 percent from the 5-
year average.
Harvest is nearly finished in
the European Union,
including in the largest corn
producers of France and
Romania, where drought has
been responsible for
lowering the crop in both
countries this year. In France,
the crop is estimated to be
down 0.6 mmt from last
month to 13.8 mmt. France
has a significant amount of
irrigated corn in its
southwest that helps
mitigate yield losses. Yield is
estimated at 8.83 t/ha.
Romania is the single largest
contributing-member to EU
corn area, but with an
average yield of 4.12 t/ha,
Romania has the lowest corn
yield in the EU27. Among
other reasons, it has a low
proportion of irrigated corn
and a high normal summer
temperature, which can
quickly deplete soil moisture.
This year, drought in
Romania was most
prominent in its largest corn
producing region in the
southeast. Romania corn is
estimated at 10.7 mmt, down
0.6 mmt from last month,
and 10 percent below its
average production level.
The 2020/21 crop is
estimated to be 25 percent
below last year's record crop.
Lower EU corn supply outlook
due to losses in France and
Romania – USDA report
In October the Brazilian
government suspended the
tariffs on imports of
soybeans, soy meals and
soy oils until 15 January
2021 and on imports of
maize grain until 31 March
2021.
Normally, imports of maize
and soybeans from non-
Mercosur countries are
subject to an 8 percent
import duty, while those of
soy meals and soy oils to 6
percent and 10 percent
tariff, respectively. The
measure seeks to boost
national supplies and limit
price increases. Prices of
soy products and maize
have been increasing
sharply since end-2019,
despite the record outputs
of soybeans and maize in
2020, mainly driven by an
uptick in domestic and
export demand. The
sustained depreciation of
the national currency,
which had lost nearly 40
percent of its value over
the past 12 months as of
mid-October 2020,
supported the strong
foreign demand. Although
a further increase in
plantings of the 2021
soybeans and maize crops
is officially forecast, there
are concerns that the final
area sown may be
impacted by a delay in
planting operations on
account of adversely dry
conditions. The temporary
removal of import duties
follows other measures
(FPMA Food Policies and
GIEWS Country Brief) that
the government has taken
in the past months to tackle
the high prices of grains,
including rice and wheat.
Source: FAO
Brazil removes import tariffs on
maize and soybeans
INDUSTRY NEWS

14
The pandemic has brought an intense shift in the way we do business and feed business is
no exception to that. New innovations are adopted in sales to adapt to the new normal of
virtual interactions. In this changing scenario, Think Grain Think Feed organized Feed
Webinar to understand the Feed raw material outlook which covered corn, soybean, soymeal
and insect protein, and was attended by 120+ participants from India and Abroad.
Mr. Jaison John, General Manager-Procurement, Suguna Foods moderated the session.
Working with the largest broiler producers in India and handling more than 70 feed mills
across the country with a daily production of 7000 tonnes. He shared the pandemic and
rumours resulted in loss of INR 25000 crore of the Indian poultry industry, though prices
have recovered but the loss won't be recovered in such a short time.
Outlook of Traditional and
Alternative Feed Raw Material
Corn market outlook
Mr. Amit Sachdev, US Grain
Council shared interesting
insights on the Corn which is
the energy provider has a
major chunk of the 70% cost
that goes into to feed for
poultry or livestock
production.
Indian corn market
The rumours of virus
transmission through chicken
consumption resulted in
demand destruction even
before the pandemic. But
slowly and gradually industry
started to move up, today it
is at par or a bit higher than
pre-COVID-19 stage. Still, the
industry is at 70% of the
capacity i.e. still have to
increase 30% to reach
normalcy. Same is with the
egg prices, it was much
lower, but at present, we are
at the same price as that of
pre-COVID-19 times.
As per projection form
government of India there is
a slighter higher area under
corn and average production
which for the previous year
was 15.7 MMT in 2019-20 is
expected to be 15.9 MMT for
2020-21. Though area under
cultivation is more in some
states but area under fodder
and silage which comes from
the same mode of corn
should also be considered.
Another factor is damage
caused in states like
Maharashtra, Gujarat and
Karnataka due to excess
rains and most recent rains
in Telangana and South
Maharashtra.
In corn export, currently,
India is exporting to
Bangladesh which is
expected to reach 0.25-0.5
MMT. There are reports of
cargoes to Vietnam and
requests are also received
from Malaysia. Also, wheat
has exported to Bangladesh
and Sri Lanka.
From first week of
September the pricing in
Bihar started to move up
which is when the export
started out. While green and
blue lines give you Barley
and Pearl Millet price – which
is selling at the same price.
Area under Maize; Production and Productivity
Source: Ministry of Ag and farmers welfare, GOI
Mr. Amit Sachdev
Mr. Jaison John
WEBINAR COVERAGE

15
Wheat is still available at a
higher price and hence
Indian Poultry farmer is not
using it. But it is moving out
from certain parts. Also,
Telangana has released
remaining corn of 0.7 MMT
in the market from last year
stocks. How will it impact the
market is still unknown but it
will certainly increase the
supply of corn in the
Southern part of the country
so the pressure in this
market goes down.
That extra corn might find
new destinations if the price
remains right.
US Corn market
As per Corn balance sheet
for 2019-20 crop, the ending
stock is 50.7. Yield, area
planted and area harvested
is higher. Average production
has jumped up by at least
30MMT while the overall
supply is down. Then why
the world prices are moving
up – that's a question for
everyone. In US, domestic
demand is down, in 2019-20
total domestic use was 352
MMT, expected to be about
311 MMT in October. Export
is the key which is looking
higher at 51.9 MMT and can
further go up to 62 MMT.
World corn production is
much higher at 1.58 BT
compared to last year of 1.12
BT, another 46 MT has been
added but the area under
corn coming from Ukraine is
lower than last year.
Last year corn demand was
25.8 MMT but demand
destruction of this year
especially from the poultry
sector will reduce the
demand by about 3 MMT.
The
world ending stocks are
down from last year by an
estimation of 9 MT.
Conclusion
1. China buying feed raw
materials to fill up its
warehouses, including
Soy
2. Food inflation up in
most countries and
domestic demand
increasing
3. Production in some
countries showing a
decline; US and Ukraine
4. Logistics issues;
Argentina
5. Drop in world ending
stocks
6. LA NINA in 2020-21
(Weather conditions
point towards drought
in South America)
7. Pressure on the grain
complex – overall, be it
for food or feed – trade
is increasing
Ms. Rajini Panicker, Vice
President for Commodities,
Phillip Capital shared the
forecast for supply &
demand for the next year
with a focus on the Indian
crop The beginning stocks
from the previous season are
high, due to unprecedented
consumption 2019-20
proved to be a unique year.
Though March onwards
there is a lack season but still
small supplies of soybean
remain coming on monthly
basis which stopped from
March till April with some
Outlook of Soy and
Soymeal
Ms. Rajini Panicker
Corn Balance Sheet – October 2020
Source: USDA
Area Down
Opening Stocks Down
Production Cut
Increased supplies and
lower domestic demand
Increased exports
India Soybean Supply & Demand
Source: PhillipCapital Research

16
amount coming to supply in
June. The slowdown in arrival
because of negligible Mandis,
and slowed crushing in 2019-
20 resulted in
Production
An increase in acreage is
observed across all major
paddy crops and soybean is no
exception to that which saw
about 6.5% increase in acreage
as the monsoon started at the
correct time in June.
Though both factors implied a
bumper crop but factors like
over rain in August, late
withdrawal of monsoon,
a supply of
about 7.1 MMT with a
carryover of 0.5 MMT from the
previous season.
potential increase YoY in
soybean.
The marketable surplus for the
soybean is estimated at 1 MT
for feed which is about 14%. In
terms of imports, a recent
trend that has been observed,
soybean coming from the
African continent. Last year the
import was close to 4 Lakh MT
while this year because of the
high-prices of soybean and
also the inhibition of some of
the participants to trade with
the Indian counterparts due to
past issues, a much lower
import of 1.5 Lakh MT is
estimated.
There is optimism in terms of
direct use of soybean in the
daily consumption and
number getting revised from
bullish number of 12 MT to 9.5
MT, the overall supply could be
higher by 13% compared to
previous year.
Even if a crop of about 8 MMT
is assumed and crushing
increase by 15% compared to
the last year then soymeal
supply would be 6.3 MMT
compared to the previous year
of 5.5 MMT i.e. a 14% increase
in supply. Despite pricing
being high, due to positive
gross crushing margins still
there is intensive crushing.
Soymeal trade is expected at
about 0.5 MT which is
unchanged from last year due
to higher prices of Indian
soymeal. This will be analysed
further.
On the domestic meal
consumption, an increase of
15% is estimated because of
improvement in broiler prices
and consumption which is
further expected to increase as
lockdown is lifted.
It is interesting to note that the
global soybean supply is
estimated to increase by 2% to
627 MMT while global
consumption is expected to
increase by 5% therefore a
drawdown on stocks can be
seen. The global soybean stock
is estimated at 88MMT which
is one of the lowest stocks in
about 5 years.
Globally a tightness is
observed despite the higher
YoY US production, there is
concern over the LANINA
prospects and its impact on
South American production.
This tightness in the global
market is also reflected in the
CBOT soybean future. This is a
5-year price chart shows the
AG prices are USD11 a bushel
which is somewhere the same
as that of prices in the year
2017. Given the fact that the
stocks are lowest in 5 years, a
FAS, USDA
Source: PhillipCapital Research
monsoon in Maharashtra even
in the month of October, pest
infestations in MP etc
impacted the production.
Though the first estimates
from SOPA was as high as 12
MMT while it could be close to
9.5 MMT. That means a 12%
exports, an incremental
increase of about 10% is
expected. Putting all this
together, a supply of 8MT for
this year vis-à-vis 7MT of last
year i.e. an increase of 13% is
expected. Which means that
despite the production
WEBINAR COVERAGE

17
price rise can also be expected.
The same thing applies for
soymeal, the ending stocks
estimated to be lower by 3%
YoY while supply to increase by
3%.
Mr. Leonard Wein of Protenga
presented on the Insect meal,
which is a well-accepted
concept in European market
but is a new one for Indian
industry.
Why Insect as feed?
There is two-fold reason to it,
one is closing the protein gap,
an increasing population
expected to reach 10 billion by
2050, more quantity and
better-quality protein
especially the animal protein is
required. Second is reducing
the environmental impact, as
the use of soybean meal and
fish meal in animal feed have
strong environmental impact.
The key idea for insect protein
is the circular economy, the
ability to bring the nutrients
that drop out of the value
chain from primary production
in agriculture to processing to
animal farming to
consumption, insects provide
an opportunity to recycle or
upcycle those to back in the
quality nutrients into the value
chain. This process results in
reduced deforestation and
lower greenhouse gas
emission, and these proteins
have much lower footprint in
terms of space and water.
Black soldier fly is the main
attraction of this industry,
which is flourishing all across
the globe. It is nutritious and a
natural feed for poultry, fish,
and pet. It is also very suitable
for large scale industrial
production of flies with natural
An Alternative Protein -
Insect Meal
high-density i.e. it has a fast
development cycle, an
excellent concentrator of
nutrients and it is not a pest or
a vector.
Feed usage is basically focused
on two lifecycle stages which is
Larval stage and Prepupal
stage. Most commercial
companies focus on the larvae
stage. Farming insects produce
three potential products –
1. Most basic stage is live
feeders i.e. insect biomass
which can be used in feed and
traditionally used in exotics, in
pets and reptiles. But now it is
also used in poultry industry at
commercial scale as a feed
supplement for free-range
farming system and shown to
have a positive impact on
growth, health, and animal
welfare.
2. To get into a shelf-stable
format that can be traded and
sold, it has to be processed
that is into dry-insect larvae
which is sold into the pet food
industry.
3. It can be further
processed into insect protein
meal and then insect oil which
become the raw material for
formulated feed which is the
3rd level for inclusion or
substitution in diet.
Insect oil – A micro
ingredient
The second major product is
insect oil which is usually
mechanically extracted from
the insect biomass and
characterized by high lauric
acid content which plays an
important role particularly in
early nutrition as an immune
booster with easily
metabolizable energy. It also
plays an important role in
pelleting formulation to
increase the feed intake and
has shown to be very effective
in pet food as well as shrimp
feed. Because of higher princes
and low availability it cannot
substitute soybean meal or
fishmeal. But can be used as a
novel ingredient for product
differentiation.
Research shows that insect
meal increases digestibility and
feed conversion ratio in
poultry.
Mr. Leonard Wein
Source: Nutrition Technologies Data
Overview of main products

Introduction
The very concept of feeding Bypass protein to ruminants was proposed by the renowned
Australian Scientist from CSIRO, Dr. W.T. Scott in late 70s. However, when it was thought of
conducting research on this feeding technology in India, there was a lot of objection from
many quarters. Incidentally, during that period, NDRI received many foreign experts under
several International Programs. All of them without any exception totally rejected the idea of
doing research on bypass protein. The reason being the low yielding dairy animals in India
don't need bypass protein, since the microbial protein synthesized in their rumen may be
quite sufficient to take care of their protein needs. Notwithstanding the fact that during the
last 3 decades, a lot of research has been conducted on bypass protein in the different Indian
universities and research institutes, including NDDB which is the pioneer organization for the
commercialization of this feed technology in India. However, NDRI was the first research
institute to undertake research on bypass protein. In fact, it virtually delineated most of the
research aspects of this technology, and finally NDDB made it a successful commercial
technology.
During the literature search, a research paper by Satter and Slyter (1975) published in Journal
How the new perspective bypassed the earlier apprehensions on the Bypass Protein
concept?
Success Story of Bypass Protein
T. K. Walli, Former Head, Dairy Nutrition Division, NDRI, Karnal
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020ARTICLE
18
T. K. Walli

19
of Dairy Sci. (US) mentioned
that only 5 mg of
ammonia/100 ml of rumen
liquor are optimally required
for maximum protein
synthesis in the rumen. While
a series of experiments
conducted on cattle and
buffaloes fitted with rumen
cannula earlier showed that
the rumen ammonia levels
varied from above 5 to 20
mg/100 ml of rumen liquor.
Satter and Slyter (1975)
publication surprised in two
ways:
a) only a low level of
ammonia is required to
maximize protein
synthesis in rumen
b) why the ammonia level
in the rumen of cows
and buffaloes in India is
generally much higher
than actually required
for microbial protein
synthesis in rumen
After giving some thought it
was realized that under rural
conditions of the country,
grains are mostly consumed
by humans and non-edible
oilcake are fed to ruminants.
Oil cakes fed to animals are
generally highly degradable
in the rumen, with some
exceptions, and thus,
produce excess ammonia in
rumen. For efficient use of
ammonia with respect to
Amino Acid synthesis in the
rumen, a matching soluble
carbohydrate, like grains, are
required to provide CO2
after its degradation. In the
absence of sufficient
availability of carbon
skeleton as CO2, to trap
excess ammonia, ammonia
gets accumulated in the
rumen.
Since Amino Acids are like
bricks for protein synthesis,
its degradation/ conversion
to ammonia in the rumen is
akin to the production. This
excess ammonia has to be
cleared off from the rumen,
as it has no use to the
animal. The recycling of N is
least needed in such a
situation. After absorption
from the rumen, ammonia is
transported to the liver for
conversion to urea, before its
excretion through urine. But
for urea synthesis, the animal
has to spend its own energy,
thus, rather the animal has to
pay a price to clear this
ammonia.
Thus, feeding of Bypass
protein offers triple benefit
to the animal. It saves feed
protein, saves animal's own
energy and there is less urea
excretion through urine. This
last point has a bearing on
protecting the environment,
through less Nitrous Oxide
emission into the
atmosphere.
Testing the protein
degradability of several
Proteinous feeds: Several
oilseed cakes and other
proteinous feeds were
subjected to in vivo dacron
bag technique for estimation
of protein degradability and
also to calculate the RDP
(Rumen Degradable Protein)
and UDP (Undegraded
Dietary Protein) values of
these feeds. Proteins of
Mustard, rapeseed, and GN
cake are highly degradable in
the rumen, (80-85%), and
need protection. However,
proteins of Cottonseed cake,
Maize gluten meal and guar
meal are least degradable in
the rumen, are naturally
occurring Bypass Protein,
and thus do not protect.
Protein from Soybean cake
has a medium degradability
(around 50 %), and needs
protection.
Measuring the flow rates
of various Nitrogen
Fractions at Abomasun fed
Bypass Protein: A feeding
trial was conducted on 12
cow calves fitted with the
abomasal cannula. Two
groups of animals were fed
isonitrogenous diets, having
either 35 or 65% naturally
The mechanism behind the
feeding bypass protein

20
occurring Bypass Protein in
concentrate. Flow rates at
abomasum were measured,
using chromic oxide as
digesta marker and RNA as a
microbial marker. Flow rates
of Microbial N,
Urea/Ammonia N rates/24 h
were significantly reduced on
the higher Bypass Protein
level.
However, the flow rates of
protein N, Non-Ammonia
Non-Urea N, and Amino acid
N showed significantly
higher flow rates on the
higher bypass Protein levels.
This clearly proved that when
Bypass Protein is fed to
ruminants, there is an overall
increase in the flow of Amino
Acids to the lower tract, and
thus, making more Amino
Acids available for the
absorption in the intestines
of the animal.
Methods for protection of
proteins in highly
degradable cakes: There are
two ways to protect the
proteins in highly degradable
cakes in the rumen, and to
convert these into Bypass
Protein.
Heat Treatment: Heat
treatment of oil cakes can be
done through roasting at
140 degrees C for 30
minutes. It was found that
the above time/temperature
combination was quite
sufficient to protect soybean
cake protein, having
protected its protein from
rumen degradation up to 70-
80 %. However, the problem
with this method is that it is
not a cost-effective
technology.
Formaldehyde (HCHO)
Treatment: Groundnut Cake
was subjected to HCHO
treatment using different
levels of formaldehyde, viz.
0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.5 g
HCHO/100 g cake protein.
The protein degradability in
the rumen was measured by
in vivo Dacron bag
technique. It was observed
that the level of 1.0 g
HCHO/100g of cake protein
caused 70-80 % protection
of its protein in the rumen.
Accordingly, this level was
considered as the optimum
level of HCHO for protecting
proteins from highly
degradable cakes. Formalin
is easily available in the
market in liquid form. It is
40% HCHO, and accordingly,
2.5 ml of Formalin shall
provide 1 g of HCHO.
Formalin is a cheap chemical,
thus making HCHO
treatment quite a very cheap
method of protein protection
for making it a Bypass
protein. However, at the time
of Formalin application,
precautions have to be
observed due to its volatile
and corrosive nature.
Growth trials on goat kids
fed two types of Cakes
treated with HCHO: A
growth trial was conducted
on 12 goat kids divided into
2 groups fed untreated or
HCHO treated GN Cake
(60% BPP in concentrate) for
3 months. At the end of the
trial, it was found that it gave
30-35% increase in growth
rate in the treated group
over the control group. The
Results of the Growth trial
on feeding Bypass Protein
feed conversion efficiency
was found to be much
higher in the treated group.
Similarly, in another trial
conducted on 14 goat kid,
the animals were divided
into 2 groups and fed either
untreated or HCHO treated
mustard Cake (60% BPP in
concentrate) for a period of 3
months. The result in this
experiment too was similar
as observed in kids fed
HCHO G.N. cake There was a
30-35% increase in growth in
the treated group over the
control group. Feed
conversion efficiency too was
much higher in the treated
group as in the first case.
Growth trial on buffalo
calves fed HCHO treated
G.N. Cake: Another growth
buffalo calves divided into 2
groups fed either untreated
GN cake or HCHO treated
GN Cake (60% BPP in
concentrate) for a period of 4
months. In this particular
experiment as well, the
growth rate recorded was
30-35% in the HCHO
treated mustard cake
group, over the control
group. The higher feed
conversion efficiency also
seen in this experiment
makes it an attractive and
cheaper technology.
Additional benefits of
HCHO treatment on both
types of cakes: HCHO
Treatment of GN Cake: After
finishing the growth trial on
kids, the Aflatoxin level was
measured in leftover
untreated and as well as
treated cake samples.
Interestingly, it was found

22
that the aflatoxin level was 3
times more in the untreated
cake. This suggests that
apart from protecting cake
protein, HCHO treatment
does not allow the fungus to
grow on the cake. Thus, the
HCHO treatment of GN Cake
arrests the further growth of
fungi, and no further
increase in Aflatoxin level in
the cake happens, while in
the untreated cake the
fungus grew unchecked and
this increased its aflatoxin
content.
HCHO treatment of
Mustard Cake: After the
growth trial on kids, these
animals were slaughtered
and the organs were
subjected to
histopathological
examination. Results showed
that there was a massive
cellular degeneration of
most of the organs in
animals fed untreated cake,
while in the treated group all
the organs were intact. This
proved that HCHO treatment
prevents the conversion of
glucosinolate, present in the
mustard cake to thiocyanate
in the rumen. Thus, feeding
of Mustard Cake treated with
HCHO has no toxic effect on
ruminants, suggesting that
its feeding is safer in two
ways: does not cause any
organ damage to the animal
and it also prevents
Thiocynate Poisoning in
ruminants.
Some experiments on the
feeding of bypass protein
were conducted by the LPM
Effect of feeding Bypass
Protein on Reproductive
aspects of dairy animals
Division of NDRI Karnal, on
the reproductive aspects of
the animals. It demonstrated
that Bypass Protein feeding
has some positive effect on
reproduction. Because of
higher growth rate and feed
conversion efficiency, it leads
to early maturity, resulting in
a slight decrease in age at
first calving, an improved
conception rate, and a
decreased inter-calving
period in females. In addition
to that, the lower ammonia
level in circulation has a
positive effect on foetal
growth, because the higher
ammonia levels in circulation
can also cause damage to
the foetus. Furthermore, in
young bulls, due to more
supply of Amino Acids on
feeding bypass protein, it
could also lead to a better
libido as well as better
semen quality.
Effect on milk yield of
buffaloes on feeding
bypass protein: 12 lactating
buffaloes were divided into 2
groups and fed either
untreated GN cake or HCHO
treated G.N. Cake (@1g
HCHO/100g cake protein).
The bypass protein level in
the concentrate was 60% of
total protein. After 4 months
of the feeding trial, the
average milk yield in the
treated group was 12-14%
higher. The FCM yield was
still better in the treated
group because there was a
slight increase in the fat
percentage of milk from
treated cows. The increase in
fat percent after feeding
Feeding Bypass Protein to
lactating animals
Bypass Protein has been very
consistently seen in a
number of other
experiments. Perhaps the
increased Methionine supply
on feeding Bypass Protein
provides Methyl donor for
Fat synthesis, resulting in
more fat in milk.
goats on feeding bypass
protein: A trial on 14
lactating goats divided into
two groups was conducted.
While the control group was
fed concentrate which
contained untreated mustard
cake, the experimental group
was fed concentrate having
HCHO treated mustard cake,
forming 60% bypass protein
in the concentrate. The trend
regarding the increase in
milk yield was just similar in
the HCHO treated group as
in other experiments, along
with higher fat content, as
observed in the case of
lactating buffaloes.
Milk samples from goats fed
HCHO treated mustard cake
showed no trace of either
Formalin or Thiocyanate,
Thus, such milk is absolutely
safe for human consumption,
apart from the fact that
HCHO treatment of this cake
is also safe for animals, as
demonstrated earlier in goat
kids, through
histopathological studies.
A) Under NDRI- American
Soybean Association
Collaborative Project: A
Lactating Cross Bred cows
divided into two groups, fed
crossbred cows on feeding
bypass protein:

23
either Roasted Soybean cake
(140 deg C for 30 Min), or
Soyabean cake as such, for 3
months, to make bypass
protein as 60% in
concentrate. At the end of
the trial, the treated group
showed 12-14% higher milk
yield than the untreated
group. Though the results
were quite encouraging, it
has been already mentioned
that this is not a cost
effective technology. As
compared to roasting, the
HCHO treatment of cake is a
much cheaper technology to
convert highly degradable oil
cakes into Bypass Protein.
B) Under NDRI-NDDB
collaborative project: A trial
was conducted at NDRI on
12 lactating crossbred cows
divided into two groups. The
experimental group was fed
Bypass Protein feed having
HCHO treated G N Cake,
while the control group was
fed feed containing
untreated G.N. cake. After
the 3 months of trial, the
increase in milk yield was
recorded to be around 13 to
14% in the group fed bypass
protein over the control
group, along with better feed
conversion efficiency and
cost-effectiveness.
Simultaneously a similar trial
was conducted by NDDB,
using the same bypass
protein feed, in the rural
areas around Anand.
However, the increase in milk
yield in the rural area was
still higher than recorded at
NDRI. The yield varied from
15-20%. After getting
convinced, then NDDB
Chairman Dr. Amrita Patel
decided to go for large scale
production of Bypass protein.
The biochemical
explanation for the
increase in milk yield:
A) Quantum of Lactose
synthesis decides the
quantum of milk to be
synthesized in
Mammary Gland
B) Lactose regulates the
osmotic pressure of
milk. More the lactose
synthesis, more amount
of water
Mammary Gland has to
suck from blood, which
increases milk volume.
C) Lactose synthesis in
Mammary Gland
depends upon the
supply of glucose, part
of which is also
converted to galactose,
for lactose synthesis.
D) More supply of glucose
to Mammary Gland,
means more Lactose
synthesis.
E) Bypass Protein feeding
provides extra supply of
AA to liver for more
Gluconeogenesis, as
propionate supply is not
sufficient, due to less
ingestion of soluble
carbohydrates.
F) Since, the other two milk
constituents viz. Protein
and Fat have to keep
pace, to match the
lactose level in milk. This
results in more Milk
Volume or in other
words more Milk yield.
The first commercial
plant for manufacture of
Bypass Protein was
commissioned at
Baroda, under Indo-
Australian Collaborative
Project in 2004.
A Special thanks to Dr W.T. Scott, the
pioneer researcher of Bypass Protein
feeding and deepest gratitude to my
Ph.D Scholars and M.Sc. students, who
have been the part of this research
journey, spread over 2 decades of
time frame.
ImageSource:DairyGlobal

24
Introduction
Poultry rearing has become a vital economic activity in many countries. In intensive
poultry production, newly hatched chicks are more prone to infections due to the slow
normal microflora colonization in the intestine. The situation is due to less chance of
contact with their mother and acquires microflora from the environment. Due to
production pressure, the broiler chickens succumb to stresses, which adversely affects
their performance. Under such circumstances, the use of synthetic antimicrobial agents
and antibiotics help to mitigate stress and improve feed efficiency and growth.
However, with the possibility of antibiotics ceasing to be used as growth promoters in
poultry in the coming days, both consumers and manufacturers are looking for
alternatives. Europe and South Korea banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters
since 2006 and 2012, respectively, and such a ban affects the rest of the world. For
sustainable animal production systems, the development of antibiotic alternatives is the
need of the hour. Therefore, the concept of probiotic supplementation emerges, which
is highly helpful to fill this gap.
Role of Probiotics for Gut
Health Management in Poultry
Dr. Srinivas J, Kemin Industries
ImageSource:Novozymes

25
What is Probiotic?
Probiotics are the live
microbial feed supplement
that beneficially improves
the intestinal microbial
balance of the host animal.
The most used species with
two exceptions in probiotic
(intestinal strains)
preparations are
Lactobacillus species (L.
acidophilus, L. bulgaricus,
L. casei, L. lactis),
Streptococcus
thermophilus, Enterococcus
faecalis, Enterococcus
faecium, Bacillus subtilis,
and Bifidobacterium spp.
The exceptions are
Lactobacillus bulgaricus &
Streptococcus
thermophilus are yogurt
starter organisms.
Other types of probiotics
such as Bacillus spores
(direct-fed microbial -
DFM) can be included as
feed additives in poultry
diets due to their heat
resistant capacity and long
shelf life. Generally, Bacillus
spp. have a distinct
advantage over
Lactobacillus and
Bifidobacterium as DFM,
because Bacillus spores are
resistant to low pH, bile
salts, and other harsh
conditions encountered in
the gastric environment.
Bacillus spores promote
gut health by competitive
exclusion and produce
antimicrobial peptides that
are cytotoxic to bacterial
pathogens and reduce
symptoms associated with
enteric infectious diseases,
such as necrotic enteritis.
Some Bacillus (Bacillus
subtilis PB6) strains
produce antimicrobial
substances with broad-
spectrum activity against
various strains of
Campylobacter and
Clostridium species.
Commercially, chickens
reared to hatch in clean
incubators devoid of
organisms commonly
found in the gut. Also, shell
microbiological
contamination may
influence gut microflora
characteristics. The
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
gastric secretion that starts
at 18 days incubation has
an impact on microflora
selection. Thus, immediate
probiotic supplementation
at birth is vital in avian
species than in other
animals.
Ideal Characteristics of a
Probiotic
An ideal probiotic should
be characterized as
mentioned below.
·Source – animal/ bird
origin
·Nonpathogenic and
nontoxic
·Resistant and
persistent to stress,
processing, storage,
and gastric acid & bile
·Antimicrobial activity
·To overcome pelleting
temperatures and be
compatible with most
feed additives
·Suitable adherence
factors to attach in
intestinal epithelium or
mucus and compete
for binding sites
·Genetically stable and
viable at the high
population
Probiotic Colonization
Establishing and
maintaining healthy gut
microflora is essential,
which improves the
microbial environment of
birds' intestinal tract by
displacing harmful bacteria.
The gut is sterile in newly
hatched chicks and
acquires microflora from
the environment. Chicks
may get infected at this
time since pathogenic
microbes may multiply
faster than beneficial
bacteria. However, as the
days progress, post-hatch,

26
the microflora stabilizes
and attains a balance
between the 'favorable' and
'harmful' bacteria. This
balance may be affected by
internal factors like stress
or surrounding
environment like infectious
pressure. At this stage, the
concept of probiotics
supplementation emerges
that is helpful for gut
microflora. Survival and
stability of the microbial
strains used, their
relationship with the host,
host health, stress,
nutritional status, dose,
usage frequency, age, and
genetics are the depending
factors for successful
colonization of probiotics.
The measured colony
forming units (CFU)
describes the increased
colonization at the beak,
and that progressed
distally to the colon. Small
intestines have anaerobes
with a population ranging
from 104 to 108 CFU/ml
(Lactobacilli, Streptococci,
and Enterobacteria). The
maximum bacterial
population, accounting for
1010 to 1013 CFU/ml, has
been recorded in the colon
and caecum.
Mechanism of Action
The probiotics work by
competitive exclusion
mechanism. Nurmi and
Rantala, et. al., 1973,
successfully demonstrated
that newly hatched chicks
develop resistance to
Salmonella colonization in
the gut by providing a
suspension of gut content
from healthy adult
chickens. Probiotics
exclude the pathogen
replication sites by
competing for the common
nutrients in the chicken
gut. Competitive exclusion
refers to the physical
blocking of opportunistic
pathogen colonization and
altering the environmental
niches within the intestinal
tract like intestinal villus
and crypts that leads to a
better immune system. The
addition of a
nonpathogenic culture by
competitive exclusion,
either single or multiple
strains, reduces the
pathogenic bacteria in the
GIT. Competitive exclusion
by probiotics includes
competition for physical
attachment sites, host
immune system
enhancement, and
production of antimicrobial
compounds like short-
chain fatty acids and
bacteriocins or colicins
from metabolic reactions.
The epithelial barrier
enhancement increases
adhesion to the intestinal
mucosa, modulation of the
immune system, and
production of antimicrobial
substances that are another
mechanism of action by
probiotics. Probiotics
showing antimicrobial
effect provides a frontline
of defense against the
adverse effects of
pathogens. For example,
Bacillus subtilis PB6 is a
natural strain isolated from
the healthy chicken gut,
shown broad-spectrum
activity against various
strains of Campylobacter
and Clostridium spp. by
producing antimicrobial
substances in vitro. Some
Lactobacillus strains inhibit
Shigella and Yersinia
virulence factors by directly
reducing their invasiveness.
Mechanism of action in
probiotics to modulate the
immune system mostly
depends on the strains of
microorganisms or bacteria
used, probiotic preparation
method, the environment
where birds reared, and the
route of administration.
Through the interaction of
host and the probiotic
cultures, many studies
observed enhancement of
both natural and specific
antibodies, interferons, or
cytokines, as well as
activation or suppression of
T-cells that lead to the
cytokine expression.
The health benefits
afforded by probiotics
include the formation of
low molecular weight
compounds (<1,000 Da),
such as organic acids, and
the production of
antibacterial substances
termed bacteriocins (>
11,000 Da). Organic acids,
acetic acid, and lactic acid
have a strong inhibitory
effect against gram-
negative bacteria, which
are the antimicrobial
compounds responsible for
the inhibitory activity of
probiotics against
pathogens.
Many Lactobacillus
produce antibacterial
peptides, including
bacteriocins and small

28
antimicrobial peptides
(AMPs). Bacteriocins
(lactacin B from L.
acidophilus) with narrow-
spectrum activity act
against closely related
bacteria. Whereas, some
bacteriocins are active
against food-borne
pathogens. The bacteriocin
mediated killing includes
the target cell destruction
by pore formation and
inhibition of cell wall
synthesis.
Probiotic Effect on
Necrotic Enteritis (NE)
Clostridium perfringens, a
gram-positive and spore-
forming anaerobe cause an
enterotoxemic disease
named necrotic enteritis
(NE). C. perfringens is
commonly found in GIT
and develops necrotic
lesions on the gut wall
resulting in the mortality of
poultry. Feed contaminated
with C. perfringens
implicates outbreaks of
necrotic enteritis in
chickens. Studies showed
that healthy chicken has a
relatively low number of C.
perfringens in GIT, while
the increase in the bacterial
concentration correlates
with the necrotic enteritis
condition.
Usage of antibiotic growth
promoters to some extent
helped in reducing the
incidences of NE. However,
isolation of antibiotic-
resistant strains of C.
perfringens from chickens,
a significant shift in
consumer attitudes,
legislation in the European
Union towards raising food
animals without drugs and
medicines led to search of
other non-antibiotic
alternatives. Kemin
formulated CLOSTAT™, an
active microbial strain to
inhibit C. perfringens,
contains a naturally
occurring strain of Bacillus
subtilis PB6 isolated from
the intestinal tract of a
healthy chicken. CLOSTAT™
is a patented proprietary
strain that is closely
associated with the
intestinal epithelium and
able to tolerate gastric and
bile conditions. The
CLOSTAT™ strain can form
spores that help in the
strains' survival during
pellet formation and for
broiler feed production.
Bacillus subtilis PB6
produces a specific
bacteriocin in the GIT that
has inhibitory activity
against pathogenic strains
of Clostridium perfringens
and Campylobacter spp;
produces specific surfactins
that have efficient anti-
inflammatory properties.
Bacillus subtilis PB6
significantly improves the
intestinal morphology,
growth performance,
carcass traits, and control
necrotic enteritis in
broilers.
Effect of Probiotics on
Immune system
Using probiotics regularly
stimulates the humoral and
cell-mediated immunity
through enhanced
production of natural
interferons/ cytokines,
increased macrophage,
lymphocyte, and natural
killer (NK) cell activity. It
upregulates oxidative burst
in heterophils and increases
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM,
and IgA). Probiotics produce
a gut-stabilizing effect and
immune regulation through
balanced control of pro-
inflammatory and anti-
inflammatory cytokines.
Probiotics inhibit the growth
of infectious organisms by
increasing the number of
lymphocytes and lymphoid
cells in lamina propria and
intraepithelial lymphocytes
(IEL) in the small intestine.
Cell-mediated immunity
stimulation reduces the
flock mortality caused by
immunosuppressive
diseases [infectious bursal
disease (IBD), chicken
infectious anemia, reoviral
infection, Mareks' disease,
and mycotoxins] and fights
against viral infection. Their
metabolites act as
immunomodulatory agents
by activating specific and
non-specific immune
responses of chicks, which
in turn enable them to
prevent various infectious
diseases. Feeding probiotics
could improve antibody
titers against Infectious
bursal disease and
Newcastle disease (ND). By
increasing the immune
status and checking/
preventing enteric
infections (bacterial,
coccidian), probiotics could
help in alleviating the
losses due to secondary
infections in birds,
observed during viral
diseases or
immunosuppressive

07
29
conditions.
Probiotics enhance the
resistance of birds and
partially protect from the ill
effects on growth
associated with pathogenic
microbes. Probiotics help
to reduce the pathogenic
microbial load in the
intestine, thereby reducing
the risk of spread in the
house through fecal
contamination. A multi-
strain probiotic use in time
(before the infection sets
in) and regularly in feed
helps to prevent various
infectious agents like
bacterial, fungal, protozoan,
and viral agents.
Chickens fed with dietary
Bacillus subtilis PB6 for 28
days tend to display better
growth performance and
pronounced intestinal
morphology, including
consistent cell mitosis,
extended cell area, and
prominent villus height,
compared to those fed on a
control diet. In a challenge
study with C. perfringens, B.
subtilis PB6 supplemented
diet, broilers had significant
feed conversion ratio (FCR)
and increased intestinal villi
length between 10.88% and
30.46% over infected
control. The study
demonstrated that Bacillus
subtilis PB6
supplementation can
improve the host gut
physiology and intestinal
health in the presence of
pathogens.
Application of Probiotics
Probiotics maintain the
proper balance of beneficial
microbial population in the
intestine of birds, which is
vital for productivity,
growth, efficient feed
conversion, and
stimulation of birds'
immune mechanisms. The
mechanism of the action of
probiotics in the poultry
production system include:
competitive exclusion of
harmful bacteria/
pathogens, production of
antibacterial peptides like
bacteriocins and small
AMPs, establishing and
maintaining a healthy gut
microflora, improved
digestion, and utilization of
nutrients, decreased pH,
the release of various
antibacterial substances,
toxins neutralization,
competition for nutrients
with pathogens, reduced
ammonia production, and
immune system
stimulation. Effective
probiotic accelerates the
development of normal
microflora in chicks and
poults, improves egg
production, weight, and
size, and helps in better
poultry performance.
Conclusion
Probiotics usage helps to
improve gut health by
reducing enteric pathogens
in poultry. Probiotics act as
growth promoters,
immunostimulants, and
optimize the microflora
balance in the avian gut.
Bacillus subtilis spores can
be included as feed
additives in poultry diets
due to their remarkable
heat stability and long
shelf life. Bacillus subtilis
spores promote gut health,
not only by competitive
exclusion but also by
producing antimicrobial
peptides that are cytotoxic
to bacterial pathogens and
reduce symptoms
associated with enteric
infectious diseases, such as
necrotic enteritis. Bacillus
subtilis PB6 controls C.
perfringens induced
necrotic enteritis in broiler
birds and improves gut
health and gut integrity by
increasing the villus height
and villus height to crypt
depth ratio. Studies proved
that probiotics are a
potential alternative to
antibiotic growth
promoters used in the
poultry industry.

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020INDUSTRY NEWS
30
Farmers who would be
selling their produce at
farmgate under the recently-
enacted Farmers' Produce
Trade and Commerce
(Promotion & Facilitation)
Act 2020 will have real-time
access to prevailing
commodity prices through a
market intelligence and price
information system, which
will be up and running soon,
according to top Agriculture
Ministry sources.
One of the major
contentions of a section of
farmers protesting against
the new farm legislations
was that when an
agribusiness or processor
buys produce from farmers
in direct trade, farmers may
end up selling the produce
at low prices as they do not
have access to price
discovery.
Price discovery mechanism
“A farmer will have now four
different possibilities for
selling his or her produce.
One, farmer can sell it in
physical market, which is a
notified mandi. Second,
selling through virtual
exchanges such eNAM or
other private electronic
marketplaces. Three, a
contract agreement, where
there is a visibility of the
price. The fourth possibility is
farmer selling at the
farmgate,” the sources said.
“We are developing a market
intelligence and price
information system and a
mechanism for disseminating
this information to farmers
across the country so that
they can make an informed
choice where they want to
sell their produce. The portal
is expected to be ready in
next three to four months,”
they said adding that this is
mandated in the section 7 of
the Act. This system will be
having information all other
systems that are prevalent. It
will take inputs from physical
market, inputs from e-
trading platforms (it is
mandatory for all e-trading
platforms to share price
information on a common
portal). Similarly, as the
contracts are registered, their
information will also be
available and the fourth
element will be commodity
exchanges where even future
prices are also available,” the
sources said.
Digital info mode
The idea to capture all this
information and using an
analytical tool, make them
available to farmers to
understand what is the
prevailing price of a
particular crop of a particular
grade in the local market or
in a market in another State
or at the national level, they
added.The government plans
to disseminate the price
information through an App,
through text messages, also
make it available on the
portal as well as through
electronic displays at various
locations such as mandis,
where the farmers already
have access.
Source: Business Line
A new market intelligence
and price information for
farm produce
ImageSource:FarmTRX

Think Grain Think Feed November 2020

Think Grain Think Feed November 2020

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