TOWN PLANNING

2. Content of the presentation
General Introduction
Objects of town planning
Principles of Town Planning
Necessity of town Planning
Origins of towns
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3. General Introduction
Town Planning – arrangement of various components or units of a town
in such a way that the town as such attains the significance of a living
organism.
Knowledge of town planning helps in achieving the best possible
advantages of the situation of town with respect to its land and the
surrounding environments.
The town planning is a Science as well as Art too.
The art lies in arranging the components of a town in such a way that
the final result is in the form of a beautiful, convenient, economical
and efficient unit.
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4. Objects of town planning
A. Beauty
B. Convenience
C. Environment
D. Health
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5. A. Beauty
The potential of the natural surroundings is exploited and the architectural
finished are used to design various components of the town.
The trees, natural greenery are preserved.
Architectural control is imposed on the public as well as the semi-public
buildings, ancient architectural buildings, temples, churches, mosques,
buildings of cultural and historical significance etc.
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6. B. Convenience
It is important to take care that various economic, social and recreational
amenities are given to the public.
These amenities include cheap power and electricity, proper sites for
industrial wastes, facilities to commercial units etc.
Recreational spaces are very important to be designed and appropriately
located.
Places of recreation include open spaces, parks, town halls, playgrounds,
cinema houses, community centers, stadiums etc.
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7. C. Environment
Towns should be designed in such a way that the
environmental factors are taken into
consideration.
People should be able to carry on with their daily
activities without much effort.
The problems evolved with the rise in tiresome
travel to work, long hours of work, limited time
spent within the community etc.
These mal-adjustments have tended to destroy
the vitality of urban living and the town planning
is mainly concerned with bringing about a better
relation between man and his environment.
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8. D. Health
Health of the citizens should never be compromised.
This can be achieved by proper use of land by dividing the land into zones
such as residential, commercial, industrial, recreational etc.
Dividing the land into different zones prevents encroachment of one zone
upon the smooth and promotes orderly development of the town in future.
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9. Principles of Town Planning
Green Belt
Housing
Public Buildings
Recreation centers
Road system
Transport facilities
Zoning
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10. Principles of Town Planning (Cont…)
1. Zoning :
The town should be divided into suitable zones such as commercial zone, industrial zone,
residential zone, etc. and suitable rules and regulations should be formed for the development
of each zone.
2. Green belt :
Green belt is non-development zone on the periphery of the town.
It prevents the haphazard sprawl of the town restricting its size.
In essence, a green belt is an invisible line designating a border around a certain area,
preventing development of the area and allowing wildlife to return and be established.
Greenways and green wedges have a linear character and may run across the town and
not around the town.
3. Housing
Housing has to be carefully studied and designed to suit the local population.
Care should be taken to see that there is no development of slums since it would be
responsible for degrading the life of the citizens.
There are various types of housing styles.
When a land use plan is made, zones for independent housing, midrise buildings, high rise
buildings are allocated.
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11. Principles of Town Planning (Cont…)
4. Public buildings
Public buildings should be well grouped and distributed throughout the town. Unnecessary
concentration of public buildings should be avoided.
Factors such as parking facilities, road widths have to be taken into consideration while allocating
the space for public buildings.
5. Recreation centres
Recreation centers have to be given importance while designing atown.
They are necessary for the recreational activities of the general public. They include parks for walking
and cycling, amusement parks etc.
6. Road systems
Road network hierarchy is very important.
A nicely designed road system puts a great impression in the minds of people, especially the visitors to
thetown.
The provision of a faulty road system in the initial stages of town formation proves to be too difficult
and costly to repair or to re-arrange in future.
7. Transport facilities
The town should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that there is minimum loss of time
from place of work to the place of residence.
Efficiency in transport facilities includes both public and private networks.
Public transportation network includes access to buses, trains, trams and trolleybuses. Efficiency in
using the public transport will determine the success of that town in terms ofdesign.
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12. Necessity of town Planning
Why is Town planning important?
Ans: To avoid Evil situations within town.
Evil situations are as follows:
1. Defective road system resulting in the formation of narrow streets and
lanes;
2. Development of slums and squatter settlements;
3. Heavy traffic congestion during the working hours of the day;
4. Inadequate open spaces for parks and playgrounds resulting in
unhealthy living conditions;
5. Lack of essential amenities like electricity, water supply and drainage;
6. Noisy atmosphere disturbing the peace of city dwellers;
7. Uncontrolled development of the town;
8. Unhealthy living conditions;
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13. Origins of towns
Town Planning, Semester-IV, DDU, CL
Topographical features contributing to the origin of towns:
i. Conditions favorable for industrial units,
ii. Hilly areas to achieve the objects of defense,
iii. Plain areas useful for business activities,
iv. River bank for domestic water, transport and fishing,
v. Sea or Ocean fronts for fishing and transport.
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14. Functional aspects responsible for the origin of Towns:
Education
Health resource
Political
Religious
Specific industry
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15. Growth of towns Growth of
town
According to
origin
Natural
Growth
Concentric
Spread
Ribbon
development
Satellite
growth
Scattered
growth
Planned
Growth
According to
Direction
Vertical
Growth
Horizontal
Growth
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16. Growth According to Origin : Natural Growth
Natural Growth – Characteristics:
Developed as its own
Without future planning
Designed and developed as per immediate comfort and
convenience
Provisions of public amenities are in irregular way and not
futuristic.
A
B
C
D
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17. A. Concentric Spread
 Concentric spread:
Natural tendency of people to be
as near as possible to
town, hence town develops in
concentric rings
Many complicated problems
such as
 Traffic congestion
 Narrow streets
 Concentration of population
CB D
LIG
MIG
HIG
CBD: Central business
district
LIG: Low income group
MIG: Middle income group
HIG: High income group
• Town grows radially
• Similar or functionally
related activities will be at
same distance from center
of town
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18. A. Concentric Spread
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19. B. Ribbon Development
Everyone like to build
as near as possible to
main road
Buildings
along side
road
develop
of main
Long
ribbons
fingers or
of
houses/shops develop
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20. Disadvantages of Ribbon Development
Increase in cost of various utility
supply, power,
services like water
telephone etc.
Loose and scatter community – lack of
social life
Costly and difficult future improvement
Houses face heavy traffic, noise, dust
Interior portion left undeveloped,
wastage of land
Traffic capacity and efficiency of main
road reduces
More pedestrians on main road causes
traffic accidents/ traffic delays
Harms naturalness of country, spoils
countryside, aesthetically faulty
Measures to be taken:
Land use zoning
Regulation and control of traffic
Removal of encroachments from road
side
Planning road side amenities
Expressway with complete controlled
access
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21. C. Satellite town/ Satellite Growth
Satellite growth:
Term Satellite is used
indicate a body under the
influence of a more
powerful body but
possessing its own
identity
Example: Gurugram,
Noida, Ghaziabad,
Faridabad, Navi Mumbai,
Kanchipuram,
Mamallapuram
Satellit
e town
Satellit
e town Satellit
e town
Parent City
Green Belt
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22. Features of satellite town:
Own local government
It is town itself, but it depends to a certain extent upon parent city
Well connected by local trains, buses etc
Free to decide its economic, social and cultural activities
Situated beyond green belt of parent city
Its neither a village nor a suburb
Mainly residential area with only local shops, schools for children etc
It need not have zoning regulations
It can be even considered as part of market for goods and services being produced in
parent city
 Disadvantage:
necessity of the journey to work
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23. D. Scattered Growth
Very irregular
Traffic congestion
Encroachment of industries on residential area
Slums
Lack of parks and playgrounds
Complex problems become too difficult to be solved in future
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24. Planned Growth
Growth is controlled by suitable rules & regulations
Rational distribution of various blocks such as resi/ comm/ industrial
Provision of various amenities like water supply, drainage, parks etc is made to
meet future requirements
Orderly growth avoids clashing of many activities of normal town
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25. Growth According to Direction
E. Horizontal Growth
F. Vertical Growth
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26. E. Horizontal Growth
Town develops horizontally in all directions
It is possible where land is available in plenty at nominal cost
Advantages:
Cost saving: buildings are generally 2/3 storey
High tech personnel not required
Max possible use of natural light
Restricted density of population
Surrounding marginal space can be used to develop garden
Disadvantage:
Requires more land, so can be uneconomical where land values are high
Foundation cost per unit area will be more
Absence of group living
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27. Horizontal Growth
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28. F. Vertical Growth- Multi-storied buildings
Where land is less and costly
Advantages:
Use of common amenities, sense of group
living develops
Foundation cost per unit area is reasonable
Higher level floor enjoys natural sceneries
such as river view, sea view etc.
Considerable saving in land
Economy in construction cost, repetition of
typical floors
Max use of modern construction techniques
such as, Fire proofing, Sound proofing, Heat
insulation. Air-conditioning, High speed lifts
Disadvantages:
Natural calamities, difficult to escape
More population density
Design of flats stereo-typed
Have to tolerate evils of group living
Failure of lift or water raising pump will cause
great inconvenience
Wastage of floor space, as lifts, supporting
column etc. have to be provided
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29. Vertical Growth
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30. SL.NO. HORIZONTAL GROWTH VERTICAL GROWTH
1. The town develops and expands horizontally in
all directions.
The town develops along vertical direction.
2. The buildings usually consists of two to three
storeys.
The buildings usually consists of more than three
storeys.
3. It is economical in the place where the land
cost is cheap.
It is economical in the place where the land cost
is very high.
4. In building it is possible to use roof ventilation
and maximum use of natural lighting.
In building it is not possible to use roof
ventilation and natural lighting.
5. Density of population can be controlled. Density of population cannot be controlled.
6. A sense of group living is not possible. A sense of group living is possible.
7. High foundation cost per unit area for the
buildings.
Low foundation cost per unit area for the
buildings.
8. Less liabilities in case of natural disaster. High liabilities in case of natural disaster.
Difference between Horizontal growth and Vertical growth:
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31. Stages in TOWN development

32. Stages of town development
according to Sir Patrick Geddes
A town is classified into various categories according to the different stages of
development.
Sir Patrick Geddes has given three such as primary, secondary and tertiary.
The primary town is one which produces human necessities such as agricultural
village.
The secondary town is one which functions as entry of exchange such as
marketing town.
The tertiary town is one which provides residential, educational and recreational
facilities.
In reality, a town is a mixture of all the above categories.
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33. Classification by Harold MacLean Lewis
According to, “Harold MacLean Lewis”[1] the trends in urban growth can be visualized
through population estimates.
He classified the towns with relation to their population sizes.
According to his classification the town population begins from 2500 to 5000 persons. He
further classified town in nine categories.
i) 2500 to 5000 persons may be termed as Eopolis or Infantile Municipality Town
ii) 5000 to 10000 persons may be termed as Polis or Juvenile Town
iii) 10000 to 25000 persons may be termed as Mature Trade/IndustrialTown
iv) 25000 to 50000 persons may be termed as Metropolis or Medium Size City
v) 50000 to 100000 persons may be termed as Megalopolis Intermediate City
vi) 100000 to 250000 persons may be termed as Trade/Industry/Service Sector City
vii) 250000 to 500000 persons may be termed as Primate City
viii) 500000 to 1000000 persons may be termed as Tyranopolis or a Metropolitan City
ix) 1000000 or more persons may be termed as Senile City or Mega City
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34. Eopolis: The Eopolis indicates the first stage of town as a village community whose economic base is
agriculture.
Polis: The Polis indicates and association of population with some mechanization and specialization.
Metropolis: The metropolis is a city or town which serves as a capital of a state or region.
Megalopolis: The megalopolis indicates the first stage of decline in town or city due to mega problems &
issues, or the reign of town or city shows the signs of decline and deterioration.
Tyranopolis: the Tyranopolis is the town or city which shows drastic deteriorating situation for example
the trade depression or military powers may occur with different war lords.
Necropolis: the necropolis is the worst stage of town or city. For example the citizens are shifting to rural
areas or hinter land or village due to war, disease or economic break down. In that case the town may
recover from it after a large internal of time.
According to Lewis Mumford,
the urban growth or town growth takes place in six stages with respect to their
social order. Each town may pass through these six stages, i.e. Eopolis, Polis,
Metropolis, Megalopolis, Tyranopolis and Necropolis.
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35. Stages of town development according to Griffith Taylor
Senile: Finally the senile stage of town indicates the physical decay in most of the portions of the city. Or the
physical, social & economic degradation is evident in the built environment of town or city.
According to Mr. Griffith Taylor a town or city passes through four stages, i.e. Infantile,
Juvenile, Mature and senile.
Infantile: this is the first stage of town in which a city is not yet divided in separate zones. Or the city in which
zoning regulations is not being prepared yet.
Juvenile: the juvenile stage of town or city indicates that, shops are being separated from the houses or
residential area and there are some factories or an industry has been established at a minimal level.
Mature: the mature stage of town shows the divisions of residential zone, commercial zone and industrial
zone in the city. Or the land use and zoning regulations in town shows the stage of mature city / town.
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36. Classification of Town/ Cities according to
India Census and RBI
Towns are further classified into different classes based on the size of
population:
city: population ranges from 50,000 to 1,00,000 ;
Greater city: population ranges from 1,00,000 to 3,00,000 ;
Super city: population ranges from 3,00,000 to 1,00,00,000 ;
metropolis: population 10,00,000 and above; (ex. Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad)
mega polis: population 1,00,00,000 and above. (ex. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata)
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37. Powers required to enforce Town Planning
scheme:
Power of fixing up the value of property according to some fixed procedure.
Power to acquire slums and demolish them with a view to improve the town
Power to acquire land
Power to compel proper use of lands and buildings
Powers to introduce zoning
Power to finance the city planning projects
Power to prevent the fragmentation of land beyond certain limits
Power to redevelop buildings and spaces
What is TP scheme?
A Town Planning scheme is a legal document that applies to a defined area. It confers
rights on land by specifying how this land may be used and developed. ... The aim of a
town planning scheme is to ensure orderly and properplanning.
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38. Site for an ideal town:
Availability of natural advantages Available facility of sewage disposal
Availability of electric power Soil fertility
Available means of communication Frequency of floods
Climatic conditions Growths of trees
Contours of area Nature of soil
Development of surrounding area Position of streams and lakes
Drainage of area Water resources, etc.
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39. Conclusions:
Thus conclusively the current discussion leads us to following realities.
i. Urban growth can be spontaneous on its own or planned growth as directed by the authorities.
ii. The concept of planning is to provide a vision for future well before the people actually settle in the
settlements and planning may also be appropriate enough to facilitate the process of housing the poor
in the city.
iii. The basic planning component is that incompatible land uses should not be allowed or located together.
iv. Circulation, transport, infrastructure and land use management are the basic tools of planning to guide
the urban growth and transformation in the city.
v. Suburban growth shall be seen as the series of phases through which a particular location passes or it
is the development which proceed from an open land to mature urban development.
vi. The objectives of sound planning should be to develop a set of simple guidelines, or principles which
should be comprehensive and adaptable to changing conditions of the future.
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