1. Presented By:
Krishna Kumar Paul
MBA 6th Trimester,
Boston International College
krishnapaul57@gmail.com
STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND CHOICE
2. Strategy Analysis & Choice
Strategic analysis and choice largely
involves making subjective decisions
based on objective information.
3. Strategy Analysis & Choice
The Nature of Strategy Analysis and Choice –
– Establishing long-term objectives
– Generating alternative strategies
– Selecting strategies to pursue
– Best alternative to achieve mission and objectives
4. Strategy Analysis & Choice
Alternative strategies derive from –
– Vision
– Mission
– Objectives
– External audit
– Internal audit
– Past successful strategies
5.
6. STRATEGY FORMULATION
FRAMEWORK
INPUT STAGE:
IFE
EFE
MATCHING STAGE:
SPACE MATRIX
SWOT MATRIX
BCG MATRIX
GE NINE CELL MATRIX
IE MATRIX
GRAND STRATEGY MATRIX
DECISION STAGE:
QSPM MATRIX
7. Input Stage
• Provides basic input information for the matching
and decision stage matrices
• Requires strategists to quantify subjectivity early in
the process
• Good intuitive judgment always needed
9. EFE Matrix
Five-Step process:
List key external factors (10-20)
Opportunities & threats
Assign weight to each (0 to 1.0)
Sum of all weights = 1.0
Assign 1-4 rating to each factor
• Firm’s current strategies response to the factor
Multiply each factor’s weight by its rating
• Produces a weighted score
Sum the weighted scores for each
Determines the total weighted score for the organization.
Highest possible weighted score for the organization is 4.0; the lowest is 1.0.
Average is 2.5
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10. .201.20Political instability
.202.10Bad media exposure
.102.05Smokeless market
.153.05Production limits on tobacco
.202.10Legislation against the tobacco industry
Threats
.303.10Market growth
2.101.00TOTAL
.604.15Discount market
.051.05Internet growth
.153.05Increased demand
.151.15Global markets untapped
Weighted
score
RatingWeight
Surya Tobacco—Key External Factors
Opportunities
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11. EFE
Total weighted score of 4.0 =
Organization response is outstanding to threats &
opportunities
Total weighted score of 1.0 =
Firm’s strategies not capitalizing on opportunities or
avoiding threats
Surya Tobacco (in the previous example), has a total
weighted score of 2.10 indicating that the firm is below
average in its effort to pursue strategies that capitalize
on external opportunities and avoid threats.
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12. Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix
[It is similar to EFE Matrix, only difference is it uses
internal factors( strengths and weaknesses) rather
than external factors (opportunities and threats)]
13. Stage 2: The Matching Stage
Match between organization’s internal
resources & skills and the opportunities &
risks created by its external factors
13
15. SWOT Matrix
Strengths-Opportunities (SO)
Weaknesses-Opportunities (WO)
Strengths-Threats (ST)
Weaknesses-Threats (WT)
Four Types of Strategies
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16. SWOT Matrix
SO strategies use a firm’s internal strengths to take
advantage of external opportunities
WO strategies improve internal weaknesses by taking
advantage of external opportunities
ST strategies use a firm’s strengths to avoid or reduce
the impact of external threats
WT strategies defensive tactics aimed at reducing
internal weakness and avoiding external threats
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17. SWOT Matrix
Numerous environmental
Opportunities
Major environmental Threats
Substantial
Internal
Strengths
Critical
Internal
Weaknesses
Cell 3: Supports
a turnaround
oriented
strategy
Cell 1: Supports
an aggressive
strategy
Cell 2: Supports
a diversification
strategy
Cell 4: Supports
defensive
strategy
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18. TOWS Matrix
WT Strategies
Minimize weaknesses and
avoid threats
ST Strategies
Use strengths to avoid threats
Threats-T
List Threats
WO Strategies
Overcome weaknesses by
taking advantage of
opportunities
SO Strategies
Use strengths to take
advantage of opportunities
Opportunities-O
List Opportunities
Weaknesses-W
List Weaknesses
Strengths-S
List Strengths
19.
20. Limitations with SWOT Matrix
Does not show how to achieve a competitive
advantage
Provides a static assessment in time
May lead the firm to overemphasize a single
internal or external factor in formulating
strategies
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21. SPACE Matrix
Strategic Position and Action Evaluation Matrix
Four quadrant framework
Determines appropriate strategies
Aggressive
Conservative
Defensive
Competitive
22. SPACE Matrix
Two Internal Dimensions
Financial Strength [FS]
Competitive Advantage [CA]
Two External Dimensions
Environmental Stability [ES]
Industry Strength [IS]
23. SPACE Matrix
Overall Strategic position determined by:
Financial Strength [FS]
Competitive Advantage [CA]
Environmental Stability [ES]
Industry Strength [IS]
24. SPACE Matrix
Developing the SPACE Matrix:
EFE Matrix
IFE Matrix
Financial Strength
Competitive Advantage
Environmental Stability
Industry Strength
25. SPACE Matrix
Select variables to define FS, CA, ES, & IS
Assign numerical ranking from +1 (worst) to +6
(best) for FS and IS; Assign numerical ranking
from –1 (best) to –6 (worst) for ES and CA.
Compute average score for FS, CA, ES, & IS
26. SPACE Matrix
Plot the average scores on the Matrix
Add the two scores on the x-axis and plot point on
X. Add the scores on the y-axis and plot Y. Plot
the intersection of the new xy point.
Draw a directional vector from origin through the
new intersection point.
27. SPACE Factors
Environmental Stability (ES)
Technological changes
Rate of inflation
Demand variability
Price range of competing products
Barriers to entry
Competitive pressure
Price elasticity of demand
Financial Strength (FS)
Return on investment
Leverage
Liquidity
Working capital
Cash flow
Ease of exit from market
Risk involved in business
External Strategic PositionInternal Strategic Position
28. SPACE Factors
Industry Strength (IS)
Growth potential
Profit potential
Financial stability
Technological know-how
Resource utilization
Capital intensify
Ease of entry into market
Productivity, capacity utilization
Competitive Advantage CA
Market share
Product quality
Product life cycle
Customer loyalty
Competition’s capacity utilization
Technological know-how
Control over suppliers & distributors
External Strategic PositionInternal Strategic Position
31. This particular SPACE matrix tells us that our company should pursue an aggressive
strategy.
Our company has a strong competitive position in the market with rapid growth.
It needs to use its internal strengths to develop a market penetration and market
development strategy.This can include product development, integration with
other companies, acquisition of competitors, and so on.
32.
33. SPACE Matrix
• Aggressive Quadrant – Use of internal strengths to take advantage of external
opportunities, overcome internal weaknesses or avoid external threats
Intensive Strategies, Integration Strategies, Diversification Strategies or combination may
be used
• Conservative Quadrant – Staying close to the firm’s basic competencies and not taking
excessive risks
Market penetration, market development, product development and concentric
diversification
• Defensive Quadrant – Focus on rectifying internal weaknesses and avoiding external
threats
Retrenchment, divesture, liquidation and concentric diversification.
• Competitive Quadrant – application of competitive strategies
Integration strategies, intensive strategies and joint ventures
34.
35. BCG Matrix
Boston Consulting Group Matrix
Assists multidivisional firm in formulating strategies
Analyze autonomous divisions (business portfolio).
However, divisions may compete in different
industries
It focuses on relative market-share position &
Market/ industry growth rate
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37. BCG Matrix
Question Marks – low relative market share in a high-
growth industry
Stars – high relative market share in a high-growth
industry
Cash Cows – high relative market share in a low-
growth industry
Dogs – Low relative market share in a slow or no
growth industry
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38. The GE Nine-cell Planning Grid
(GEC’S Matrix)
General Electric’s nine cell matrix attempts to
overcome some of the limitations of BCG matrix.
First, GE grid uses multiple factors to assess
industry attractiveness and business strength,
rather than the single measures (market share and
market growth).
Second, GE expanded the matrix from four cells to
nine- replacing the high/low axes with
high/medium/low axes to make finer distinction
between business portfolio positions.
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39. The Industry Attractiveness-Business Strength Matrix
(GE Nine-cell Matrix)
High Medium Low
Industry Attractiveness
High
Low
Medium
Invest
Selective
Growth
Grow or
Let Go
Harvest
Divest
Grow or
Let Go
Harvest
Selective
Growth
Grow or
Let Go
Description of
Dimensions
Industry
Attractiveness:
Subjective assessment
based on broadest
possible range of
external opportunities
and threats beyond the
strict control of
management
Business Strength:
Subjective assessment
of how strong a
competitive advantage
is created by a broad
range of the firm’s
internal strengths and
weaknesses
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40. Advantages of the Industry Attractiveness-Business
Strength Matrix Over the BCG Matrix
Terminology is less offensive and more
understandable
Multiple measures associated with each dimension
tap many factors relevant to business strength and
market attractiveness
Allows for broader assessment during both
strategy formulation and implementation for a
multi business company
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41. The Internal-External Matrix
Positions an organization’s various divisions in a nine-
cell display
Similar to BCG Matrix except the IE Matrix:
Requires more information about the divisions
Strategic implications of each matrix are different
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43. IE Matrix
Based on two key dimensions
The IFE total weighted scores on the x-axis
The EFE total weighted scores on the y-axis
Divided into three major regions
Grow and build – Cells I, II, or IV
Hold and maintain – Cells III, V, or VII
Harvest or divest – Cells VI, VIII, or IX
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44. Grand Strategy Matrix
Tool for formulating alternative
strategies
Based on two dimensions
Competitive position
Market growth
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45. Quadrant IV
1. Related diversification
2. Unrelated diversification
3. Joint ventures
Quadrant III
1. Retrenchment
2. Related diversification
3. Unrelated diversification
4. Divestiture
5. Liquidation
Quadrant I
1. Market development
2. Concentrated growth
3. Product development
4. Forward integration
5. Backward integration
6. Horizontal integration
7. Related diversification
Quadrant II
1. Market development
2. Concentrated growth
3. Product development
4. Horizontal integration
5. Divestiture
6. Liquidation
RAPID MARKET GROWTH
SLOW MARKET GROWTH
WEAK
COMPETITIVE
POSITION
STRONG
COMPETITIVE
POSITION
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46. Grand Strategy Matrix
Excellent strategic position
Concentration on current markets/products
Take risks aggressively when necessary
Quadrant I
46
47. Grand Strategy Matrix
Evaluate present approach
How to improve competitiveness
Rapid market growth requires intensive strategy
Quadrant II
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48. Grand Strategy Matrix
Compete in slow-growth industries
Weak competitive position
Drastic changes quickly
Cost & asset reduction (retrenchment)
Quadrant III
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49. Grand Strategy Matrix
Strong competitive position
Slow-growth industry
Diversification to more promising growth areas
Quadrant IV
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53. Steps to Develop a QSPM
1. Make a list of the firm’s key external
opportunities/threats and internal
strengths/weaknesses in the left column
2. Assign weights to each key external and internal
factor
3. Examine the Stage 2 (matching) matrices, and
identify alternative strategies that the
organization should consider implementing
4. Determine the Attractiveness Scores
5. Compute the Total Attractiveness Scores
6. Compute the Sum Total Attractiveness Score
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55. QSPM
Sets of strategies considered
simultaneously or sequentially
Integration of pertinent external &
internal factors in the decision-
making process
Advantages
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56. QSPM
Requires intuitive judgments &
educated assumptions
Better to use only when all the
prerequisite information are available
Limitations
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