Research means an objective and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. Research has to be an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge.

1. Sunil Kumar
Project fellow
IHTM MDU ROhtak

2. Introducation
Research means an objective and systematic search for pertinent information on a
specific topic.
Research has to be an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge.
Thus Research involves:
Enunciating the problem
Formulating the hypothesis
Collecting data/ facts/information
Analyzing the data/ facts/ information
Reaching at conclusions
Example of Research:
A Profile of Food Consumption Trends in the United States
Consumer Goods Packaging Innovation and its Role in the Product Adoption
Process

3. 
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To achieve new insights into a phenomenon
To know about the existing phenomenon
To know extent of a cause or effect variables
To establish relationship between variables

4. “ Doubt is often better than
overconfidence as doubt leads to
enquiry and enquiry leads to
invention”
“ Research inculcates scientific and inductive
thinking that promotes development of logical
thinking”

5. 
Research provides the basis of all
government / international policies
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Research is used for solving various problems
of Businesses, NGOs, Societies etc.

6. Descriptive versus Analytical :
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Descriptive research means describing
state of affairs – Mostly involves primary
data – ex-post research
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Analytical research means carrying out
analysis on a phenomenon – Mostly
involves secondary data – ex-ante
research- before contemplated change

7. 
Applied versus Fundamental Research
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Applied research aims to find a solution to an
immediate problem facing a country/ society/
organization etc.
Fundamental research is a basic research
mainly concerned with generalizations
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8. 
Quantitative versus Qualitative Research
```Quantitative research is based on the
measurement of quantity or amount
```Example CO2 emission
`
```Qualitative research is concerned with subjective
attitude/ quality/ attributes / desires / feelings/
etc
```Example : Feeling about Dhaka city air pollution
( intolerable / Mildly intolerable / tolerable

9. Conceptual versus Empirical
Conceptual research is about abstract ideas or
theory
Attack from ghosts,
Empirical Research is data-based and subject
to verification

10. 
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According to types of research discussed:
There can be two approaches to research:
Quantitative approach:
Qualitative approach

11. 
Quantitative approach can be further divided into 3
groups:

Inferential approach – infer characteristics of a
phenomenon through collection of data –example
CO2 emission.
Experimental approach – Researcher deliberately
changes some variables to know the causal effectexample – effect of temperature rise on plant growth
under open sky
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12. 
Simulation approach – Researcher artificially
construct an environment and collects data
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A greenhouse is constructed and impact of
temperature rise on plant growth is measured

13. Research methods refer to use of
instruments for a research technique
Example:
Type of Research
Quantitative Field
Research
Methods of
Research
Questionnaire
Focussed Group
Discussion
Technique of Research
Researcher uses open and
close ended questions
Researcher selects a
particular group for the
detailed discussion

14. 
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Research methodology is a way to systemically
solve the research problem
Research methodology has a broader
dimension than research methods

15. 
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Elements of Research Methodology are: Defining
objective
Reviewing Literature
Formulating Hypothesis
Designing sample
Collecting data
Analyzing of data
Arriving at conclusions

16. 
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The objective of the research clearly defined
The research methodology used should be described in
sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat
the research for further advancement
The sampling design should be such as to yield least
error
The writing should be done with complete frankness –
nothing which has bearing on the result should be
hidden
The validity and reliability of data as a well as
calculations should be re-checked to avoid mistakes
Conclusions should be confined to those justified by
data and analysis
Researcher should be a person of integrity

17. The End