Planning of irrigation scheduling of direct seeded basmati rice

1. 1
MINOR PROJECT
ON
NAINI AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE,
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE,
SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCES,
PRAYAGRAJ,
211007
SUBMITTED TO:
Prof.(Dr.) Rajendra Kumar Isaac
Professor
Department of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering
SUBMITTED BY :
Suman kumar Dey
ID: 19MSAGRO070
M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy)
2nd
semester
Planning of irrigation scheduling to evaluate the effect on
growth, yield and quality of direct seeded basmati rice
(Oryza sativa L.) varieties in West Bengal

2. 2
INDEX
TOPIC PAGE No.
Abstract 3
Introduction 4-5
Methods 6
Results 7-12
Discussion & conclusion 13-14
Reference 15-16

3. 3
ABSTRACT
A field experiment conducted in West Bengal during kharif season to study the growth and yield of
various varieties of basmati rice under different irrigation schedules in. The treatments included
combinations of five irrigation schedules viz. control, irrigation/saturation at 0.3 and 0.4 bar suction,
irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 125 and 150 % PE with three varieties viz.
Basmati-370, Pusa-1121 and Pusa-1509. Plant height, maximum number of tillers /m 2 and dry
matter accumulation/m2, leaf area index, CGR, RGR and yield attributes as well as grain yield and
straw yield were recorded maximum with control. However, among the irrigation schedules
applied for aerobic system, irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE recorded
significantly higher but at par values for all the growth parameters, yield attributes and yield with
control. Pusa-1509 was found to be the best in terms of growth parameters, yield attributes, grain and
straw yields. Also, Pusa-1509 recorded significantly higher values over Basmati-370 but was found
close to Pusa-1121.
KEYWORDS: Irrigation scheduling, direct seeded, varieties, sprinkler, saturation, tensiometer.

4. 4
INTRODUCTION
A Chinese proverb says, “Most precious things are not jade and pearl but rice grains” underlies the
importance of rice. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crops grown globally
on an area of about 162.5 million ha with production of about of 749.8 million tonnes and average
productivity of 46.1 q/ha (FAO, 2015). In India, rice ranks first among all the crops occupying43.95
million ha and production of 106.54 million tonnes of rice with average productivity of 24.24 q/ha.
The area, production and productivity of rice in West Bengal is 5.8 million ha, 15748 thousand tones
and 2.6 tons/ha. Out of which aromatic rice i.e. basmati which has a average yield of about 28.4
thosand tonnes/ha.
Rice occupies a pivotal place in Indian agriculture and is grown under diverse ecologies throughout
the year in one or the other part of the country. Rice is highly nutritive crop as it
containscarbohydrate (74.8%), protein (8.4%), fat (2.6%), minerals (phosphorus, calcium, iron etc.),
amino acids, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pigments and dietary fiber. Out of 5000 available varieties
of rice, basmati rice occupies a prime position on account of its extra long superfine slender grains,
pleasant exquisite aroma, fine cooking quality, sweet taste, soft texture, length-wise elongation with
least breadth-wise swelling on cooking and tenderness of cooked rice (Bhattacharjee et al., 2002).
Indian basmati, also called the “Rice Queen” is possibly the world‟s most sought after rice because
of its alluring fragrance and it can fetch three times more price than other coarse rice grains.
Rice is commonly grown by transplanting seedlings into puddled soil due to benefits like lesser
water percolation losses, effective weed control and easy seedling establishment but it requires lot in
terms of energy in form of tillage and high water use and it also has adverse affects like detioration in
soil physical properties such as reduced permeability, destruction of soil aggregates and formation of
hard-pans at shallow depth (Sharma et al., 2012). Rice is a water guzzling crop and requires on an
average more than 5000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of rice (Bhuiyan et al., 2014; Bouman, 2009).
Due to this, there is depletion of water table as a result of excessive pumping during peak summer
(Hira, 2009) and also there is labour problem owing to scarcity making rice cultivation less
profitable.
Globally, 23 per cent rice is direct seeded and in Asia, 29 million ha area is grown as direct seeded
rice which is approximately 21 per cent of total rice area in the region (Pandey and Velasco, 2005).
In India, rice is direct seeded in about 7.2 million ha area (Gangwar et al., 2008) in parts of several
states like West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh,
Orissa, Bihar, Kerala, Karnataka, Mizoram and the hill state of Uttranchal (Patil et al., 2010).
Researchers are developing water-saving technologies such as alternate wetting and drying,
continuous soil saturation, direct dry seeding, ground cover systems and system of rice
intensification but all these systems use prolonged periods of flooding and hence water losses still
remain high. Shifting from conventional flooded system or alternate water saving option to irrigation
by pressurized irrigation system viz., sprinkler, surface drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation in non
puddled, non flooded conditions can reduce more water 50 per cent of the water 3 requirements for
rice production by reducing seepage, percolation and evaporation losses (Medley and Wilson, 2018).
Demand for basmati is increasing due to growing quality consciousness among rice consumers and
profitability among farmers as it fetches 3-4 times higher price over the coarse varieties. The
traditional tall varieties like Basmati-370 and Type 3 have got great demand due to their aroma but

5. 5
their productivity is very low. Newer basmati varieties having high yield potential and less water
requirement need to be evaluated under direct seeded conditions. Standardizing location specific
basmati varieties under direct seeded conditions could result in significant improvement in water
productivity of irrigated rice. The adoption of rice under direct seeded condition so far has been very
limited and there are not many studies on the comparative performance of basmati varieties under
such situations.
Therefore, an investigation envisaging “Planning of irrigation scheduling to evaluate the effect
on growth, yield and quality of direct seeded basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in West
Bengal” has been initiated for West Bengal during kharif season with the following objectives:
 To evaluate the irrigation scheduling in different basmati varieties under direct seeding conditions.
To access the growth, development, productivity and quality parameters under different treatments.
 To workout the water productivity and economics of different treatments.

6. 6
METHODS
The experiment laid out in Strip Plot Design with five irrigation schedules in main plots like-
(T1)Control(normal transplanting with recommended water management practice),
(T2)Irrigation/saturation at 0.3 bar suction at 15 cm depth, (T3)Irrigation/saturation at 0.4
bar suction at 15 cm depth & (T4)Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 125 % PE,
(T5)irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE and three varieties in sub plots
are (a)Basmati-370,(b)Pusa-1121& (c)Pusa-1509.
Field preparation : Initially the field was prepared with the help of tractor drawn implements by
giving one deepploughing with disc harrow and finally with cultivator and rotavator to break the
clods and bring the soil to the desired tilth. The plots were prepared manually for sowing the rice
crop. Each main plot was surrounded by a buffer of 1.5 m width whereas subplot was surrounded by
0.5 m width to protect the plots from accidental irrigation and gain of water through seepage. The
treatments were replicated three times.
Number of treatments : 15
Number of replications : 3
Total number of plots : 45
Direct seeding/ Nursery raising : Furrows were opened manually with the help of liners at a
specified row to row distance of 20 cm during kharif . The seeds were sown in furrows opened with
liners manually by kera method and then the seeds were covered with soil. Seed rate of 40 kg/ha for
Basmati-370, Pusa-1121 and Pusa-1509 was used for direct sowing. Nursery of each variety was
raised for conventional transplanting treatment @ 40 kg/ha.
Uprooting and transplanting of seedlings : Seedlings of 26 days age were uprooted on 21gently to
avoid root injury after irrigating the nursery field and washed in water to remove the mud. In
conventionally transplanted plots, puddling was done manually and transplanting was done at 20 x
15 cm row to row and plant to plant spacing.
Fertilizer application :The dose of fertilizers as per the recommendation for each variety was
applied through prilled urea for nitrogen, di-ammonium phosphate for phosphorus and muriate of
potash for potash. Full di-ammonium phosphate, potash and 1/3 part of urea were applied at the time
of manual sowing by broadcasting and 2/3 part of prilled urea was broadcasted in the three equal
splits after sowing. Also, zinc was applied as zinc sulphate @ 20 kg/ha whereas iron and manganese
were applied as ferrous ammonium sulphate and manganese sulphate respectively, through 2 foliar
sprays of 1 %.
Irrigation application : After one pre-sowing irrigation in direct sowing, no irrigation was applied
during . In transplanting after 15 cm of irrigation for puddling, no irrigation was applied during
establishment phase (15 days) due to sufficient rainfall and afterwards irrigation at 7 days interval)
was applied. This is as per the recommendations of Water Management. Cut off time for irrigation
was 15 days before harvest in each variety.

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RESULTS
(i) Growth parameters :
Effect of irrigation scheduling and varieties on growth parameters of basmati rice at harvest
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Number of
tillers /m2
Dry matter
accumulation
(g/ m2)
Leaf area
index
Crop growth
rate (g/m2
/day)
T1 111.31 328.11 688.09 1.32 1.51
T2 97.53 295 632.06 1.10 1.37
T3 82.22 286.11 584.86 0.88 1.23
T4 93.42 290 620.21 1.04 1.34
T5 106.62 314.33 669.27 1.25 1.36
SEm (±) 1.89 7.81 9.14 0.04 0.33
LSD (p=0.05) 6.16 26.17 29.81 0.13 NS
Basmati-370 109.48 286.40 604 1.02 0.89
Pusa-1121 94.81 307.60 645.42 1.14 1.24
Pusa-1509 90.37 314.13 667.27 1.19 1.96
SEm (±) 1.38 6.20 7.34 0.33 0.29
LSD (p=0.05) 4.51 20.18 24.90 0.09 1.15
T1= Control (Normal transplanting with recommended water management practice), T2=
Irrigation/Saturation at 0.3 bar suction at 15cm depth, T3= Irrigation/Saturation at 0.4 bar suction at
15cm depth, T4= Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 125 % PE (Cumulative value of PE
for 2 days), T5= Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE (Cumulative value of PE
for 2 days)
.
Effect of different irrigation schedules on plant
height (cm)at various crop
growth stages
Plant height of different basmati rice varieties
at various growth stages
Table :1
Graph : 1 & 2

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Effect of different irrigation schedules on leaf
area index at various crop
growth stages
Leaf area index of different basmati rice
varieties at various growth stages
Effect of different irrigation schedules on
number of tillers m-2 at various crop growth
stages
Number of tillers m-2 of different basmati rice
varieties at various crop growth stages
Effect of different irrigation schedules on dry
matter accumulation at various crop growth
stages
Dry matter accumulation of different basmati
rice varieties at various crop
growthstages
Graph : 3,4,5,6,7 & 8

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Irrigation schedules influenced significantly almost all the growth parameters viz. plant height,
number of tillers/m2 , leaf area index, crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation g/m2 at harvest
stage (Table 1). Control (normal transplanting with recommended water management practice)
recorded highest values for plant height (111.31 cm), number of tillers/m2 (328.11), leaf area index,
crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation (688 g/m2 ) with different irrigation schedules.
However, irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE recorded values significantly at
par with control for all the growth parameters. The increased values in both these treatments i.e.
control and irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE might be due to higher
moisture availability which favoured development of plant infrastructure whereas significantly
inferior treatments could not compete with these two treatments due to reduction in soil moisture
content below the field capacity (Das et al. 2011, Sakar et al. 2013). Among the varieties, significant
variation existed for growth parameters. Pusa-1509 outperformed the other two varieties i.e.
Pusa-1121 and Basmati-370 for all the growth parameters except plant height. Basmati-370recorded
highest plant height (109.48 cm) followed by Pusa-1121 (94.81cm) and Pusa-1509 (90.37 cm).
Pusa-1509 produced increased number of tillers/m2 , leaf area index, crop growth rate and dry matter
accumulation g/m2 over Basmati-370 at harvest stage. Variety Pusa-1121 was found to be at par
with Pusa-1509. This might be due Journal of Hill Agriculture (Volume 9, No. 1, January – March,
2018) 57 to genetic makeup of the cultivar and high tillering capacity of the Pusa-1509 (Reddy et al.
2014).
Crop growth rate of different basmati rice
varieties at various crop growth stages
Effect of different irrigation schedules on
crop growth rate of basmati rice
Graph : 9 & 10

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(ii) Yield attributes and yield :
Effect of irrigation scheduling and varieties on yield attributes and yields of basmati rice
Treatments No. of
panicles / m2
No. of
grains/panicle
1
1000-grain
weight (g)
Grain yield
(t/ha)
Straw yield
(t/ ha)
T1 272.89 66.33 25.06 3.37 6.03
T2 230.00 57.22 27.43 2.91 5.26
T3 195.11 51.44 24.14 2.41 5.45
T4 221.56 54.69 24.65 2.71 5.06
T5 255 62.54 24.06 3.22 5.71
SEm (±) 7.26 0.86 0.25 0.09 0.12
LSD (p=0.05) 24.18 2.81 NS 0.28 0.39
Basmati-370 223.73 61.33 21.01 2.57 5.36
Pusa-1121 235.87 56.80 26.32 2.96 5.19
Pusa-1509 245.13 55.40 26.76 3.14 5.41
SEm (±) 3.02 1. 1.02 0.17 0.08 0.13
LSD (p=0.05) 9.96 3.36 0.54 0.28 NS
T1= Control (Normal transplanting with recommended water management practice), T2=
Irrigation/Saturation at 0.3 bar suction at 15cm depth, T3= Irrigation/Saturation at 0.4 bar suction at
15cm depth, T4= Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 125 % PE (Cumulative value of PE
for 2 days), T5= Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE (Cumulative value of PE
for 2 days)
Table: 2
Grain and straw yield of different basmati rice
varieties at various crop growth stages
Effect of different irrigation schedules on grain
yield and straw yield of basmati rice
Graph : 11 & 12

11. 11
Adequate availability of soil water in the treatment i.e. irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler
at 150 % PE significantly enhanced the yield attributes viz. number of panicles/ m2 and number of
grains/panicle but recorded non-significant variation in 1000-grain weight. Improved nutrition due
to better moisture availability produced significantly higher grain and straw yields but was
statistically at par with control (Table 2). The decrease in grain and straw yields was to the tune of
4.5 and 5.3 % over control. The second best treatment was irrigation/saturation at 0.3 bar suction at
15 cm depth which also recorded higher grain and straw yields over rest of the treatments.
More number of tillers and vigorous plant growth during early stages of crop growth resulted in intra
plant competition at subsequent stages which resulted in more tiller mortality as a result of lesser
moisture content and thus resulted in statistically inferior number of effective tillers in other
irrigation schedules. Water stress conditions after imposition of irrigation schedules resulted in the
lesser number of panicles/ m2 which might be due to unfavorable conditions generated with the
drying of rhizosphere. These conditions might have obstructed the full development of plant
resulting in lesser number of tillers m-2 and further lesser number of panicles/ m2 . The grains under
transplanted conditions were statistically more than the different irrigation schedules. This might be
due to higher panicle density and excessive vegetative growth of direct seeded rice which caused
nitrogen dilution during reproductive phase and later on hindered spikelet differentiation thereby
resulting in fewer grains/ panicle in direct seeding methods.
(iii) Relative Economics :
Effect of irrigation scheduling on relative economics of different basmati rice varieties under
direct seeded conditions
Table : 3

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Among the different irrigation schedules, the highest B: C ratio of the magnitude 1.44 was obtained
with I5 (Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE) which was followed by I1
(Control) with B: C ratio of 1.27. The lowest B: C ratio of 0.81 was recorded with irrigation schedule
I3 (Irrigation at 0.4 bar suction at 15 cm depth). Among the varieties, V1 (Basmati-370) registered its
supremacy in obtaining highest B: C ratio of 1.75 followed by V3 (Pusa-1509) with B: C ratio 0.86
and 0.85 registered by V2 (Pusa-1121).
Effect of different irrigation schedules on
relative economics of direct seeded basmati rice
Relative economics of different basmati rice
varieties at various crop growth satges
Graph : 13 & 14

13. 13
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
(i) Effect of irrigation scheduling :
The irrigation schedules, control and irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE
though at par had a significant influence on plant height, number of tillers m- 2 , leaf area index, dry
matter accumulation m-2 and crop growth rate at almost all the stages of rice crop followed by
irrigation/Saturation at 0.3 bar suction at 15 cm depth, irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler
at 125 % PE and irrigation/Saturation at 0.4 bar suction at 15 cm depth. Yield attributes and yield
were also significantly affected by irrigation schedules. Irrigation schedule, viz. control and
irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE recorded higher number of panicles m-2 ,
number of grains panicle-1 , grain yield and straw yield.
Amongst irrigation schedules, control recorded highest amount of irrigation water applied, total
water expense, water left in the soil profile, net water expense, volume of 90 water use and soil
moisture content but highest water productivity and comparable soil moisture content at 0-20 cm
depth was observed in irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE. Qualitatively,
significantly highest amylose content was noticed with irrigation/Saturation at 0.4 bar suction at 15
cm depth. Nutrient uptake by grain and straw was also significantly influenced by different irrigation
schedules. Irrigation treatment, control showed significantly highest nutrient uptake by grain and
straw but potassium uptake remained statistically at par with irrigation at 2 days interval through
sprinkler at 150 % PE.
After the harvest of rice crop, no significant variation in soil pH, EC and organic carbon was
observed with the application of different irrigation schedules. The availability of nutrients in soil
after rice harvest showed significant build up of soil available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in
irrigation/Saturation at 0.4 bar suction at 15 cm depth as compared to all the other irrigation
schedules. Relatively highest net returns were obtained with the irrigation at 2 days interval through
sprinkler at 150 % PE which was comparatively similar to control. The highest benefit cost ratio (B:
C ratio) was registered with irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE.
(ii) Effect of varieties :
Varieties had significant by different growth characteristics viz. plant height, leaf area index, number
of tillers m-2 , dry matter accumulation m-2 and crop growth rate. Pusa-1509 and Pusa-1121 showed
significant supremacy over Basmati-370 in terms of all the growth characteristics except for plant
height which was found to be significantly higher with Basmati-370.
Yield attributes and yield also differed significantly among varieties. Except for number of grains
panicle-1, Pusa-1509 and Pusa-1121 recorded significantly higher number of panicles m-2 ,
1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index as compared to Basmati-370. Non significant
variation for straw yield was noticed with varieties.
Qualitatively, except for kernel breadth, Pusa-1121 recorded highest kernel length, length: breadth
ratio before cooking and after cooking and amylose content. Among the varieties, Basmati-370
recorded the strong aroma but the other varieties 91 recorded mild aroma. Pusa-1509 recorded
significantly highest nutrient uptake. Soil pH, EC and organic carbon after harvesting of crop were
found to be non significant in relation to varieties whereas significant build-up of soil available N, P
and K by variety Basmati-370 was registered.

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Highest net returns and B:C ratio were obtained with Basmati-370 and proved to be more
remunerative as compared to Pusa-1509 and Pusa-1121.
Conclusions : On the basis of one year study, it may be concluded that:
 Scheduling of irrigation in direct seeded basmati rice at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 %
PE produced at par values for growth characteristics, grain yield and straw yield with control
(Normal transplanting with recommended water management practice).
 Among the irrigation scheduling treatments, the maximum yield (3.22 t ha-1) was recorded at 2
days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE which was significantly higher than irrigation at 0.3 bar
suction at 15 cm depth, irrigation schedule of irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 125 %
PE and irrigation at 0.4 bar suction at 15 cm depth without compromising the quality of basmati rice.
 The irrigation scheduling at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE resulted in saving of
about 36 per cent total water and 32.35 per cent higher water productivity as compared to control
(Normal transplanting with recommended water management practice).
 Economically, irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE recorded highest B:C
ratio and net returns.92.
 Pusa-1509 and Pusa-1121proved to be most promising rice varieties suitable for direct seeded
conditions and recorded significantly higher values for growth parameters, yield attributes, grain
yield and straw yield as compared to Basmati- 370.
 On the basis of B:C ratio and net returns, Basmati-370 outperformed Pusa-1509 and Pusa-1121.
From the overall appraisal of the study, it can be concluded that the direct seeded basmati rice with
good quality attributes can be raised by providing irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at
150 % PE. It consumed approximately 36 per cent less water than the transplanted rice without any
significant loss in yield. Among the varieties, Pusa- 1509 and Pusa-1121 proved to be most
promising varieties for obtaining significant grain yield under direct seeded conditions. However,
economically Basmati-370 proved to be better with respect to rupees earned per rupee invested
owing to the fact that this variety attracted higher market price as compared to other varieties besides
recording significantly lower grain yield.

15. 15
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