General: Power Quality Presentation

1. Power Quality Products and
Applications

2. THE IMPACT OF POWER
PROBLEMS
o $120-$180 Billion/yr.= cost of power outages and disturbances in US economy1
o 8 hrs, 45 minutes/yr.= typical utility grid downtime (99.9% reliability) in US1
o $41,000/hr= cost of downtime, cellular communications2
o $100,000/minute= lost sales, datacom/networking end user3
o $8,000= cost of voltage sag event– average for all business5
o $11,000= cost of momentary outage event– average for all business5
o 30% of equipment insurance claims are due to electrical problems6
o 68% of plant engineers and specifiers state that “solving P.Q. issues is a very
important challenge” 7
1 - EPRI -- Primen Study: The cost of Power Disturbances to Industrial and Digital Economy Companies
2 - 2001 U.S. DOE Distributed Energy Resource Program and Strategic Plan
3- Venture Development Corporation Survey
4 - Energy Conservation News
5 - 1996 Duke Power Survey
6 - Hartford Steam Boiler
7 - EC&M Survey

3. THE CAUSES OF POWER
PROBLEMS
From Outside the Facility (approximately 30%)
Environmental problems
affecting grid reliability --
e.g., lightning, weather
extremes, animal intrusion,
resulting in:
 Electrical outages,
disruptions
 Voltage sags and surges
 Transients and over-
voltages
 Frequency or Harmonic
problems
Operational Issues,
including de-regulation,
affecting grid reliability:
 Aging Transmission
System
 Demand / Supply (e.g.
Calif..)
 Reduction in Maintenance
 Consolidations / Mergers
 Financial Concerns

4. THE CAUSES OF POWER
PROBLEMS
From Inside the Facility (approximately 70%)
o Aging building infrastructure or equipment
o Building not designed for electronic loads
o New equipment and processes do not include mitigation solutions
o Improper wiring and grounding
o Outdated electrical system
o Equipment failures
o Improper maintenance
o Overloaded circuits
o Non-coordinated circuit protection and/or electrical loads

5. PROBLEM DISTRIBUTION
EPRI STUDY
75%
20%
5%
Surge / Over-Voltage Transient Blackout

6. WHAT IS A POWER QUALITY
PROBLEM?
Any occurrence manifested in voltage,
current or frequency deviations, which result
in failure of end-user equipment
Defined by IEEE 1159

7. VOLTAGE VARIATIONS
Event Cause
Corrective
Equipment
Instantaneous Sag/ Swell
0.5 – 30 cycle
 Motor Starts
 System Faults
UPS
CPS
Momentary Sag/Swell
30 cycles – 3 seconds
 Fault Recovery
 Distribution Capacity
+ Tap changer (30
cycles for max
correction)
Temporary Sag/Swell 3
seconds – 1 minute
 Fault Recovery
 Distribution Capacity
+ VT Regulator (2–2.5
sec. for max correction)
Long Duration Sag/Swell
– Longer than 1 min
 Utility Capacity
 Distribution Capacity
Any
Interruption (any
duration)
 Generation
 Switchgear
 Distribution
UPS
Definitions

8. WAVEFORM DISTORTIONS
Definitions
Event Source
Corrective
Equipment
Harmonic (integer
multiple of the
fundamental frequency)
 Adjustable Speed
Drives (ASD)
 Switch-mode Power
Supplies (SMPS)
 Arcing Devices
 Isolation Transformer
(triplen only)
 UPS
 CPS
 Filters (Active &
Passive)
Notching (current
commutation)
 Switching
 SCR
 UPS
 CPS
Noise (200kHz)  Any
 UPS (Iso Tx)
 CPS

9. FREQUENCY/ VOLTAGE
Definitions
Event Source
Corrective
Equipment
Voltage Imbalance
 Poor load balancing
 Single-phase
equipment start-up
currents
 CPS
 UPS
 Staco Regulator (MVR)
 Tap-changer
Frequency Variations
 Engine Generator
 Utility
 CPS
 UPS

10. OTHER POWER EVENTS
Voltage
Fluctuations
(Flicker)
Waveform Distortions
DC Offset
Interharmonics
Transients

11. SOME CAUSES OF POWER
EVENTS
Animals Equipment Failure
Lightning
Birds
Power Quality Tutorial

12. SOLUTIONS
Power Quality Continues to Grow in
Importance
o Aging electrical infrastructure
o Decreasing surplus generating capacity equipment
o Increasing reliance on computer and uninterruptible loads
o Increasing energy costs die to poor power factor

13. SOLUTIONS
What Power Quality Equipment Solves
Which Problems?
Where do I start?

14. SOLUTIONS
The Power Quality Pyramid
Relative Cost
High $/kVA
Low $/kVA
o Uninterruptible Power (UPS;
ATS; Flywheel; Gen)
o Voltage Regulation (Tap
Changer, Sag Correction, Ferro’s,
DVR)
o Harmonic Correction
(Active/Passive Filters; K-Factor,
Phase Shifting)
o TVSS/PFC (AC,DC,Dataline)
o Grounding/Bonding (ground
rods, fittings, lightning system)
The P.Q. Pyramid: Start with Grounding; add other mitigating products when required.

15. SOLUTIONS
Cost of Purchase/Ownership
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Surge
Protection
Device
Neutral
Blocking
Filter
Isolation
Transformer
Power Factor
Correction
Harmonic
Cancellation
Transformer
Active
Harmonic
Filter
Voltage
Regulator -
VT
Voltage
Regulator -
Inverter
Voltage
Regulator -
TapChanger
UPS

16. QUESTIONS?

17. CONTACT US
Toll Free: 866.261.1191 | sales@stacoenergy.com | www.stacoenergy.com