1. Research
Review
GENETICS TRIUMPH: TASMANIAN TIGER GENES SUCCEED IN MICE
CRIMINALISING CARTEL MISCONDUCT
FOREST FIRES AND THEIR IMPACT ON VICTORIA’S WATER SUPPLY
WHY GAMBLING IS PROVING TO BE A GROWING HEALTH PROBLEM

2. The University of Melbourne
Research Review 2008
Published by the Deputy Vice-Chancellor
(Research) through the Marketing and
Communications Office
Level 3 – 780 Elizabeth Street
The University of Melbourne
Victoria 3010
ISBN 1441–3302
Enquiries for reprinting information
contained in this publication should be
made through:
The Editor Research Review
Marketing and Communications Office
Level 3 – 780 Elizabeth Street
The University of Melbourne
Victoria 3010
Tel: 613 8344 5267
Fax: 613 9349 4135
Editor: Silvia Dropulich
Writers: Silvia Dropulich, Maryrose
Cuskelly, Nerissa Hannink, David Scott,
Rebecca Scott, Janine Sim-Jones, Nina
Rozenbes, Clare Newton, Genevieve
Costigan, Katherine Smith
Views expressed by contributors to the
Research Review are not necessarily
endorsed or approved by the University.
Neither the University nor the Editor of the
Research Review accepts any responsibility
for the content or accuracy contained in
this publication.
Research
Review
GENETICS TRIUMPH: TASMANIAN TIGER GENES SUCCEED IN MICE
CRIMINALISING CARTEL MISCONDUCT
FOREST FIRES AND THEIR IMPACT ON VICTORIA’S WATER SUPPLY
WHY GAMBLING IS PROVING TO BE A GROWING HEALTH PROBLEM
2

3. 05 Welcome
Feature Articles
06 Genetics Triumph
World first: genes from Tasmanian
Tiger succeed in mice
08 The Art of Making Sense
An examination of art and
mental illness
10 White Collar Criminals
Criminalising cartel misconduct
12 Cool Fire
Forest fires impact on the quality of
Victoria’s water supply
15 Mind Over Matter
Computer modelling may predict
treatment outcomes for epilepsy
16 An Infectious Personality
Profile: Federation Fellow,
Professor Bill Heath
20 Water Under the Bridge
Breakthrough in irrigation technology
22 Drawing on Experience
The Melbourne Business School taps
our beliefs about leaders
24 The Evolution Revolution
Malaria’s evolution could be
its downfall
26 Building Communities
Helping transnational and temporary
communities to function
28 Designing Smarter Schools
The influence of school design
on students
30 Putting It All on the Line
Gambling is proving to be a growing
health problem
32 Mum’s the Word
Poor mental health outcomes shown
for mums with no leave
06
12 20
A complete listing of University
of Melbourne research projects
is available at:
www.research.unimelb.edu.au/
rpag/reports/research/
Contents
3

4. News
12 Knock On Wood
Genes for wood strength discovered
in eucalyptus trees
12 Going With the Grain
GM grains could produce boom times
in Australia
13 Smart Pest Control
Unlocking the genome of the world’s
worst insect pest
16 Off Your Head
A new study reveals long term
cannabis use causes brain injury.
16 Air Control
Free radical pollution may be
linked to asthma
18 Super Computer
Victoria to develop world’s largest Life
Sciences supercomputing facility
36 When Work Gets You Down
21,000 Victorians suffer from work-
related depression
36 A Helping Hand
World first employment program helps
the mentally ill find work
39 Research Centres
New Coasts / Climate Research Centre,
Problem Gambling Research Centre
40 Academic Awards
Rhodes Scholar. Nobel Peace Prize,
US Scientific Award and Top
Academic Prize
40 Appointments
CSIRO, ANTSO and Independent
Pulp Mill panel
Resources
38 Citation Survey
40 At a Glance
University facts and Figures
43 Find an Expert
Reliable sources of information
on almost any topic
Contents
13
16
36
4

5. development of a revolutionary IT-based water management
system for reducing water loss in irrigation.
Inthehumanitieswelookatartandmentalillness;weinvestigate
how and why we might criminalise cartel misconduct. There
is research on how to develop smart ‘green’ schools to replace
the building stock within Australia that need replacement or
refurbishment. We also look at the growing health problems
associated with gambling and the stress of mothers without
maternity leave.
Our news reportage covers a tremendously exciting initiative for
the University with the State Government’s announcement that
Victoria will develop the largest supercomputing facility for life
sciences research in the world. The new $100 million Victorian
Life Sciences Computation Initiative, including $50 million in
State funding for peak computing infrastructure, was announced
by Victorian Premier John Brumby, at the BIO2008 conference
in California. The potential for this project is unlimited and will
allow for considerable expansion of the State’s and the University’s
capacity in bioinformatics, computational biology and advanced
biomedical image analysis.
As part of the initiative, the University of Melbourne will
develop a Life Sciences Computation Centre to undertake the
peak computing operations and provide computational biology
expertise to the institutions throughout the Parkville Precinct.
The University of Melbourne is an exciting community, full of
talented people from all round the world. This is an opportune
moment for me to thank my predecessor, Professor John
McKenzie FAA, an internationally renowned geneticist who is
also a member of the Australian Academy of Science. Formerly
the Dean of Science, and more recently Deputy Vice-Chancellor
Research, Professor McKenzie joined the University in 1977
and retired last year.
Research Review is a stimulating and inspiring publication.
There are wonderful opportunities to interact with us or to
become part of the ‘Melbourne Experience’. I hope you will be
as excited as we are about these opportunities.
Professor Peter Rathjen
Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research)
Welcome to the
2008 issue of
Research Review
The University of Melbourne is committed to cross-disciplinary
research, creating opportunities for the best minds to work
together to tackle some of the world’s most challenging research
problems and providing outstanding opportunities for training
and developing a new generation of researchers.
In the pages ahead we bring you features and insights into the work
of some of our researchers who are at the forefront of international
research and scholarship. The stories illustrate the University’s focus
on research and research training, on research collaboration and on
developing and applying knowledge in partnership with industry,
government and local communities.
We profile Professor Bill Heath who has taken up a Federation
FellowshipintheDepartmentofMicrobiologyandImmunology.
Professor Heath has also been elected to the prestigious
Australian Academy of Science. Academy Fellows are elected
on the basis of a career that has significantly advanced thew
world’s store of scientific knowledge.
We report on a number of scientific world-first breakthroughs:
the discovery that genes from the extinct Tasmanian Tiger can
operate in a mouse; a new computer model that may predict
the outcome of drug treatment on epileptic patients; and the
5

6. Genetics Triumph
World first - Tasmanian Tiger genes succeed in a
mouse. See the international scientific journal PLoS
ONE at www.plosone.org
The research team used thylacine specimens from Museum
Victoria in Melbourne Australia to examine how the
thylacine genome functioned.
The research team isolated DNA from 100 year old ethanol
fixed specimens. After authenticating this DNA as truly
thylacine, it was inserted into mouse embryos and its
function examined.
The thylacine DNA was resurrected, showing a function in the
developing mouse cartilage, which will later form the bone.
“At a time when extinction rates are increasing at an alarming
rate, especially of mammals, this research discovery is
critical,” says Professor Marilyn Renfree, Federation Fellow
and Laureate Professor in the University of Melbourne’s
Department of Zoology, the senior author on the paper.
“For those species that have already become extinct, our
method shows that access to their genetic biodiversity may
not be completely lost.”
This research has enormous
potential for many
applications
By Rebecca Scott
Inaworldfirst,researchersfromtheUniversityofMelbourne,
Australia, and the University of Texas, USA, have extracted
genes from the extinct Tasmanian tiger (thylacine), inserted
it into a mouse and observed a biological function.
The results released in the international scientific journal
PLoS ONE, showed that the thylacine Col2a1 gene has
a similar function in developing cartilage and bone
development as the Col2a1 gene does in the mouse.
“This is the first time that DNA from an extinct species has
been used to induce a functional response in another living
organism,” said Dr Andrew Pask, RD Wright Fellow at the
University of Melbourne’s Department of Zoology who led
the research.
“As more and more species of animals become extinct, we
are continuing to lose critical knowledge of gene function
and their potential. Up until now we have only been able to
examine gene sequences from extinct animals. This research
was developed to go one step further to examine extinct
gene function in a whole organism,” he said.
“This research has enormous potential for many applications
including the development of new biomedicines and gaining
a better understanding of the biology of extinct animals,”
said Professor Richard Behringer, Deputy Head of the
Department of Molecular Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer
Center, at the University of Texas, who is the corresponding
author on the paper.
The last known Tasmanian tiger died in captivity in the
Hobart Zoo in 1936. This enigmatic marsupial carnivore was
hunted to extinction in the wild in the early 1900s.
Researchers say fortunately some thylacine pouch young and
adult tissues were preserved in alcohol in several museum
collections around the world.
6

7. Thanks to the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery
for the kind permission to reproduce photograph by
Benjamin A. Sheppard of the male Tasmanian Tiger.
Left: Two week old mouse fetus. The blue colour
shows the expression / function of the thylacine
Col2A1 gene promoter in the developing cartilage
of the mouse.
Thanks to Marilyn Renfree and Andrew Pask.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT
THIS ARTICLE, CONTACT:
Dr An drew Pask – Department of Zoology,
University of Melbourne, Mob: 0438 053 440;
Professor Marilyn Renfree – Department of Zoology,
University of Melbourne; Mob: 0414 716 460;
Rebecca Scott – Media Officer;
University of Melbourne, Mobile: 0417 164 791
7

8. By Silvia Dropulich
When we look at a painting by Van Gogh or Edvard Munch,
or read a poem by Sylvia Plath, or ponder the ideas of
Virginia Woolf, are we looking at the painting, ‘hearing’ the
poem or narrative – or are we looking at a form of mental
illness – a sign of sorts that the creator suffers from, or is
likely to suffer from, a psychiatric disorder?
Art History Lecturer at the University of Melbourne, Dr
Anthony White, believes that creative work by people with
experience of mental illness should be approached with
caution.
“Mental illness is a subject clouded by misunderstanding
and prejudice,” Dr White told Research Review.
“Creative works by people with an experience of mental
illness and or psychological trauma are often similarly
misunderstood,” he said.
“There is a tendency to view all creative efforts by people
with an experience of mental illness in reductionist terms.
“There has been a tendency to see the work in diagnostic
terms,as‘ah,that’sschizophrenia,orthat’smanicdepression’.
Another tendency sees the work in purely artistic terms to
the exclusion of all else. Neither perspective tells the whole
story.”
Dr White is leading an Australian Research Council Linkage
Grant project titled Framing Marginal Art: Developing an
ethical and multi-dimensional framework for exhibiting the
creative works of people who experience mental illness and/
or psychological trauma.
Part of the project involves an exhibition entitled The Art
of Making Sense, which focuses on The Cunningham Dax
Collection. The collection, which comprises more than
12,000 creative works by people who have experienced
mental illness or psychological trauma, provides researchers
with a diverse range of material with which to conduct and
test their research. The exhibition features a broad range of
works including drawings, collages, textiles, and sculptures
dating from the 1950s to recent acquisitions. Also featured
are writings, historic photographs, and archival documents
which provide a glimpse into daily life in Victorian asylum.
The Art of Making Sense exhibition has been developed
to resolve some of the misunderstandings and prejudice
associated with art created by those who have experienced
some form of mental illness. Dr White believes that a
‘multi-dimensional’ framework such as that developed by
the Cunningham Dax Collection is required for exhibiting,
viewing and understanding such art.
The Art of
Making Sense
The Art of Making Sense opened in May and runs until November 1,
2008, at The Cunningham Dax Collection, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville.
For more details contact the Collection at (03) 9342 2394 or online at
www.daxcollection.org.au
8

9. “The central idea behind the multi-dimensional
framework is that creative work by people
with experience of mental illness and/or
psychological trauma cannot be understood
through one perspective,” Dr White said.
“The exhibition tests the validity of this idea
bv demonstrating that such work can be
viewed through several different interpretive
frameworks, including, but not limited to, the
personal, the medical, the ethical, the historical,
and the creative,” he said.
The complex nature of this field of inquiry is
reflected in the diverse range of institutions
and the interdisciplinary team of investigators
involved in the project. Partners in the project
include: Dr Eugen Koh psychiatrist and Director
of The Cunningham Dax Collection, Dr Nurin
Veis, Senior Curator of Human Biology and
Medicine, Museum Victoria, and Dr Karen
Jones, Senior Lecturer, School of Philosophy,
University of Melbourne.
AliteraturereviewandTheArtofMakingSense
exhibition represent the first and second stage
Grame Doyle, no title, 1990 oil on masonite,
50.5cm x 40.5cm. Image supplied courtesy
of the Cunningham Dax Collection
of the project partners’ research. Based on the
findings of the research and the exhibition, the
final stage of the project will be the publication
towards the end of 2009, of a set of industry
guidelines for the ethical display of artworks
by people with an experience of mental illness
and/or psychological trauma.
9

10. White
Collar
Criminals
10

11. Dr Caron Beaton-Wells is a Senior Lecturer with
the Melbourne Law School and specialist in
competition law.
See www.law.unimelb.edu/go/about-us/
law-school-staff/
Photo: Dr Caron Beaton-Wells, by Jim Rule.
By Maryrose Cuskelly
The widely-reported price-fixing charges
levelled against Richard Pratt, his company
Visy and its competitor Amcor, culminating
in record-level penalties in late 2007, brought
into sharp relief the issue of cartels and white-
collar crime. Coming as it did in the lead-up
to a federal election, the case also threw a
spotlight on the attitude of government and
other sectors to pursuing high-profile figures
for these types of offences and the proposed
legislation to criminalise serious cartel
conduct (SCC).
Traditionally in Australia there has been
resistance from a variety of sectors, including
the political, legal and business communities, to
the idea that business behaviour such as price
fixing and bid-rigging should have criminal
sanctionsappliedtoit.Currently,conductwhich
involves agreements
between companies
not to compete is
regulated by the
Trade Practices Act
and is subject to civil
penalties. In the wake
of a general global
movement in support
of the criminalisation
of such behaviour,
however, the Australian
Government will intro-
duce legislation into
the Parliament this
yearwhichcouldmean
that individuals face
jail sentences for this
type of behaviour.
For Dr Caron Beaton-Wells, Director of Studies
in Competition Law at the University of
Melbourne’s Law School, the move towards
criminalisation presents an opportunity
for multi-faceted, cutting-edge research
that has the potential to make an important
contribution to the design and administration
of the law in this area.
Dr Beaton-Wells has recently been granted a
Faculty Grant from the Law School to be used
towards research assistance for a book she and
Mr Fisse are writing entitled Cartel Regulation:
Law, Policy and Practice to be published
by Cambridge University Press. It will be
the first book dedicated to this subject to be
published in Australia and should be available
in late 2009.
Dr Beaton-Wells’ research is also the subject
of an ARC Discovery Grant application
worth approximately $2.2 million for a four-
year project. The other researchers on the
multidisciplinary research team are from MU,
Christine Haines and Fiona Haines, and David
Round from University of South Australia.
The project will explore the regulatory,
economic and sociological dimensions of cartel
criminalisation.
“It [the proposed legislation] takes competition
law out of the realm of law and economics in
which it traditionally has been entrenched to
encompass various other disciplines (including
sociology/criminology) and allows a fresh
opportunity to look at what the objectives of
the law are,” Dr Beaton-Wells said.
“By invoking the criminal law, an implication is
that the objectives go beyond the original aim
of deterring harmful behaviour.
It considers the possibility of punishing
individuals for engaging in practices that
society condemns from a moral standpoint.”
This shift to criminalisation for commercial
activities traditionally punished by civil penalties
isnotuniversallyacceptedasdesirable.Previously,
it had been deemed that competition law dealt
with economic issues
and was not concerned
with notions such as
morality, fairness and
equity.
“You have to under-
stand that for most
competition lawyers
such considerations
require venturing into
unchartered territory,”
DrBeaton-Wellsexplains.
“But this shift seems
to suggest that comp-
etition law is in fact
entering into those
domains and that, in
part, is what makes it
so intriguing to a competition law scholar.”
In order to grapple with all the ramifications
of the proposed legislation Dr Beaton-Wells has
recruited researchers to her team from a variety
of fields and institutions. Brent Fisse, eminent
Sydney criminal law scholar, and Dr Beaton-
Wells are working together on legislative design
and policy issues.
“… the Australian
Government will
introduce legislation
into the Parliament this
year which could mean
that individuals face jail
sentences for this type
of behaviour.“
11

12. Free radical link
suggested between
pollution and
asthma By Felicity Jensz
Free radical pollution in the air could be a cause
of asthma, suggests Ms Duanne Sigmund, based
at the University of Melbourne with the ARC
Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry
and Biotechnology.
In new research Ms Sigmund and Dr Uta Wille,
both chemists at the University of Melbourne,
have discovered that the atmospheric nitrate
radical irreversibly damages amino acids,
which are the building blocks for proteins in
the human body. This, they suggest, could be a
cause of some respiratory diseases.
The nitrate radical is formed by two common
atmospheric pollutants; nitrogen dioxide,
which itself is emitted from car exhausts, and
ozone, which is an important greenhouse gas
that is harmful to humans. During the day the
sun’s UV radiation breaks down the nitrate
radicals, but the concentrations rise as soon as
the sun goes down.
We were very interested to see what these
nitrate radicals do to the human body since we
breath them in at night, says Sigmund.
The duo have found that the nitrate radical
reacts with amino acids to form compounds
such as beta-nitrate esters, beta-carbonyl,
and aromatic nitro-compounds. Some of these
compoundshavebeenassociatedwithincreased
immune response in some respiratory diseases,
creating worse symptoms.
Our results suggest that the nitrate radical
could be a real culprit for respiratory diseases,
yet until this study the nitrate radical has
been previously entirely overlooked in regard
to causes for diseases such as asthma, says
Sigmund.
We are now focusing our research on the cell
membrane, to see if these radicals can migrate
inside and cause damage to cells, adds Wille.
If this is found to be significant, then health
researchers might have to factor in the role
of the nitrate radical when examining other
respiratory diseases.
The duo’s work will be published in the
upcoming issue of the U.K. Royal Society of
Chemistry’s Chemical Communications.
12

13. Scientists from CSIRO and the University of Melbourne in
Australia, and the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston,
Texas, are on the brink of a discovery which will facilitate
the development of new, safe, more sustainable ways of
controlling the world’s worst agricultural insect pest – the
moth, Helicoverpa armigera.
The Australian Minister for Innovation, Industry, Science
and Research, Senator the Hon Kim Carr, said – at the BIO
2008 International Convention in San Diego, California –
that the team was expected to sequence the moth’s genome
in about four months.
“This will allow the collaborating scientists and a worldwide
consortium of specialists to work on new ways of controlling
this pest,” Senator Carr said.
According to CSIRO’s Group Executive for Agribusiness, Dr
JoanneDaly,theseinclude:themolecularbasisofresistanceto
chemical and Bt insecticides and population genetics related
to the refuge strategies in place to help prevent Helicoverpa
from developing resistance to Bt transgenic cottons.
“This moth is resistant to nearly every class of chemical
pesticide and threatens the long-term viability of transgenic
crops which are reliant on the biological pesticide, Bt,” Dr
Daly said.
“The sequencing of the genome will greatly facilitate
this research by improving the power, cost effectiveness
and insights from the genetic work on this species and its
American cousin H.zea,” University of Melbourne Associate
Professor Philip Batterham said.
Senator Carr said that finding the moth’s Achilles heel was
critically important to agriculture worldwide.
“The moth causes $225 million of damage a year in Australia
– $5 billion globally – to crops such as cotton, legumes and
vegetables,” he said.
“Our scientists are already world leaders in research on the
genetics and ecology of Helicoverpa and its close relatives.
“Thisproject–ledbyCSIROEntomology’sDrJohnOakeshott
and Associate Professor Batterham [from the University of
Melbourne] – will build on Australia’s role. Working together
with our partners at Germany’s Max Planck Institute and
France’s National Institute for Agricultural Research, the
project will help establish us as leaders in organising major
insect genome projects.”
Unlocking genome of
world’s worst insect pest
13

14. Cool Fire14

15. By Silvia Dropulich
Forest disturbances, particularly the aftermath
of fires, can have a dramatic impact on both the
quantity and quality of Victoria’s water supply,
according to new research underway at the
University’s Faculty of Land and Food Resources.
Forested landscapes are the headwater of
most streams, and the source of much of the
domestic, agricultural and industrial water
supplies in Australia and elsewhere, explains
Dr Patrick Lane, a research leader in a project
examining ‘fire and water’.
Melbourne’s water is currently almost 100 per
cent derived from native forest catchments.
“Both the quality and quantity of that water
can be jeopardised by disturbance in forests,”
Dr Lane said.
“Fire represents the most dramatic disturbance
forested landscapes can experience,” he said.
“This is because of the area of forest that can be
disturbed and the speed of the disturbance.
“Although we know that fire can result in
immediate changes to water quality due to the
increased erosion potential of denuded slopes
and bare soil, research in Australia on this
topic has been extremely limited.
“In particular the ability to predict the severity,
longevity and constituents of water quality
pollution has been lacking.”
The threat to water is emphasised by the more
than 2.5 million hectares burnt in southeast
Australia in 2003 and 2006/07.
According to Dr Lane, in an ominous prelude
to a post climate-change era with predictions of
more frequent fires – more than 100,000 hectares
burned in the 2003 fires were re-burnt in 2006.
The2006/07firewasstoppedontheboundaryof
the Thomson River catchment, which represents
60 per cent of Melbourne’s water storages.
INITIAL FINDINGS INCLUDE:
Water quality impacts across the state
are characterized by extreme variability
due to climatic variability, highlighting the
need to approach the research problem
probabilistically.
Forest runoff and erosion prediction
models, the starting point for water
quality models, were found to be
completely at odds with observations.
While modelling showed decades long
water yield reductions (to rivers and
reservoirs) following fire, it also revealed
critical knowledge gaps in researchers’
ability to model impacts for different
forest types and fire intensities
The management of fuel reduction
burning was identified as an emerging
area of water quality concern, as annual
burn quotas have been increased in
response to heightened wildfire risk.
Following the 2003 Alpine fires, the Forests
and Water research group within the School of
Forest and Ecosystem Science began a program
of research into both the water quality and
water-yield effects of wild and prescribed
fire. The almost complete lack of Australian
literature in this area meant the initial research
effort focused on high resolution measurement
of catchment-scale impacts and the physical
and chemical processes involved.
The mutidisciplinary research project led
by Dr Gary Sheridan and Dr Lane combines
modelling of fire behaviour dynamics with
hydrologic measurement and modelling and
statistical modelling, and involves researchers
from all three research disciplines.
The results of the research will be used for
managing Melbourne’s water catchments for
fire, and for developing statewide decision
making on fire and water management.
The fundamental work on post-fire hydrologic
processes will be used to develop risk models
for water managers. For example Melbourne
Water is currently evaluating options for
ensuring water security following fire, based
on this research.
New research looks at the effect forest fires
have on the quality of Victoria’s water supply.
For further information on this research contact
Dr Gary Sheridan (sheridan@unimelb.edu.au)
or Dr Patrick Lane (patrickl@unimelb.edu.au)
at the school of Forest and EcoSystem Science,
Faculty of Land and Food Resources.
15

16. Air Control
Free radical pollution in the air
couldbeacauseofasthma,suggests
Ms Duanne Sigmund, based at the
University of Melbourne with
the ARC Centre of Excellence
for Free Radical Chemistry and
Biotechnology.
In new research Ms Sigmund
and Dr Uta Wille, both chemists
at the University of Melbourne,
have discovered that the atmo-
spheric nitrate radical irreversibly
damages amino acids, which are
the building blocks for proteins
in the human body. This, they
suggest, could be a cause of some
respiratory diseases.
The nitrate radical is formed by
two common atmospheric pollut-
ants; nitrogen dioxide, which itself
is emitted from car exhausts, and
ozone, which is an important green-
housegasthatisharmfultohumans.
During the day the sun’s UV radia-
tion breaks down the nitrate radi-
cals, but the concentrations rise as
soon as the sun goes down.
We were very interested to see what
these nitrate radicals do to the human
body since we breath them in at
night, says Sigmund.
New ground-breaking research shows long-term,
heavy cannabis use causes significant brain
abnormalities resulting in psychotic symptoms
and memory loss equivalent to that of patients
with a mild traumatic brain injury. The study is
the first to show that long-term cannabis use can
adversely affect all users, not just those in the high-
risk categories such as the young, or those suscep-
tible to mental illness, as previously thought.
The research, conducted by ORYGEN Research
Centre and Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre
at the University of Melbourne in collaboration
with researchers at the University of Wollongong
was published in the prestigious American journal
Archives of General Psychiatry.
The researchers used brain imaging to dem-
onstrate for the first time that the hippocampus
and the amygdala, brain regions thought to
regulate memory and emotional processing,
were significantly reduced in cannabis users
compared to non-users by an average of 12 per cent
and 7 per cent, respectively.
According to lead researchers Dr Murat Yücel and
Dr Nadia Solowij the new evidence plays an impor-
tant role in further understanding the effects of
cannabis and its impact on brain functioning.
“The study shows that long-term cannabis users
were more prone to a range of psychotic experi-
ences, such as persecutory beliefs (paranoia) and
social withdrawal,” said Dr Yücel from ORYGEN
Research Centre and Melbourne Neuropsychiatry
Centre at the University of Melbourne.
The duo have found that the
nitrate radical reacts with amino
acids to form compounds such as
beta-nitrate esters, beta-carbonyl,
and aromatic nitro-compounds.
Some of these compounds have
been associated with increased
immune response in some respi-
ratory diseases, creating worse
symptoms.
Our results suggest that the nitrate
radical could be a real culprit for
respiratory diseases, yet until this
study the nitrate radical has been
previously entirely overlooked in
regard to causes for diseases such
as asthma, says Sigmund.
We are now focusing our research
on the cell membrane, to see if
these radicals can migrate inside
and cause damage to cells, adds
Wille. If this is found to be signifi-
cant, then health researchers might
have to factor in the role of the
nitrate radical when examining
other respiratory diseases.
The duo’s work will be published in
theupcomingissueoftheU.K. Royal
Society of Chemistry¹s Chemical
Communications.
Off Your Head
Free radical pollution
may be linked to asthma
A new study reveals long term
cannabis use causes brain injury
16

17. Mind
Over
Matter
By Genevieve Costigan
A new computer model which may predict
the outcome of drug treat-ment on epileptic
patients has been developed by a student from
University of Melbourne.
The student, Slave Petrovski, recently
graduated from his honours year in Medicine,
in a research department of the University at
the Royal Melbourne Hospital.
Under the joint supervision of Dr Cassandra
SzoekeandAssociateProfessorTerenceO’Brien,
Mr Petrovski brought his unusual background
in Information Systems and Science to a project
investigating pharmacogenomics (the tailoring
of a medicine regime to take into account the
particular genetic make-up of a patient) in
Epilepsy treatment.
Thisprojectisofmajorinternationalsignificance
for the field of pharmacogenomics as it is the
first time such a model utilizing multiple genetic
markers has been applied to successfully predict
the outcome of drug treatment for any disease.
It represents an important step on the road to
the development of clinically useful biomarkers
of treatment outcome.
“Althoughthemodelwasdevelopedforepilepsy
it is generic enough so that it could be used for
other conditions,’ Mr Petrovski says.
The methodology Petrovski developed to
identify predictive genetic markers from over
4,000 possibilities also has the potential to
identify important genetic determinants of
diseases and treatments.
“Research showed us that clusters of patients
reacted to the same drugs under the same
circumstances which made us wonder which
genes were making the difference. What was
really new in our approach was that we decided
to look at combinations of genetic markers
rather than individual genetic markers,” Mr
Petrovski says.
“What was also unique to our study was that
our cohort of patients was newly diagnosed so
they hadn’t been on anti-epileptic medication
before. This is important as the fact that the
patients have previously never been exposed
to anti-epileptic medication allows us to control
and look at the specific effects of the various
anti-epileptic drugs.”
“We also followed up our patients at intervals
of three months, then at the one and two year
interval to find out what side-effects they had
experienced on the medication, such as weight
gain, skin rashes and neurocognitive side-
effects like depression, anxiety, memory loss or
lack of concentration,” Mr Petrovski says.
“The ultimate benefit of this line of research
and model is that in the future a patient could
turn up at a hospital, have a genetic test run
which would predict whether they are likely
to respond well to treatment with a particular
medication and then the most effective drug
treatment and care regimen could be tailor-
made to the patient’s individual genetic make-up.”
Epilepsy is one of the most common serious
neurological disorders in the community and
one of the most complex. It is characterised
by recurrent seizures resulting from abnormal
electrical activity in the brain.
Epilepsy affects more than 400,000 Australians
according to the National Coalition of Epilepsy
OrganisationsinAustraliaandmorethan200,000
of these people take anti-epilepsy drugs.
Petrovski’s work has formed a major
component of a patent application which
has sparked significant interest from
international biotechnology and medical
diagnostics companies.
Petrovski has been awarded a place on the
Deans Honour roll for his efforts in 2007 and
recently received the prestigious Larkins
prize, an award granted annually to the
top achieving honours student within the
department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne
Hospital).
Computer modelling may predict treatment
outcomes for epilepsy. Slave Petrovski’s
work has formed a major component of
a patent application, which has sparked
significant interest from international
biotechnology and medical diagnostics
companies. See www.neuroscience.org.au
17

18. Victoria is set to develop the largest supercomputing
facility for life sciences research in the world. A new $100
million Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative,
including $50 million in state funding for peak computing
infrastructure, will accelerate major ground-breaking
medical research – taking the fight to cancer and other life-
threatening diseases, said Victoria’s Premier John Brumby
at the BIO2008 conference in California.
The program, a joint initiative with the University of
Melbourne, is to be centred in Melbourne’s Parkville
Precinct, the home of a number of globally recognised
health and medical research institutes.
“Byprovidingthisfunding,wewillenableVictoria’smedical
researchers to, for example, predict the likely resistance path
of viruses to existing drugs, enabling researchers to stay
one step ahead in the design of better and more effective
treatments” said Brumby.
“This is the first facility of its scale and kind in Australia,
and we intend it to be the leading computational biology
facility world-wide, confirming Victoria’s position as a
global leader in biomedical and scientific research” said
Victoria’s Minister for Information and Communication
Technology Mr Theophanous.
As part of the initiative, the University of Melbourne will
develop a Life Sciences Computation Centre to undertake
the peak computing operations and provide computational
biology expertise to the institutions throughout the
Parkville Precinct.
Researchers from the Parkville Precinct, Monash University
and other Victorian research institutions will have access
to the peak computing facility, encouraging a collaborative
approach to medical research.
University of Melbourne Vice-Chancellor, Professor Glyn
Davis said life sciences research was being transformed
by the application of rapid advances in computational
biology, powered by innovations in very high performance
computers and data management. This will lead to major
improvements in public health outcomes - particularly in
the areas of cancer, cardiovascular and neurological disease,
chronic inflammatory diseases, bone diseases and diabetes.
The University of Melbourne intends to release initial
expressions of interest for the peak computing facility (PCF)
in 2008, with the major PCF installations planned for 2009
and 2011.
Victoria to develop world’s largest Life Sciences supercomputing facility
Super
Computer Photo: NASA
18

19. Advert
19

20. By Maryrose Cuskelly
In the face of a listener clearly struggling to
keep up with the finer points of his research
into the body’s response to infection, Professor
Bill Heath offers the following advice: “Just
remember killer T cells. People like to hear
they’ve got killer cells that attack viruses.”
ProfessorHeathisthefirsttoadmitthat2008has
been a good year for him. In addition to taking
up a Federation Fellowship in the Department of
Microbiology and Immunology, he was recently
elected as a Fellow to the Australian Academy
of Science. Fellows are elected to the prestigious
Academy on the basis of ‘a career that has
significantly advanced the world’s store of
scientific knowledge’.
Under the Federation Fellowship, Professor
Heath will continue his long collaboration with
Dr Frank Carbone, a professor and reader in the
Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
researching the body’s response to infection.
“My research is about the analysis of the basic
steps in initiation of immune responses and the
maintenance of immunological tolerance to the
bodies own structures (self),” Professor Heath
explains.
Much of this research relates to the behaviour
of cytotoxic T cells, or killer T cells: how they
are generated in response to pathogens, or how
they are ‘switched off’ if they are active against
the body itself.
Another major aspect of Professor Heath’s
research is the function of dendritic cells and
their role in presenting potentially harmful
material to the T cells in order for an immune
or tolerance response to be initiated. Before Dr
Carbone and Professor Heath’s research into
dendritic cells, the general view was that they
had to be infected with a virus for the process
of generating masses of T cells with a particular
specificity to combat that virus.
“We’ve provided evidence that it’s possible for
these dendritic cells to grab bits of infected cells,
contain the material within a kind of stomach
and take that to the lymph node,” Professor
Heath said.
“So the virus isn’t growing inside the cell, it’s
just contained in this ‘stomach’.
“The dendritic cells are special because they
can reach into to this area and show what’s in
that “stomach” [to the killer T cells in the lymph
node], without becoming infected.”
Professor Heath’s research will continue
under the Federation Fellowship although the
direction will change slightly. To date it hasn’t
been possible to visualise the processes of the
body’s immune response. It has only been
able to be observed indirectly through various
experimental approaches. Now Professor Heath
hopes to directly visualise the process of the
initiation of immune responses by killer T cells
and their effector phase as they attack virus
infections.
“One of my aims, as part of the Federation
Fellowship, is to set up two-photon microscopy
for analysis of infection and autoimmunity in
live animals,” he said.
Two-photon microscopy is a relatively new
imaging technology that will allow Professor
Heath to observe immune responses in living
animals at a cellular level as they occur.
“In a way it’s like coming home,” Professor Heath
says of taking up the Federation Fellowship at the
University, referring to the fact that he completed
his PhD here in the Department of Microbiology
under the supervision of Dr Bill Boyle.
After being awarded his PhD, Professor Heath
spent time at the Scripps Institute in San Diego,
one of the largest, private non-profit research
organisations in the US. In 1990 he came to
the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical
Research (WEHI) to work with Professor
Jacques Miller whom he acknowledges as one of
his most significant mentors.
“He (Professor Miller) discovered the function
of the thymus,” Professor Heath said.
“The thymus is what makes T cells.
“Jacques is probably the last person to discover
a function of an organ of the body.
“He should have won a Nobel Prize for that, but
hasn’t. I don’t know why. In his lab we were
interested in asking questions about maintenance
of self-tolerance: how T cells are controlled if they
happen to respond to components of the body.”
When Professor Miller retired in 1998, Professor
Heath continued his research at WEHI into the
immune response as head of his own team of
researchers.
An Infectious
Personality
As for the possible applications of his research,
Professor Heath explains: ‘If we properly
understand how immunity is induced or
how tolerance is induced we can intervene in
situations where one or the other is required.’
This might result in the production of more
effective vaccines for killer T cell responses to
HIV or for halting autoimmune responses like
diabetes, where the body is under attack by the
immune system.
Photo: Professor Bill Heath, Federation Fellow.
20

21. 21

22. 22

23. By Nina Rozenbes
A revolutionary IT-based water management
system for reducing water losses in irrigation has
been developed by engineers at the University
of Melbourne and Rubicon Systems Australia.
To distribute large volumes of water from dams
through open channels, they have developed a
novel approach that combines IT systems with
civil infrastructure; the result is an automated
large-scale management network, a modern
solution that brings water distribution into the
21st century.
The water saving technology, known as Total
Channel Control®
, is a key component of
Victoria’s $2 billion plan to modernise ageing
irrigation infrastructure in the Goulburn-Murray
water irrigation districts. It is the outcome of a
longstanding collaboration between researchers
and engineers at the University of Melbourne,
UniWater, NICTA Victoria Research Laboratory
and industry partner Rubicon Systems Australia.
Much of the research work focused on accurate
water flow measurement and precision flow
control. The teams designed a radio network
integrated sensor that provides irrigation
managers with detailed information about the
behaviourofthedistributionsystemandenables
water trading markets to operate efficiently. The
system is automated to manage water movement
across the entire irrigation network from a single
point of command and control. Unlike manually
operated systems, Total Channel Control can
respond to problems such as leaks, equipment
failure and water storms, and quickly respond
to changes throughout the channels.
Engineers have investigated the problem of
water losses in irrigation for decades with
varying degrees of success. Total Channel
Control is an important innovation that has been
commercialised by Rubicon Systems Australia.
It has been attracting significant attention
overseas, with the irrigation market in the US
warming to the potential of this technology.
Research leader and Dean of Engineering,
Professor Iven Mareels, says this breakthrough
technology will significantly improve the
efficiency of water distribution.
“It brings open channel water distribution as
close to a pressurised distribution system as is
physically possible without changing the canals
into pipes,” Professor Mareels says.
Break-through technology will improve the
efficiency of water distribution. See www.bme.
unimelb.edu.au/about/staff/i_mareels.html
Water Under
the Bridge
“We anticipate that at least 70 billion litres of
water (a fifth of what Melbourne uses) will
be saved annually in Victoria through the
implementation of this technology.
“Itisacost-effectivesolutionthatissoimportant
in a country where water supply is not abundant
in view of climate changes and demand for water
increasing with population growth.”
Professor Mareels says researchers hope to
explore the integration of all aspects of water
distribution across an entire river basin.
“Our ongoing work will focus on the integration
and expansion of the sensor network technology
across the vast time and spatial scales inherently
associated with water supply and demand in a
basin.”
23

24. Are you a Captain Marvel, a frustrated idealist,
or a Joe Jerk? Melbourne Business School (MBS)
researchers are drawing on the experiences of
executives to help create influential cartoon
images of leaders in organisations.
At Mt Eliza executive education, a part of
MBS, ‘archetype’ development is an innovative
method being used to help some clients shape
organisational understanding and provide an
impetus for change.
Story fragments of executives within the
organisation (brief stories referred to as
narrative) are captured and recorded in a group
forum by a facilitator. Participants listen to one
another’s stories from the organisation and then
record in two or three words a label the story
brings to mind.
The labels are sorted several times, in a multi-
stage emergent process, distilling the essence of
the story in the minds of the participants. The
distillation results in a set of qualities which are
then interpreted by a cartoonist for illustration.
The cartoon represents a unique character of
the quality being explored. The nature of this
character is an ‘archetype’.
The archetype is a generic, idealised model of
a person, which includes some of the essential
qualities of a person. All archetypes involve a set
of qualities, stories created around the qualities
and the final cartoon illustration created by the
cartoonist.
Imagine you could capture some of the
imaginings that your family has of yourself and
connectthemtogetherinonecartoonimage.This
might contain some nice and some nasty, some
obvious and some obscure bits of information
which are then shaped by a cartoonist.
This is a process of extracting from the
unconscious depths of a number of minds the
imaginings they contain about the quality of
leadership, being discussed. A simplified collage
of elements truly represents what exists rather
than a more complex rational description.
There are very few ways to tap the lurking
beliefs about groups of people except indirectly
through stories about them that people can and
do tell. We use these stories to derive images
created from participants’ ideas and interpreted
by a cartoonist.
Drawing on
Experience
Cartoons by Bill Green.
For more information, contact Phill
Boas, Director, Design and Learning
Methods, Mt Eliza Executive Education,
Melbourne Business School email:
p.boas@mbs.edu
The Melbourne Business School taps into
our unconscious beliefs about leaders
24

25. 25

26. By Nerissa Hannink
The quirks of evolution are still giving our species cause
for complaint, wisdom teeth, sore backs and the appendix
being prime examples. Nevertheless, most of us muddle
through life just fine with what we have become over
millions of years.
Professor Geoff McFadden is hoping that this won’t be the
case for the malaria parasite, because its evolutionary legacy
might just be its downfall.
During a fortuitous trip to the library, Professor McFadden
recognised that the genes perplexing malarial researcher Ian
Wilson, were the same genes he was working on in plants.
“At some stage, malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) seems to
have switched from being a microscopic plant and converted
to an animal cell-like parasite,” said Professor McFadden.
This is thought to happen via endosymbiosis where an early
animal-like cell engulfs a bacterial cell to become a more
advanced cell type; the McFadden group also study this
evolutionary process.
As these genes are not present in humans they provide a much
needed new drug target for a parasite that kills three million
people a year and costs $12 billion in lost productivity.
The malarial plant genes belong to an ancient form of the
chloroplast, the structure required for plant photosynthesis
but it does not serve this purpose any longer in malaria.
It is still not clear what function the ancient chloroplast has
in malaria, but the fact that it is still present, and will die if
its genes are inactivated, provides hope that it is involved
in an essential metabolic process, which if knocked out
could kill it.
“The key to this research was the lateral thinking that we
could adapt herbicides to attack this plant-like structure,”
Professor McFadden said.
The parasite needs to spend part of its life cycle in the
mosquito to reproduce, and part of it in the human body
to replicate. While a vaccine is still in development, anti-
malarial drugs are vital so McFadden and his team want to
kill off the parasite in the human body.
With 500 ancient chloroplast genes as targets to choose from,
their approach is looking promising.
“What we do is find out which gene the herbicides are
actually going after, and whether the malaria parasite has
that gene. If it does, we test the compound against cultures of
the parasite that we have in the lab. We get blood donations
from the Red Cross and we grow the parasites in a laboratory
dish,” Professor McFadden said.
Malaria’s evolution could be its
downfall, according to Professor
Geoff McFadden. See www.botany.
unimelb.edu/botany/aboutus/staff/
mcfadden.html
The Evolution
Revolution
26

27. Approximately 75 per cent of the compounds tested actually
do kill the parasites, so the team are methodically matching
each herbicide to a gene and working with a medicinal chemist
to try and specifically modify the herbicides as medicines.
After promising results in mice, which also get malaria, the
team went on to a human trial in Thailand.
“Our tests gave good results, about the same as what we were
getting in the lab, which is really encouraging as these were
multi-drug resistant parasites in the real world,” Professor
McFadden said,
The team don’t have clearance for human trials yet, so they
tested the compounds against parasites in the infected blood
extracted from Thai patients.
“We were delighted to see that when the herbicide was
added to the infected blood, the parasite died,” Professor
McFadden said.
“What we really want to do is develop a collection of drugs,
ideally 10 really good ones and we’ll rotate these so that if
the parasites do become resistant, we’ll withdraw that drug
before the resistant parasites become the dominant form, we
need to keep moving the goal posts so the parasite doesn’t
get the upper hand.”
Since returning to Australia as a Federation Fellow and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute international Scholar,
Professor McFadden is based at the University of Melbourne’s
School of Botany. His group works closely with the Professor
Alan Cowman’s lab in the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, in
order to refine their malaria-handling skills.
Image of the malaria parasite in red blood cell, supplied courtesy of
Professor Geoff McFadden
27

28. Transnational
and Temporary
– Building
Communities
28

29. RESEARCHERS
Professor Ruth Fincher, SAGE
Professor Paul Carter, ABP
Associate Professor Paolo Tombesi, ABP
Dr Kate Shaw, Postdoctoral Fellow
Andrew Martel, PhD Candidate, ABP
Gerard Pinto, Master by Research candidate, ABP
Michele Lobo, Research Assistant
Vrushti Mawani, Research Assistant
Department of Victorian Communities
Department of Sustainability and Environment (four
executives)
City of Melbourne, (eight executives)
Academic Services, Melbourne University
RMIT University
The steering group consisted of Ruth Fincher, Paul
Carter, Paolo Tombesi, Kate Shaw, Austin Ley (CoM),
Christine Kilmartin (DSE) and Gabrielle Castellan
(Department of Victorian Communities).
By David Scott
Living as part of a community is something many of us take
for granted. Take a moment to think about where you live.
Without realising it, you are probably more than in tune with
your surrounds. Where do you go to play sport? Do you know
who to ask if you’re rubbish bin isn’t being picked up? How
about finding a short course, child care facilities or a health
care centre? And how about locating a good cup of coffee?
But what if you weren’t part of that particular community
originally? What happens if you’ve just shifted in from out
of town, overseas or (perhaps even more challenging) only
planning to be in town for a short period of time?
It’s an issue facing an increasing number of Melbourne’s
inner-city residents. (Recent figures show as many as one
third of the City of Melbourne’s population are students,
many from overseas.) And it’s an issue experts at the
University of Melbourne’s Faculty of Architecture, Building
and Planning (ABP) have been working hard to overcome.
The result is Transnational and Temporary, a multi-
disciplinary research project funded with an ARC Linkage
Grant, the aim of which was to propose an innovative and
broad based place-making strategy for the northern fringe of
theCityofMelbourne.AssociateProfessorPaoloTombesi,one
of the three Chief Investigators with Professor Ruth Fincher
and Professor Paul Carter, says the project aims to investigate
the question of how one fosters a community in a place when
many members of that community are both transnational
and temporary, such as international university students.
“Our interest was in exploring the notion that public-private
interactions, both in built spaces and in social relations,
define the experience of place for those who are new to a
locality and community, or temporary members of it, more
than they may do for long-term residents who are settled in
their networks of belonging,” Associate Professor Tombesi
said.
Associate Professor Tombesi, who is also leading a research
program at the Polytechnic of Turin in Italy, is joined on the
steering committee by fellow ABP academics Professor
Paul Carter and Dr Kate Shaw, as well as Professor Ruth
Fincher (Faculty of Land and Food Resources), Austin Ley
(City of Melbourne), Christine Killmartin (Department of
Sustainability and Environment) and Gabrielle Castellan
(Department of Victorian Communities). The group also
drew on the research expertise of RMIT.
The team started from a strong research base. As well as
having access to an archive of town planning applications
through its collaboration with the City of Melbourne and
DSE, researchers could draw on Professor Fincher’s previous
expertise in student housing and high density living;
Professor Carter’s experience in the design and use of public
space, and Dr Tombesi’s many years of teaching design
studios on medium density housing.
The preliminary results will provide important information
for the formulation of the City of Melbourne’s response to the
housing concerns of international students, the use of public
space, and of international student well-being in general.
“The research has produced data that has shed light on the
typologies of the new student accommodation in Carlton and
the CBD, and how these have (or have not) been integrated
into the existing communities,” Associate Professor Tombesi
said.
“In addition, a series of interviews and mapping exercises
conducted with international and local students has
produced a wealth of information regarding the student’s
complex relationship with the city, and also how universities
may support their international student bodies when they
are ‘out of the classroom.”
The feedback from the project’s external partners has been
overwhelmingly positive. The City of Melbourne through its
Melbourne Conversation’s series hosted a public discussion
on the project at the Town Hall involving more than 300
members of the community. “It provided an excellent
debate about the contribution of international students to
Melbourne’s economic and social life,” says researcher and
PhD candidate Andrew Martel.
29

30. Designing
Smarter
Schools
“ Education is changing from
classrooms into learning and
information environments. ”
30

31. Investigating the influence of school design on
students. For further information about this
research project see: www.abp.unimelb.edu.au/
research/funded/green-schools.html
By Clare Newton
A substantial part of the school building
stock within Australia needs replacement or
refurbishment.
School buildings embody our society’s attitude
to youth and education – they are a significant
communityasset.Effective‘smartgreenschools’
will address the educational needs of future
students without compromising environmental
imperatives.
Environmental imperatives and the rapid
pace at which the virtual world is pervading
and enriching student learning both require
appropriate design responses. Education is
changing from classrooms into learning and
information environments.
Today’s students are natives in a world of
information technology. They are adept at
using digital media. Schools are therefore
shifting from teaching institutions to learning
organisations through increased connectivity
between students and their local and global
environments. In particular, knowledge
is increasingly being constructed across
disciplines rather than within the traditional
subject ‘silos’.
This necessitates a rethinking of how space
can support this interaction. Cost effective
solu-tions also need to respond to issues such
as embodied energy, environmental impacts,
operating costs and life-cycle costs.
Researchers at the Faculty of Architecture,
Building and Planning have received an
ARC Linkage Grant funding for $340,000 to
investigate the influence of innovative and
sustainable school building designs on the
education of middle years school students.
AteacherandarchitecthavebeenawardedAPAI
scholarships and have begun to work on the
research topic in collaboration with five Chief
Investigators from the Faculty of Architecture,
Building and Planning. The research is unusual
in that it sits at the intersection of education
and architecture. The Chief Investigators Clare
Newton, Senior Lecturer in Architectural
Design and Practice, Dr Dominique Hes, Dr
Sue Wilks, Dr Kenn Fisher and Professor Kim
Dovey respectively come from the diverse
fields of architecture, sustainability, education,
facility management, and urban design.
The research began as a fledgling idea in 2005.
Architectural academic, Clare Newton, was
completing the newly instigated Graduate
Certificate in University Teaching and was
curious that the design of learning environments
was largely absent from educa-tional discourse.
Concurrently she was researching and teaching
in the area of environmental design in collab-
oration with academics from various disciplines.
While undertaking AusIndustry funded research
on the high-tech environmentally designed
Council House 2, she agreed with directors
of the architecture firm H2o that school
designs should be researched for their potential
as exemplars of a more low-tech approach to
environmental design.
During the following year the research topic
gained momentum as the Chief Investigators
collaborated with nine industry partners inc-
luding the Department of Education and Early
Childhood Development, the Office of the
Government Architect, and seven design firms
with expertise in schools.
The engagement of middle-year students is a key
focus of this research. School students will help
collect environmental data and learn more about
climate and energy. In this proactive research
methodology, students, teachers and architects
will collaborate to manipulate the curriculum
and learning spaces to suit different learning
modalities. Students will participate within teams
to further their problem solving, communication
and organisational skills. Teachers will learn to
effectively manage space both environmentally
and pedagogically. Partner architects will have
the unusual opportunity of experiencing and
critiquing their designs through the eyes of users.
The research aims to evaluate recent school
designs that are perceived as exemplars of
emerging environmentally responsible and
pedagogically sensitive design. Do teachers
recognise the importance of the environment as a
keypartoftheiroverallthinkingandpractice?Do
principals hire more staff rather than ask whether
investing in the environment might achieve equal
impact? Are schools incorporating the most cost
effective environmental initiatives?
Effective smart green schools will address
the educational needs of future students
without comp-romising environmental imp-
eratives. In addition, school buildings embody
our society’s attitude to youth and education.
They are a significant community asset.
Industry Partners
The Victorian Department of Education and
Early Childhood Development.
The Victorian Government Architect’s Office
Rubida Design
Mary Featherston Design
Hayball Leonard Stent
H2o architects
McGauran Giannini Soon
McBride Charles Ryan
SBE Melbourne
31

32. Putting
it all on
the line
32

33. By Katherine Smith
Problem gambling in some cases may be a health issue,
symptomatic of depression and anxiety in the gambler, and
often associated with hazardous use of alcohol and other
drugs, a new report has warned.
“A lot of effort is put into helping people manage problem
gambling, and public health messages are all about advising
people to gamble sensibly, or stay in control of their
gambling” according to Professor Alun Jackson, Director
of Melbourne’s Problem Gambling Research and Treatment
Centre (PGRTC), located in the
Melbourne Graduate School
of Education at the University
of Melbourne. The Centre is a
joint initiative of Melbourne
and Monash universities, and
the Victorian Department of
Justice.
“Education programs that
appeal to a gambler’s rational
decision-making are not going
to be as effective if the real
problem is associated not with
behavioural choices, but with
underlying depression or other
mental health problems.”
Professor Jackson and Monash University colleague and
PGRTC Co-Director Professor Shane Thomas are the authors
of the recently released report, Risk and Protective Factors,
DepressionandCo-morbiditiesinProblemGambling,prepared
for beyondblue: the national depression initiative.
“When we compared the incidence of co-morbidities – that
is health or social problems present in conjunction with
problem gambling behaviours – with non problem gamblers
and low or moderate risk gamblers, we found some important
variations,” Professor Jackson said.
The study of more than 2000 Victorians presents compelling
evidence that problem gamblers have high rates of
psychological disturbance, use alcohol and nicotine in
hazardous amounts, and have high rates of depression in
combination with other social and family problems.
Professor Jackson said the biggest difference was in
relation to severe psychological distress, where problem
gamblers were 18.8 times more likely to experience severe
psychological distress. They were also 4.3 times more likely
to show hazardous alcohol use and 2.4 times more likely to
be depressed, than non problem gamblers.
He concedes that it is difficult to know which came first –
whether problem gambling was a result of or precipitated
by the depression and alcohol abuse – but he says recent
evidence from the US and Canada suggests that a majority
of problem gamblers with co-occurring mood and anxiety
disorders say that these problems preceded their gambling
problems.
“People gamble to escape bad relationships, or work
pressures – a range of perceived problems, but some are
obviously gambling in an
attempt to escape from the
sadness, anxiety and other
troubling thoughts that are the
symptoms of a mental illness,”
he said.
“Gambling to escape is a key
defining criteria of diagnosing
problem gambling.
“We know that depression
affects a lot of people, and is
very often responsive to
treat-ment so where this
study can be very helpful
is in clarifying what we
know about the relationship
between gambling and depression. Then,
when people present to their doctor with depression, a simple
question about whether they have ever had a problem with
their gambling can make a critical difference.”
Similarly, when people present for assistance with problem
gambling behaviour, asking whether they have ever felt
persistently depressed may open up options for treatment
that are more likely to have lasting results.
Gambling is proving to be a complex and growing
health problem, according to a recent study available
at www.beyondblue.org.au under ‘research’.
“… some are obviously
gambling in an attempt
to escape from the
sadness, anxiety and
other troubling thoughts
that are the symptoms of
a mental illness”
33

34. By Janine Sim-Jones
Lack of paid maternity leave can have negative health
impacts for prospective mothers and their babies, according
to two recent studies led by the University of Melbourne.
As Australia’s Productivity Commission conducts its inquiry
into the introduction of paid parental leave, research led by
Amanda Cooklin from the Key Centre for Women’s Health
in Society, has shown that lack of paid maternity leave can
have a negative impact on the mental health of pregnant
women and cause an early end to breastfeeding.
The first study, Employee Entitlements during Pregnancy and
Maternal Psychological Well-being, finds lack of access to
maternity leave and workplace discrimination is contributing
to poor mental health in pregnant women.
Published in the November 2007 issue of the Australian
and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the
study surveyed 165 pregnant women in Australia – all of
whom were employed during pregnancy.
Ms Cooklin and colleagues Associate Professor Jane Fisher
and Dr Heather Rowe, also from the Key Centre for Women’s
Health in Society, found that one fifth of women had been
discriminated against as a result of their pregnancy.
The researchers found that women who were discriminated
against in pregnancy, and/or have no access to either paid
or unpaid maternity reported more distress, fatigue, anger
and anxiety.
Ms Cooklin said the results were a concern because poor
ante-natal emotional health was a known risk factor for
mood disturbance after childbirth.
“About 80 per cent of Australian women are employed
prior to the birth of their first child, making employment
conditions an important factor in women’s psychological
wellbeing during pregnancy, ” she said.
In her most recent study, Ms Cooklin examined the effect of
new mothers returning to work on breastfeeding rates.
Ms Cooklin and her colleagues Dr Lisa Amir, from LaTrobe
University, and Associate Professor Susan Donath, from
the University of Melbourne and the Murdoch Children’s
Research Institute, analysed breastfeeding rates among 3700
mothers and babies at six months after birth. They found that
part-time and casual work among new mothers has almost as
big a negative impact on breastfeeding rates as returning to
work full-time.
Mum’s
the Word
Lack of access to maternity leave and
workplace discrimination is contributing
to poor mental health in pregnant
women. See www.kcwh.unimelb.edu.au
under ‘Research themes and projects’.
34

35. While previous studies have shown that women
who return to full-time work are far less likely to be
breastfeeding at six months, this study, published in
May 2008 issue of Acta Paediatrica, is the first to show
dramatically reduced breastfeeding rates in those who
return on a part-time or casual basis.
Ms Cooklin said the study showed a lack of paid
maternity leave and low workplace support for
breastfeeding are interfering with the establishment of
breastfeeding among Australian women.
OFTHE 165 EMPLOYED PREGNANTWOMEN SURVEYED:
Only 60 per cent had access to unpaid maternity leave, despite current
legislation requiring all Australian employees to have access to this
entitlement after 12 months of continuous employment;
Only 46 per cent had access to paid maternity leave while others were
forced to rely on sick leave, annual leave or go without income following
childbirth;
Almost one in five women reported pregnancy-related discrimination from
their employer in the form of negative or offensive comments or being
excluded from promotion or training;
Women who were more highly educated and employed in managerial or
professional jobs were more likely to have access to maternity leave than
those in low-skilled, low paid occupations.
The study found that mothers who returned to work full-
time within three months of birth were twice as likely to
have stopped breastfeeding by the time their baby was six
months, than those who were not employed.
While women who returned to work on either a part-time or
casual basis after three months were almost as likely to have
stopped breastfeeding as those who worked full-time.
Ms Cooklin said study results showed that early postnatal
employment was a significant risk factor for an early end to
breastfeeding in Australian infants.
She said the findings in relation to part-time and casual
work were surprising.
Previous studies in the US had found mothers who worked
part-time had similar breastfeeding patterns to those who
were not employed.
“In Australia however, a reduced working week does not
contribute to mothers’ ability to maintain breastfeeding for
six months,’’ Ms Cooklin said.
Women who were
discriminated against
in pregnancy… reported
more distress, fatigue,
anger and anxiety.
35

36. When Work
Gets You Down
The University of Melbourne’s
School of Behavioural Science and
Department of Psychiatry, and the
ORYGEN Research Centre have
taken a new approach to helping
young mentally ill job seekers
find work.
Their world-first employment
program is helping mentally ill
young people find work – and its
inaugural trial is proving almost
threetimesmoresuccessfulthanthe
service provided by government-
contracted job agencies.
The results of the trial show that
given the right support, mentally
ill young people – typically with
an unemployment rate 10 times
higher than their peers – can find
work and potentially reduce their
reliance on welfare benefits.
A Helping Hand
Almost one in six cases of depression among working Victorians
are caused by job stress, amounting to more than 21,000 cases of
preventable depression in Victoria each year, a new University of
Melbourne study shows.
The study, led by Associate Professor Tony LaMontagne from the
McCaughey Centre: VicHealth Centre for the Promotion of Mental
HealthandCommunityWellbeingattheUniversityofMelbournewith
research partners from Monash and British Columbia universities, is
published in the international journal BMC Public Health.
The full study, LaMontagne AD, Keegel T, Vallance D, Ostry
A, and Wolfe R (2008): Job strain—attributable depression in
a sample of working Australians: Assessing the contribution to
health inequalities. BMC Public Health 8:181 is available at www.
biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-8-181.pdf. It estimates that:
World first employment program helps the mentally ill find work
21,000 Victorians suffer from
work-related depression
Job stress exposure patterns were then combined with previous
research showing that job stress doubles the risk of depression to
estimate the proportion of depression caused by job stress among
working people;
Nearly one in five (17 per cent) working women suffering
depression can attribute their condition to job stress and more
than one in eight (13 per cent) working men with depression have
problems due to job stress;
This translates to 21,437 working Victorians suffering from
preventable depression caused by job stress;
By comparison, 30-times fewer workers receive workers’
compensation for stress-related mental disorders, suggesting that
workers’ compensation statistics grossly under-represent the true
extent of the problem.
Stressful working conditions in this study were defined as a
combination of high job demands and low control over how the
job gets done (or ‘job strain’).
36

37. Advert
37

38. The University of Melbourne has led the recent
Thomson Scientific citation survey – making
21 ‘Top Three’ appearances.
With more than 51,000 citations, Melbourne
appeared in 11 scientific fields ranked by total
citations, and 10 fields by impact.
Italsorankedinthe‘TopThree’inbothcitations
and impact in five fields – neurosciences,
physics, microbiology, pharmacology and
psychology/psychiatry.
Thomson Scientific analysed data from its
Australian University Indicators 1981–2006 to
evaluate universities and research institutions
based on total citations and impact – the average
number of citations per paper – and ranked
institutions by impact and total citations across
21 fields as well as overall output and impact.
On the CNN Money website Christopher King,
editor of Thomson’s Science Watch said it
was not surprising to see ‘powerhouses’ like
Melbourne rank highly in citation rankings.
“Large universities, such as the University of
Melbourne tend to be the most productive and
have the highest research output.”
University of Melbourne affiliate, the Walter
and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research,
topped the rankings in overall impact with an
average of nearly 20 citations per paper.
Uni leads citation survey
38

39. Victorian Minister for Gaming,
Tony Robinson, recently launched
the Problem Gambling Research
and Treatment Centre – a joint
initiative of the University of
Melbourne, Monash University
and the Victorian Government.
The Centre will receive core
infrastructure funding of $4.2
million over four years, and access
to a range of other program and
research funding.
Professor Alun Jackson, Faculty
of Education, University of
Melbourne, and Professor Shane
Thomas, School of Primary Care,
Monash University have been
appointed Directors of the new
Centre. A major strength of the
Centre will be its multidisciplinary
orientation.
The Centre will conduct cutting-
edge research into problem
gambling treatment approaches;
develop new clinical practices;
train new and existing staff
working in gambler’s help
services; establish a postgraduate
qualification in problem gambling
treatment; conduct a sustained
epidemiological study of the forms
of gambling, and provide training
on problem gambling to industry
on a commercial basis.
Problem Gambling
Research Centre
The University of Melbourne is creating a National Centre for Coasts
and Climate (NCCC) – at Point Nepean.
Agreements with the Commonwealth Government and the Point Nepean
Community Trust will see 110 fully-funded student places for programs
aligned with the aims of the Centre, $2.1 million to provide facilities to
the University rent-free for seven years, and at least $7 million to develop
high-quality laboratory, teaching and accommodation facilities.
The Centre will ncorporate undergraduate, postgraduate coursework
and postgraduate research programs, bringing together wide-ranging
University research and education interests.
It will become a focus for a broad range of communities – local, national
and international, Indigenous, scientific, educational and business.
The site has many attributes of the world’s leading marine research
laboratories – sheltered, an assured oceanic seawater supply, within a
state park, proximity to major city facilities and airports, association
with a leading University, and iconic and historic buildings.
New Coasts Climate
Research Centre
39

40. University of Melbourne immunologist Professor James McCluskey is the
first Australian to be awarded the prestigious Rose Payne Distinguished
Scientist Award by the American Society for Histocompatibility and
Immunogenetics.
Professor McCluskey, Head of the University’s Department of
Microbiology and Immunology, has been recognised for his work
in Immunogenetics – the study of how genes control immunity.
Immunogenetics underpins our understanding of the differences in
responsetoinfections,cancerandsusceptibilitytoautoimmunediseases,
and how genetic differences between donor and recipient determines
the outcome of solid organ and blood stem cell transplantation.
Professor McCluskey is currently President of the International
Histocompatibility Workshop Group that convenes collaboration
between research groups around the world.
Immunologist Wins
US Scientific Award
Melbourne Student
Rhodes Scholar
University of Melbourne Commerce / Science student John
Feddersen has won the Victorian Rhodes Scholarship for 2007.
Mr Feddersen has completed a Bachelor of Commerce (Economics),
a Bachelor of Science (Mathematics and Statistics) and a Diploma
in Modern Language (German) while also finding time to pursue
a very successful hockey career. He has earned four University
Blues in Hockey, and made the Australian Universities team,
Victorian Vikings Squad and Australian Under 19 team along the
way. He captained the University team to victory at the Australian
University Games in 2006.
Nobel Peace Prize
The scientific contributions of University of Melbourne Federation
Fellow Professor David Karoly and international colleagues have
been recognised in the award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize to
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and US
climate change activist Al Gore.
Professor Karoly, a leading authority on the global climate and
climate variability, contributed to the work of the IPCC as a
lead author of the chapter ‘Assessment of observed changes and
responses in natural and managed systems’ in the IPCC Fourth
Assessment Report ‘Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation
and Vulnerability’.
Professor Karoly was also part of a select group of scientists asked
to write the Report’s Summary for Policy Makers which integrates
the information around six key topics and is designed to be useful
to policy makers, researchers and students.
40

41. Fast Broadband Wins
Top Academic Prize
Dr John Papandriopoulos who developed
technology to make broadband up to 100 times
faster without multi-billion dollar investments
in cabling infrastructure has won one of the
University of Melbourne’s Chancellor’s Prizes for
Excellence in the PhD awarded late last year.
Dr Papandriopoulos’ new technology –
patented as SCALE and SCAPE in Australia and
the US – was developed as part of his PhD in
the University’s Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering. The new techniques
can dramatically reduce the interference which
slows down data transmission in typical DSL
networks using less power in the process.
Since completing his PhD, Dr Papandriopoulos
has worked as a researcher in the University’s
Centre for Ultra Broadband Information
Networks (CUBIN). Next month, he joins
a start-up company in the US founded by
Stanford University Professor John Cioffi, the
“father of DSL”.
Director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute
(WEHI), Professor Suzanne Cory has been
appointed the inaugural Deputy Chairman of
the CSIRO Board.
Professor Cory is also Professor of Medical
Biology in the University of Melbourne. She
has been a member of the CSIRO Board for
five years.
Larkins to Head Pulp Mill Expert
Group
Professor Frank Larkins, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (International) and
Professor of Chemistry at the University of Melbourne will chair an
Independent Expert Group to ensure full and proper implementation of
the environmental safeguards imposed on Tasmania’s pulp mill.
The independent scientific and environmental monitoring team was appointed
by the Minister for the Environment and Water Resources, Malcolm Turnbull,
on the recommendation of the Chief Scientist, Dr Jim Peacock.
The Independent Expert Group will assist with monitoring and
compliance with the conditions for the pulp mill.
CSIRO, ANSTO Appointments
Director of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer
Research, Professor Andrew Scott has been
appointed a member of the Australian Nuclear
Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO).
ProfessorScott,whohasconsiderableexperience
in nuclear medicine, is a professorial fellow
in the University’s Department of Medicine
(Austin Health and Northern Health).
41

42. International Rankings
Melbourne’s rankings place it amongst the best in the world.
Its strong performance in international rankings puts it at the forefront of
higher education in the Asia-Pacific region and the world. The University
of Melbourne is consistently ranked among the leading universities in the
world, with its international peers# placing it in the top 20 worldwide, and
employers placing it in the top 10.
The University’s international reputation is underpinned by excellence in
teaching and learning, and its status as Australia’s highest-ranked research
University.*
The Times Higher World University Rankings Times Higher Education
Supplement UK (THES) 2007
• No. 27 • Top 10 employer review score
www.thes.co.uk/worldrankings
Academic Ranking of World Universities Shanghai Jiao Tong University 2007
• No. 7 Asia–Pacific region • No. 79 worldwide
http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm
Index of the International Standing of Australian Public Universities 2007
• No. 1 in Australia (Overall measure of standing)
www.melbourneinstitute.com
# The peer review score summarises how other universities rank the University of Melbourne.
* According to key indicators used by the Australian Government to allocate competitive
research funding.
At a Glance
Vision
To be one of the finest universities in the world.
History
The University of Melbourne is one of Australia’s oldest
universities and celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2003.
It was established by an Act of the Victorian Parliament
in 1853 and its first classes commenced in April 1855
with four professors and 16 students. The University has
undergone profound changes since its inception, which
have affected not only its internal structure, but also its
physical, intellectual and cultural landscapes. Today more
than 44,500 students are enrolled at Melbourne. Of the total
student population, over 11,000 students are international
students from more than 115 countries.
The influence of the University reaches into every aspect of
the City of Melbourne’s life, whether through its students
and staff, 30 teaching hospitals, affiliated institutions,
residential colleges and halls of residence, the Melbourne
Theatre Company, Melbourne University Publishing, and
the Ian Potter Museum of Art, or its research centres.
Campuses
The University is based in Parkville, an inner suburb of
Melbourne, Victoria.
The University’s impact on Australia’s research activity is
enhanced by its location on the edge of Melbourne’s CBD in
Parkville, where so many of the nation’s leading independent
biomedical research institutes are located.
The Victorian College of the Arts is located in the thriving
city arts precinct in Melbourne. Other campuses are located
at Burnley in metropolitan Melbourne and at the following
rural and regional campuses:
• Creswick
• Dookie
• Veterinary Clinic and Hospital at Werribee
• Shepparton
Academy 2007 Fellows
Fellow of the
Australian Academy
of the Social
Sciences
Professor Vicki Anderson (Royal Children’s Hospital)
Professor Robyn Eckersley (Political Science,
Criminology and Sociology)
Fellow of the
Australian Academy
of Humanities
Associate Professor Karl Adelaar (Asia Institute)
Professor Deirdre Coleman (Culture and Communication)
Dr Susan Foley (Historical Studies)
Professorial Fellow, Lyndal Roper, was appointed
Honorary Fellow
Fellow of the
Australian Academy
of Technological
Sciences and
Engineering
Professor Anthony Guttman (Mathematics Statistics)
Professor Colin Masters (Mental Health Research
Institute)
Dr Keith Watson (WEHI)
Fellow of the
Australian Academy
ofTechnological
Sciences and
Engineering
Dr Calum Drummond, Federation Fellow and
Professorial Fellow, School of Chemistry and Bio21
Institute
Professor Andrew Holmes, AM, Federation Fellow and
VESKI Inaugural Fellow, Professor, School of Chemistry
and Bio21 Institute
High Achieving Staff
42

43. The University of Melbourne
Category 2006 2007
Median ENTER 94.3 94.7
Student Enrolments (EFTSL)
Total Load (EFTSL) 33,934 34,720
Research Higher Degree 3,122 3,169
Postgraduate Coursework 5,558 5,951
Undergraduate 25,255 25,600
% Female Enrolment 56.0% 55.8%
International Load (EFTSL) 8,804 9,389
% International 25.9% 27.0%
Award Completions
Research Higher Degree (excl Higher Doct) 736 730 (est)
PG Coursework 4,220 4,351 (est)
Undergraduate 8,186 8,200 (est)
Total 13,142 13,281 (est)
Staff (FTE) (March, including casuals excludingTAFE)
Academic (All) 3,258 3,371
Professionals (All) 3,619 3,778
Total 6,876 7,149
Staff Casual figures estimates only for 2007
Student: Staff Ratio (August)
TR Faculty Staff 16.5 16.7
All Academic Faculty Staff 10.5 10.4
Research Expenditure ($million) 533 570
Financial Data ($million)
Consolidated Income 1,282.6 1,432.9
Consolidated Expenditure 1,192.6 1,336.2
Net Result before IncomeTax 90.0 96.7
Net Result after IncomeTax 90.0 96.2
Sources of Income (%)
Australian Government Recurrent
Financial Assistance
23.5 22.2
Other Australian Government Financial
Assistance (including FEE-HELP)
16.8 18.7
HECS-HELP 7.9 7.5
State Government Financial Assistance 3.7 2.2
Investments, Fees, Charges and Other Income 42.3 45.0
Grants, Donations and Bequests 5.8 4.4
Total 100.0 100.0
Research Performance Indicators
Research Income ($million) 279.7 (2) 307.2 (prelim)
Research Publications 3,809 (2) 3,811 (prelim)
Research Load (EFTSL) 3,117(1) 3,169
Research Completions (eligible) * 736(1) 730 (est)
Two-Year Statistics
Numbers in brackets are Melbourne’s national rank, based
on the proportion of the national total for each category
* Eligible completions means those included in RTS for-
mula, excludes Higher Doctorates by publication.
43

44. 50.0%
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
Australian Government
Recurrent Financial
Assistance
Other Australian
Government Financial
Assistance
HECS Help State Government
Financial Assistance
Investments, Fees and
Charges and Other
Income
Grants, Donations
and Bequests
Sources of Income
Research Income ($) Research Expenditure ($)
$MILLION
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Research Income
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
$MILLION
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Research Expenditure
Note: As formal analysis is undertaken biennially for the Australian Bureau of Statistics
data collection, results for odd years are estimates.
44

45. The University of Melbourne
Research Higher Degree
Postgraduate Coursework
Undergraduate
Total
NB. EFSTL data
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Student Enrolments By Course Levels
University of Melbourne
Other Victorian institutions (average)
Other Australian institutions (average)
Graduates In Full-Time Employment %
100
80
60
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
45

46. Australian Government Recurrent Financial
Assistance* 22.2%
Other Australian Government Financial
Assistance 16.6%
HECS-HELP 7.5%
FEE-HELP 2.1%
State Government Financial Assistance 2.2%
Investments, Fees and Charges and Other
Income 45.0%
Grants, Donations and Bequests 4.4%
Sources Of Income
Employee Benefits and On Costs 53.3%
Depreciation and Amortisation 6.1%
Repairs and Maintenance 4.6%
Scholarships 4.0%
Other Expenses 32.0%
Expenditures
Melbourne’s Performance Against
Key National Research Indicators
RESEARCH INCOME RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS
(DEST WEIGHTED SCORE)
RESEARCH
HD LOAD
RESEARCH HD
COMPLETIONS
$m National
Rank
% of Total DEST
Weighted
Score
National
Rank
% of Total EFSTL National
Rank
Number National
Rank
2003 198.7 1 13.4% 2,857 1 8.1% 2,925 1 694 1
2004 208.8 1 13.0% 3,299 2 8.2% 3,160 1 724 1
2005 254.4 1 13.9% 3,878 1 8.8% 3,159 1 724 1
2006 279.7 2 12.7% 3,809 (est) 2 8.2% 3,122 1 736 1
2007 307.2 (est) n/a n/a 3,811 (est) n/a n/a 3,169 (est) n/a 730 (est) n/a
The University of Melbourne
46

47. Advert
47

48. Find an Expert
The Find an Expert an expert web site provides a
dynamic and reliable source of information about the
research and scholarship of staff at the University of
Melbourne.
Our experts can be located by browsing:
University Faculties and Departments
Government Classifications
Research fields
Courses and discipline classifications
Socio-economic objectives
International Profile
– Country of research expertise
– International linkages
www.findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au