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Assistive Reproductive Techniques By Shubham Kapadia
- 1. What is Assisted Reproductive Technology? Kapadia Shubham M.
- 2. Assisted Reproductive Technology Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) has been used in the United States since 1981 to help women become pregnant. The most common procedure is through the transfer of fertilized human eggs into a woman’s uterus.
- 3. Infertility is a disease that affects the reproductive organs of both men and women. It impairs one of the body’s most basic functions, which is the ability to have offspring. Infertility affects about 6.1 million women and men in the United States; this is 10 percent of the reproductive-age population. Smoking, sexually transmitted infections, age, and an unhealthy body weight can increase risks of infertility. What is Infertility, Anyway?
- 4. Common Female Infertility Factors The most common female infertility factor is an ovulation disorder. Blocked fallopian tubes, which can occur when a woman has had pelvic inflammatory disease or endometriosis (a sometimes painful condition causing adhesions and cysts).
- 5. Common Male Infertility Factors The most common male infertility factors include Azospermia (no sperm cells are produced) and Oligospermia (few sperm cells are produced). Sometimes, sperm cells are malformed or they die before they can reach the egg. Also a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis or a chromosomal abnormality causes infertility in men.
- 6. Female Reproductive Organs Normal anatomy and regular menstrual cycles are key factors in establishing female fertility. The female reproductive system is mainly internal. The vagina is the passage that leads from the outside of the body to the cervix, which is the opening to the Uterus. The uterus is a muscular organ about the size and shape of a pear, which is lined with a rich and nourishing mucous membrane called the Endometrium. The Uterus is where a fertilized egg attaches itself and develops into a baby.
- 7. Male Reproductive Organs The male reproductive system is both internal and external. The testes are located within the scrotal sac, the pouch of skin located below the penis. The testes produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male hormone that helps maintain the male sexual characteristics
- 8. Many couples have a difficult time admitting there may be an infertility problem. After each menstrual period and still no signs of becoming pregnant there is a high percentage that a couple is infertile.This is when ART comes into the picture. What are the choices when using Assisted Reproductive Technology?
- 9. Top 7 Ways to Make a Baby Using Assisted Reproductive Technology Artificial insemination -- of mother with father's sperm Artificial insemination -- of mother with donor sperm In vitro fertilization (IVF) -- using egg and sperm of parents IVF -- with Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) IVF -- with frozen embryos GIFT – Gamete Intrafallopian transfer ZIFT – Eggs combined with sperm and placed in fallopian tubes
- 10. Artificial Insemination Artificial insemination: Introducing semen into the uterus or oviduct by other than natural means.
- 11. In Vitro Fertilization In vitro fertilization: Taking eggs from a woman, fertilizing them in the laboratory with a man's sperm, and returning the resulting embryos to her uterus several days later.
- 12. Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection - is a lab procedure to help infertile couples undergo in vitro fertilization due to male factor infertility.
- 13. Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) Eggs are combined with partner’s sperm in a dish and then taken to a lab They are surgically injected into fallopian tubes using a laparoscope Fertilization then occurs inside your body and the embryo implants naturally.
- 14. Zygote Inrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) The eggs are mixed with partner’s sperm, and then they are surgically place in fallopian tubes. But then your doctor will wait until fertilization occurs to place the embryos inside fallopian tubes.
- 15. Frozen Embryos Frozen embryos: Specialists may freeze additional embryos from a woman's cycle for later use. They may also freeze embryos of a donor in order to have them ready to place in a surrogate mother's uterus at the appropriate moment in the surrogate's natural or hormone-replaced cycle.
- 16. Prenatal Tests Ultrasound: An ultrasound provides a non-invasive way to see inside the uterus using high-frequency sound waves to create visual images. Ultrasound can often detect major problems such as spina bifida and anencephaly, and it provides a way to measure the size of the fetus.
- 17. !! Thank You !!
Hinweis der Redaktion
- For many people who want to start a family, the dream of having a child is not easily realized.. However, deciding whether to undergo this expensive and time-consuming treatment can be difficult.
- Unlike many other disease like lung cancer or HIV/AIDS, people are rarely informed of the very direct links between their behavior and their reproductive health. One and six couples struggle with infertility issues, with the odds of conceiving against them. Some what recently people have been able to increase their chances of conceiving with Assisted Reproductive Technology techniques. If people decide to use these procedures they can be painful and emotionally draining, however it can be an answer for infertile couples.
- Fertility starts to become a problem for women as they begin to age. For example post menopausal women carry some eggs in their ovaries but they can not be fertilized. Many woman will then take different hormones during menopause in order to ease the process. But this does not maintain a woman’s fertility into old age.
- As men age they are still capable of fathering healthy children throughout their lives. Some studies have shown that children conceived by a man over the age of 50 have increased risks for mental illnesses.
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies can be defined by the first procedure that was developed, which was In Vitro fertilization. IVF removes the human egg from the ovary, and fertilizes it with a mans sperm in a lab. To conclude this process the fertilized egg or the embryo it placed back in the uterus. However today’s ART also refers to many other procedures that have been tailored to individual patient’s unique conditions. IVF is basically a four step process. First, you take medications to make multiple follicles begin to develop on your ovaries. This step is referred to as ovarian stimulation, or superovulation. Step two involves monitoring follicular growth by ultrasound, to determine egg growth and uterine lining development. When it is determined that the follicles and the uterine lining are appropriately mature, a trigger shot of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is then administered. 36 hours after the trigger shot, the third step begins with retrieval of the eggs by ultrasound-guided-needle aspiration, an in-office procedure. A sperm specimen is then washed and prepared for insemination. The washed sperm is then placed in a dish with the eggs, and they are placed in an incubator for 18 hours. After 18 hours, the embryos are observed for normal fertilization, under a microscope, where the pronucleus of egg and sperm can be seen. The embryos are then incubated for further development into multi-cell embryos. The fourth and final step involves transferring the embryos into the uterine cavity via a catheter inserted through the cervix. The number returned varies with the desires of the patient, under the guidelines of age categories; under 35 years old, up to three embryos; 35-40 years and older, up to four embryos. Additional embryos may be frozen and stored for future use.
- All of these ART or Assisted Reproductive Technologies are medical interventions in the processes of reproduction, including ovulation, fertilization, and implantation of the fertilized eggs into the uterus. Numerous Reproductive technologies have allowed infertile couples to have children, but it has raised ethical and legal questions regarding the involvement of third parties as donors or surrogates and the propriety of altering natural processes of procreation. More than 40,000 infants were born in 2001 as a result of assisted – reproductive technology According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the highest success rates were reported in patients who used donor eggs and freshly fertilized embryos. There was a 56% pregnancy rate, 47% live birth rate, and 27% singleton live – birth rate)
- Artificial Insemination is the process in which male gametes, the spermatozoa, are collected and introduced artificially into the female genital tract for the purpose of fertilization. Other artificial methods for achieving fertilization have since been devised. Artificial insemination was first developed for breeding cattle and horses. Spermatozoa are collected from a chosen male and frozen, then thawed and used to impregnate females.
- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), an assisted reproductive technology (ART) in which one or more eggs are fertilized outside a female's body. This technique has been used extensively in animal embryological research for decades, but only since 1978 has it been successfully applied to human reproduction. In human reproduction the process involves stimulation of the growth of multiple eggs by the daily injection of hormone medications. It is also possible to conduct IVF without the use of the hormone medications; a single egg would develop and be retrieved. The eggs are then recovered by one of two methods: sonographic egg recovery, which is the more common of the two, which uses ultrasound guidance to retrieve the eggs, or laparoscopic egg recovery, in which retrieval is made through a small incision in the abdomen. Once the eggs are retrieved, they are placed in a special fluid medium, then semen that has been washed and incubated is placed with the eggs and left for approximately 18 hours. The eggs are removed, passed into a special growth medium, and then examined about 40 hours later. If the eggs have been fertilized and developed normally, the embryos are transferred to the woman's (or a surrogate's) uterus. The probability of viable pregnancy is approximately 20 percent with one IVF cycle.
- This was a technique that was developed in 1992, in order to deal with male infertility. Doctors collect a single live sperm and inject it directly into the cytoplasm of the mother’s egg. ICSI is routinely performed in cases where the man has extremely low sperm counts. The resulting embryo is then inserted into the uterus using IVF procedures.
- In gamete intrafallopian transfer is a the technique is similar to IVF, but the harvested eggs and sperm are placed directly into the fallopian tubes, with fertilization occurring in the woman's body .
- In zygote intrafallopian transfer is a procedure that is similar to GIFT, but the beginning-stage embryos or zygotes are placed directly in the fallopian tubes. With super ovulation uterine capacitation enhancement, which is what the woman is experiencing because of her daily hormone medications to stimulate the growth of multiple eggs. Once the eggs have reached the right stage, intrauterine inseminations are done using the partner's specially treated sperm. Donor oocyte programs are available in some places; donated eggs are used by women unable to use their own eggs to achieve pregnancy. Assisted reproductive technology is used to retrieve eggs from donors and replace embryos in the recipient.
- In 1984 a procedure was reported from Australia, with the embryo first being frozen for two months before it was successfully implanted.
- In some cases IVF can result in multiple births, and this technique allows doctors to know what to expect.