Fundamental of travel and tourism. Diploma in hotel management.

1. Tourism
Tourismisthe temporarymovementof peopletodestinationoutside the place wheretheynormally
live andworkand include the activitiestheyindulgeinatthe destinationas well asall facilitiesand
service especiallycreatedtomeettheirneeds.Andthe people whomove awayfromtheirusual
place of work and stayfor more than 24hours and less thana year are knownas tourist.
Tourismmarketisdividedinto twocategories:
1. Leisure tourist- recreationactivitiesorenjoyment
2. Businesstourist – main motive fortravel istomake profitor expandingtheirbusiness
Tourismisof two types:
1. Domestictourism: residentsof acountry travellingwithinthe bordersof thatcountry
2. International tourism: travellingfromone countrytoanother
 Inboundtourism - thisreferstoincomingtouristortouristenteringa
country
 Outboundtourism- thisreferstooutgoingtouristortouristleavingtheir
countryof origintotravel to anothercountry.
FEW TERMS:
Visitor:any personvisitingacountryotherthanhisusual placeof residence foranyotherreason
than followinganoccupationfromwithinthe countryvisited.
Excursionist:a day visitorwhostaysforlessthan 24 hoursat a place.Excursionistsdonotstay
overnight.
Tourist: a temporaryvisitortoa place.People wholeave theirusual place of residence andworkto
have a change fromtheirusual routine fora shorttime,theystayat the place overnighti.e.forat
least24 hours.
Traveller:a personwhotravelsfromone place to another,irrespective of the purpose of travel or
durationof stay.
Transit visitor: a travellerwhopassesthroughacountrywithoutbreakingjourneyotherthantaking
connectingtransport.
Destination:the place where the touristtravel forleisure orbusinessrelatedactivities.There canbe
no tourismwithoutadestination. Fora destinationtodevelopandsustainitself,the followingfive
A’sare (classicfive ‘A’sof tourism) are:
1. Accessibility –referstotransportand transportinfrastructure.
2. Accommodation –referstoplace tostay
3. Amenities- facilitiesavailableatthe destinationwhichhelpinmeetingthe needsof the
tourist.
4. Attraction- reasonfortravel( natural,humanmade,cultural,social)
5. Activities- thingtodo.
6. Affordability- costof tour

2. TOURISM IS MADE UPOF FIVE ELEMENTS:
 Travellergeneratingregion
 Transitregion
 Touristdestinationregion
 Tourist
 Tourismindustry
All the above are influencedbythe external environment.
POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM
 Economic impact
o Employmentgenerator
o Increase tax revenue
o Foreignexchange earner
o Rural developmentpromoter
o Improvedinfrastructure
o Increase ingrossdomesticproducts
o Multipliereffect
 Environmental impact
o Some touristdestinationslikeparks,wildlifeandbirdsanctuarieshelpsin
maintainingthe ecological balance
o Historical sitesare preservedandrestored
o Endangeredspeciesprotected
o Forestare protected
o Create awarenessaboutenvironment
 Sociocultural impact
o Developsentrepreneurship
o Providesjobs
o Increase income
o Improve qualityof life
o Preservesheritage
o Revive artand craft
o Helpsnational andinternational integrationdevelopsfacilitiesandinfrastructure
o Revivesvernacularlanguages
 Demonstration effect
o WelcomingAttitude
o Dressingandfashion
o
 Cultural impact
o Helpsinpreservationof culture
o Rejuvenationof art formsfolk dance and musicretainauthenticity
 Political impact
NEGATIVEIMPACT OF TOURISM
• Economic impact

3. o Leakage- itreferstothe processthroughwhichtourism receiptsare withdrawnor
leave the destination’scountry.thishappenswhenmoneyisspentonbuyinggoods
and servicesfromanothereconomy.
• Environmental impact
o Environmental pollution
o Depletionof natural resources
o Land erosion
o Loss of natural resources
o Trafficcongestion
o Garbage trails
• Sociocultural impact
o Rural urbanmigration
o Disruptionof lifestyle
o Narcoticsand drug abuse
o Decreaseduse of local language
o Healthissueslike HIV,AIDS,fluandvirus
o Prostitution
o Alcoholism
o Crime- pick- pocketing, mugging,rape,murder
o Moneylaundering
o Disrespecttolocal customs
• Demonstration effect
o Local or hostirritation
o Hostilityfromlocals
• Cultural impact
o Social normsand customsare effected
o Cultural arrogance
o Dilutionof culture
• Political impact
o Leadsto Terrorism
CONSTITUENTS OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY:
1. MAIN CONSTITUENTS:
 Transport- meansthe meansof travel.It include
 Airways
 Roadways
 Railways
 Waterways
 Parkingareas
 Airports
 Runways
 Bus stands
 Hotel- touristneedsaplace tostay. We will discuss the same inchapterII
 Foodand beverage- touristrequire the cateringserviceswhichinclude

4. o Non-commercial outletsorwelfare outlets- like institutesetc.
o Commercial outlets-
 Residential- includehotels,guesthouses,resortsetc.
 Non-residential- include specialityorfine diningrestaurants,fast
foodrestaurant,coffee shop,barsandpub,lounge,vending
machines,dhabasetc.
 Entertainmentorattractions:
 Natural attraction- hills,beaches
 Builtattraction- resorts,amusementortheme parks
 Businessattraction- MICE
 Relativesandfriends-
 Historicattraction- heritage building,monuments,palaces
 Cultural andethnicattraction- custom, traditions,fairs,festivals
 Special events-commonwealthgames,Olympicgames
 Medical attraction-spa,sanatorium
 Religious attraction- pilgrim
 Governmentattraction–white house,parliament
 Retail andshopping- shoppingmalls,markets,hawkers etc.
 Travel agentsand touroperators- travel agentsact as intermediariesserving
betweenthe variousservices providersandtravel consumers.Travel agency
performa numberof functionsuchas provide travel information, planning
itineraries,liaisingwithvendors,costing,ticketing,reservation,documentation,
settlementof account,MICE, foreignexchange.
Tour operatorsare differentfromtravel agent. Touroperatorassemblesall the
differentcomponentsof travel andsellsitasa package tour,to and froma
destination,withcomplete groundarrangements.
 Guidesandescort- guidesisa travel industryrepresentative;apublicrelations
representative forhiscity,regionandcountry- aswell asan educator,an
entertainer,andapublicspeaker. There are manytypesof guide locationguide,
monumentguide,museumguideetc.
Escort has to accompanythe touristrightfromthe commencementtillthe endof
the tour. Anescort facilitate check-infacilities,customs clearance;accompanythe
tour duringsight-seeing,shoppingetc.
 Tourismorganisation- organizationare formedwhengroupof people come together
for a commonpurpose.Tourismorganisationsplayanimportantrole inmarketing
destinationandmanagingtourismindustry.There are manylevelsof organization
international,national,state andlocal levels. WorldTourismOrganisationisthe
international organizationfoundedinthe year1975.Few tourismorganizations are:
o Airlines- IATA
o Travel agencies- UFTAA,TAAI,ASTA
o Tour operators- IATO
o Hotelsandrestaurants- FHRAI
o Transport- IRU, IUR
2. SECONDARY CONSTITUENTS:
 Shopsand state emporium

5.  Art and craft
 Local transport
 Banks
 Insurance companies
 Communicationservices- include publicphones,mobiles,internetcafé,
videoconferencing, television,radio,telex ,fax
 Performingartist
 Publisher
 Advertisers
 Hawkersand coolies
 Agentsandbrokers
 Essential services- electricity,wastedisposal,sewage,healthfacilities,security
TRAVEL MOTIVATORS: factorsthat create a desire inpeople totravel.Motivatorsare the internal
psychological influencesaffectingindividualchoices.
 Physical motivators-these are related to
 Physical rest
 Relaxation
 Sports
 health
 Cultural motivators- theseare relatedto
 Culture
 Lifestyle
 folkart
 musicand dance
 spiritual
 Interpersonal-theseare relatedtomeeting
 friends
 Family
 Newpeople
 Statusand prestige motivators-
 Personal esteem
 Statussymbol
 Education
 Pursuitof hobbies
 Businessandwork
DIFFERENT FORMS AND TYPES OF TOURISM:
 LEISURE OR HOLIDAY- change inclimate andplace,enjoyscenery,de stress,restand
relax. Destinationincludeshill,beach, andisland. Facilitiesinclude bodymassage,
steamand saunabath, yoga,facial etc.

6.  ADVENTURE-
 Adventure onland-includes jungle safari,desertsafari,motorracing,wall
climbing,trekking,camping,rockclimbing,mountainbiking,skiing,heli- skiing,
 Water adventure-includesdiving,scubadiving,snorkelling,parasailing,water
scooters,waterskiing,windsurfing,white water rafting.
 Aerial adventure-ballooning,parachuting,skydiving,paragliding,parasailing,
gliding,hanggliding,bungeejumping
 SPORTS-oldestformhuntingandskiing.Cricket,whitewaterrafting,football,wind
surfing,yachting,riverrafting,hovercrafting,racing,tennis,soccer,golf
 RELIGIOUS- isalsoknownas pilgrimage orspiritual tourism.
 HEALTH- people travellingtoimprove andrebuildtheirhealthandstamina.Include
visittospa( sanusperaquam)meansgoodhealththroughwater,yoga,massage,
bodyscrub, facial,reiki,painrelief
Healthtourisminclude followingaspects:
 Change inclimate
 Alternativetherapy- like hotsulphurspring,ayurvedictreatment,
mudtherapy,naturopathy,artof livingetc.
 Medical tourism- touristvisitingformedical treatment i.e.Hospitals,
technology,doctors,nursing,paramedicalstaff
 CULTURAL- lifestyle,dress,jewellery,dance,music, architecture andpainting,
customs,beliefs,fair,festivals,religionpractised
 VFR- interpersonalrelationship.
 BUSINESS AND MICE- motive fortravel isworksuchas attendingmeeting,
conference,convention,trade fair,sellingproduct,meetingclients.85% airtravel is
businessrelated,50%hotel occupancyisbusinesstravel segment. Businesstraveller
looksforthe bestfacilitiesasexpensesare paidbythe company.Durationof stayis
short,destinationbusinessbased,frequentandexperiencedtraveller,more
demanding.
MICE- MEETING, INCENTIVES, andCONVENTIONS ANDEXHIBITION: notthe main
streambusiness travel butitisthe subsetof the businesstravel.It includes small
meeting,trainingcourses, seminars,workshops.MICEtravellerexpects ahighlevel
of comfort, hassle free movementandvalue formoney.
INFRASTRUCTUREREQUIRED FOR MICE
i. Accommodation
ii. Conventioncentre
iii. Transportation
iv. Conventionandmeetingplanners
v. Exhibitiongroundsandhalls
vi. Foodand beverage service

7. vii. Trainedhumanresource
viii. Communicationaids
ix. Internetaccessibility
x. Securityservices
xi. Sightseeing
xii. entertainment
Areasthat require special planningforMICE are:
 venues- enoughspace forinternational delegationstoholdmeeting,
conventionsandexhibition
 transportation- bothairand ground
 accommodation- nearmeeting,conference,exhibitionvenuesandshouldbe
equippedwithfax,laptop,internetconnection,telex,videoconference facilities
 othersupportservices- catering,shopping, entertainment
ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF TOURISM-
Alternativetouristsare differentfromthe regulartourist.Alternative tourismestablishesa
cordial rapportbetweenvisitorsandthe local hosts.These touristsnormallyavoidthe
servicesthatare usedby the touristssuchas accommodation,transportandotherservices.
Theyprefertouse and share the servicesusedof the local people.Theirmainmotiveisto
experience andgetaninsightintotheirwayof living.Itisregardedasa keyto sustainable
development.While masstourismcanhave anegative impactona destination,alternative
tourismpromotesabalancedgrowthform, more inline withlocal environmental and
sociocultural concerns.
 SPECIALINTEREST TOURISM:
 ECOTOURISM
 RURAL TOURISM
 ETHNIC TOURISM
 SENIORCITIZEN TOURISM
 WILDLIFE TOURISM
 SPACETOURISM
 SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM: special interesttourismcanbe definedaspeopletravellingto
a particulardestinationwiththe purposeof fulfillinga particularinterest,whichcanbe
pursuedonlyatthat destination.Productrangesfromhistorical,culinary,archaeological,
and otherinterestsuchasgolf,fishing,andunderwateradventuree.g.Tal Mahal,RedFort,
Special interesttourisminIndiacaninclude visitingMughal architecture,gardensof India,
textile centresof India,gourmettours,tribal areas,safari,carracing,commonwealth
games,worldcupetc.
 ECOTOURISM: itis oftendefinedassustainablenature basedtourism.Ecotourismisusually
usedto describe tourismactivitieswhichare conductedin harmony withnature. Thistourism
fostersenvironmentalprincipalswithanemphasisonvisitingandobservingnatural areas,it
controlsthe impactof tourismonthe environment.

8. “Ecotourismcan be defined aspurposefultravel tonatural areasto understandthe culture
and natural historyof the environment,takingcare notto alterthe integrityof the
ecosystem,while producingeconomicopportunitiesthatmake the conservationof natural
resourcesfinanciallybeneficial tothe local citizens.”
Large movementof people(carryingcapacity) and unplannedtourismdestroyforests,
consume firewood,create pollutionanddestroyfloraandfaunadiversity. Itupsetwildlife,
ecosystemandthe local people life style.Ecotourismreduces all theseill effectsof tourism.
 RURALTOURISM: touristsnowadaysare shiftingtheirinterestof travel tonew destinations
to explore andexperience the destinationandhave first-handknowledge of the local
people,cuisine andactual wayof living.Of late rural tourismhasgainedimportance inIndia
throughits‘INCREDIBLE India’promotional campaign. InIndiastateslike Rajasthan,Gujarat,
M.P., U.P., etc. have heritage hotels,forts,havelisandpalaces whichare convertedinto
hotels,andare givingthe true taste of that state to the tourist.
 ETHNIC TOURISM: ethnictourisminvolvestravel forthe purpose of observingthe cultural
expressionof lifestyle andcustomsof the indigenousandexoticpeople.Thistype of tourism
focusdirectlyonthe local people.The touristvisits the local homes,observe andparticipate
intheirtraditional rituals,ceremonies,dances,festivals,etc.
 SENIOR CITIZEN TOURISM: Thisis a new emergingtrendintourismmeantforthe senior
citizensoroldpeople.Tourspackagesare speciallydesignedforthe elderlypeople.Thistype
of tourismiscommoninthe west.
 WILDLIFE TOURISM: wildlife isatermusedto refertoboth the floral andfaunal
componentsof a natural environment. Enthusiast’s youngandnatural lovers, adventure
seekersare exploringthisnewareaof tourism.This iscomparative new formof tourism,
becomingpopularinlastone decade.Wildlife tourismisalso consideringimportantelements
inwildlifeprotection. Luxurysafaris,wildlifebackpacking,zoos,aquaria,andsafari parksall
formpart of wildlife tourismindustry.
 SPACE TOURISM: space tourismisthe term broadlyappliedtothe conceptof paying
customertravellingbeyondthe earth’satmosphere.New andnotsopopulartype of
tourism.
HISTORYOF TRAVEL AND TOURISM:
Throughouthistory,peoplehave needed totravel forsurvival,trade,conquestsorcuriosity. Very
little isknownaboutthe prehistoricperiodbetween40000 BC to 10000 BC as no writtenrecords
exist.Butafterthat periodwe have recordsinformof archaeological records,cave paintings,stories,
epicsetc.
Growth of tourismcan be studiedunderdifferentperiod.
1. Ancientperiodor earlycivilization- Civilizationdevelopedaround10000 BC to 8000 BC in
the Neolithicperiodwhenpeoplebeganlivingtogetheranddevelopedsettlement.

9. Agriculture developedandtrade beganamongstvarioussettlements.Travel onanimals
beganand the militarymovementtoacquire landandconquertribesstarted.Journey was
difficultanddangerous,bylandandsea,journeywasslow andtime Consuming.
Developmentduringthisperiod –creationof path,and mode of transportation,growthof
citiesnearmainroads.
2. Imperial or earlyempire period- tourismwasestablishedduringthe earlyempiresof Egypt,
Persia,Rome,ChinaandIndia.transportwasmade available,andDevelopment of road
network,highways,roadsandpaths startedin thisperiod. Developmentof accommodation
(saraisand inns),checkpostandchowkis startedinthisperiod.People usedtotravel with
servants,kitchen utensils,tentsandanimals.
 SILK ROUTE- silkroute wasa major route forcaravans carrying silkandotherluxury
itemsfromchinato Indiaand the Middle Eastwhichbeganas earlyas 2000BC. The
Kushanemperorsopenedandprotectedthe silkroads. Movementof peoplefrom
eastto westto exchange silk,muslin,porcelain,tea,rice,andspicesstarted.Indian
shipsleftIndianportsboundforthe RomanEmpire.Navigationwasdone bystars.
Rome sentback goldcoins&wines.New ideasandcustomswere exchanged.
3. Pilgrimage – or tirth yatra. Forreligion,belief,releasefromwarandsickness,earngod’s
grace, Fairand rituals.Advantages-knowledge of geography,adventure,spiritual andsocial
approval,cultural enhance groupandfamilytour.
4. European renaissance – it was a great cultural movementthatbeganinItalyinearly1300
AD and spreadto England, France,Germany,Spain,andothercountriesinthe late 1400s
and endedabout1600 AD. Duringthe middle age, the churchwas a patron of arts. The
renaissance orthe rebirthwasa periodof change and the revival of GreekandRoman
culture.Paintersandsculptorsduringthisperiodtriedtogive theirworksaspiritual quality
and unrealistichumanfigureswhichrepresentedreligiousideas.
 Grand tour – inWesternEurope,tourswere conductedbywealthysocial elite class
for culture,Educationandpleasure,literacy,health,science andbusiness.Impactof
grand tour- increase inthe knowledgeof art,intellectual,craftandskills,social and
economicstatus.
5. Transition periodor industrial era- the industrial revolution,whichoccurredinthe late
eighteenthandearlynineteenthcentury,wasaperiodwhenmajorchangesoccurredin
agriculture,manufacturingandtransportation.ItstartedinBritain andthenspread
throughoutthe world. The firstproductof industrial revolutiontoaffecttourismwasthe
developmentof steamengine.Later change intechnology,increase inincome,rapid
industrialisation,andprofessionalsinmarkethelpedthe tourismto grow fast.Britishera
broughtmuch developmentlike railways,education,adventure andleisure travel,dak
bungalowsandcircuithouses.
6. Modernperiod- developmentinrailways,airlines,formationof ministryof tourisminyear
1990, Governmentpolicieslike LTCetc.,developmentof central bodieslikeITDC,SITA,TAAI,
and IATO.
EVOLUTION ANDGROWTH OF HOTELS IN INDIA
• In 1964 Governmentof Indiasetupthree corporations
o IndiaTourismandHotel Corporation
o IndiaTourismCorporationLtd.
o IndiaTourismandTransport corporation

10. • In 1966 Governmentof Indiamergedthese corporationsandformedanew
corporationINDIA TOURISMDEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (ITDC)
• Many hotelsopenedinIndialikeOberoi (1934),Welcome group(1975),
Taj(1903), Sinclairs,Leela,ParkHotel,J.P.Hotels,andmanymore.
HOSPITALITY
The generousandcordial provisionof service toaguestis knownashospitality.Dictionarydefines
hospitalityasreceptionandentertainmentof guestwithliberalityandgoodwill.Hospitality
organization providesaccommodation,foodandbeverage,transportation,entertainmentand
healthcare.Hospitalityindustrymainlyconsistof all those businessesandinstitutionsthatprovide
foodand lodging –such as hotels,motels,lodges,inns,cruise ships,restaurants,andthe institutions
of publicservices.Inabroad sense,anygroupengagedintourism, entertainment,transportation
and lodgingare coveredunderhospitality.Hospitalityindustryispartof travel andtourismindustry.
Hospitalityindustryis nowbothprofit-makingaswell asnon-profitmaking.Forexample,
commercial hotelsare profitmakingwhile canteens,cafeteriasandreligiouscateringoutletsare
non-profitmaking.Hospitalityindustryprovidesserviceswhichare needorientedandthe services
vary withthe needs.Forexample,the needof abusinessexecutiveshall be abusinesshotelwhile
the needsof a studentare generallyayouthhostel.
ORIGIN- Early travellers were eitherwarriorsortradersor people insearchof knowledge andthere
were nohotelsforthemto stay whentheywere awayfromtheirhomes.Theyhadtopitchtentsfor
theiraccommodationandcarry theirfoodforentire durationof theirjourney.It wasnotalways
possible foreveryone andsotradersandpeople insearchof knowledge hadtoplace a highvalue on
hospitalityandsometimestradedtheirmerchandiseforlodging.Innkeepingcanbe saidto be the
firstcommercial enterprise andhospitalityone of the firstservice forwhichmoneywasexchanged.
Innsof the Biblical timesofferedonlyacot or a benchin the corner.Guestsstayedinlarge
communal roomswithnosanitationandprivacy.The rates were,of course,reasonable.The
companywas rough. Travellers sharedthe same quarterswiththeirhorsesandanimals.These
accommodationsslowlyandgraduallyimproved.
HOTEL
A hotel isa publicplace thatprovidesboardingandlodgingtocustomeronpayment.Commonlaw
statesthat “A hotel isa place where all whoconductthemselvesproperly,andwhobeingable to
pay fortheirentertainment,are received,if there be accommodationforthem,”andwhowithout
any stipulatedengagementastothe durationof theirstay or as to the rate of compensation,are
while there,suppliedatareasonable costwiththeirmeals,lodgingandotherservicesandattention
as are necessarilyincidenttothe use as a temporaryhome.
A hotel maybe calledas an establishmentwhere primarybusinessistoprovide tothe general public
lodgingfacilitiesandwhichmayalsofurnishone ormore of the variousservicessuchasfood,
beverage,laundry,uniformedservicesetc.Asperdictionary,the term‘Hotel’refersto‘ahouse of
entertainmentof travellers’
Inn:PublichousesinearlytimesinEnglandwere calledinns.Normallythe terminnwasmeantfor
the finerestablishmentscateringtothe nobilitiesandclergy.InFrance these were calledHotelleries.
Tavern:The house frequentedbycommonmanwas knownas taverns.The important
establishmentsinFrance were calledCabarets.
Hostel:Derivedfromthe wordhostandwas usedverylate.The headof the hostel wascalled
HostlerinFrench,while inEnglandhe wascalledInn-keeper.

11. HOTEL SERVICES
The presentdaymodernconceptof the hotel isnotjusta place to provide accommodation,food
and beverage,butislike acitywithinacity andofferingtoitsguestseverypossible facility,
accommodation,service andconvenience.,suchasrooms,restaurants,bars,cocktail lounges,
banquetingfacilities,conventionandconference facilities,telephone,radioandtelevision,laundry,
valets,cigarsandcigarettes,bookshops,banking,parking,florists,chemist,gymnasium,beauty
parlour,travel agentsbusinesscentre,etc.Apart fromthese avast shoppingarcade providing
variousitemslike jewellery,men’swear,ladies’wear,toys,booksnewsstandandmagazine,etc.are
alsoprovided.Inadditiontothese,personal serviceslike babysitting,privatedetectives,planningof
tour itineraries,railway/airbookingandaccommodation,bookinginotherhotelsmayalsobe
providedalongwithClubsandnightclub,healthclub,foreignexchange,swimmingpool,library,car
rental and chauffeurs,cinemaandtheatre ticketing,etc.All these facilitiesmayoccasionallybe
withoutadditionalchargestothe guestbutgenerallyspecificallycharged.
GUEST
A personwhopurchasesthe servicesof the hotel andpaysforthem.Hotel guestmaybe definedas
“people whohave,whoare,orwho will be availingthe servicesof hotel,foraparticularperiodin
orderto satisfytheirdemandforaccommodation,foodandbeverage orentertainment,forwhich
theyare willingtopay”.
Initiallyaguestcomestoa hotel forits goodname and reputationabout service andfood,second
time he comesto confirmhisexperiencesandfurtherkeepsoncomingforitscomfortable and
emphaticatmosphere andbecomesaregularcustomer,because bynow he isprettyconfident
aboutthe hotel.