General Principle and Process of Isolation (Metallurgy)

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The naturally occurring substances in
the form of which the metals occur in
the earth crust are called minerals.
The mineral from which the metal is
economically and conveniently
extracted is called an ore.
All ores are minerals but all minerals are
not ores.
MINERALS AND ORES

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COMMONLY OCCURRING ORES
AND MINERALS (1/4)

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M E T A L L U R G Y
AND MINERALS (2/4)

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M E T A L L U R G Y
AND MINERALS (3/4)

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AND MINERALS (4/4)

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Removal of the unwanted materials (e.g.,
sand, clays, etc.) from the ore is known as
concentration, dressing or benefaction.
Some of the imporatnt procedures are:
CONCENTRATION OF ORES
Hydraulic Washing
Magnetic Separation
Magnetic Separation
Leaching

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(a) Conversion to oxide
EXTRACTION OF CRUDE METAL (1/2)
Calcination: Calcinaton involves heating
when the volatile matter escapes leaving
behind the metal oxide.
Roasting: In roasting, the ore is heated in
a regular supply of air in a furnace at a
temperature below the melting point of
the metal.

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(b) Reduction of oxide to the metal:
EXTRACTION OF CRUDE METAL (2/2)
Reduction of the metal oxide usually
involves heating it with some other
substance acting as a reducing agent (C or
CO or even another metal). The reducing
agent (e.g., carbon) combines with the
oxygen of the metal oxide.

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(a) Extraction of iron from its oxides:
APPLICATIONS (1/6)
Oxide ores of iron, after concentration
through calcination/roasting are mixed with
limestone and coke and fed into a Blast
furnace from its top.

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(a) Extraction of iron from its oxides:
APPLICATIONS (2/6)

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APPLICATIONS (3/6)
Blast furnace

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(b) Extraction of copper from cuprous oxide
[copper(I) oxide]
APPLICATIONS (4/6)
The ore is heated in a reverberatory furnace
after mixing with silica. In the furnace, iron
oxide ‘slags of’ as iron silicate and copper is
produced in the form of copper matte.

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(b) Extraction of copper from cuprous oxide
[copper(I) oxide]
APPLICATIONS (5/6)

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(c) Extraction of zinc from zinc oxide
APPLICATIONS (6/6)
The reduction of zinc oxide is done using
coke. The temperature in this case is higher
than that in case of copper. For the purpose
of heating, the oxide is made into brickettes
with coke and clay.

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In this reaction zinc acts as a reducing
agent.
OXIDATION-REDUCTION
Extraction of gold and silver involves
leaching the metal with CN–

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REFINING
Distillation
Liquation
Electrolysis
Zone refining
Vapour phase refining
cromatographic methods
Some of the techniques used for obtaining
metals of high purity are:

General Principle and Process of Isolation (Metallurgy)

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