Integrated LCA for Printing Service in an emerging country final

NAGATA Laboratory, Environment and Energy Engineering Department, Waseda University Graduate School

Integrated LCA for Printing Service
in an emerging country

Hirokazu Shimizu, Shimizu Printing Inc.
Katsuya Nagata, Waseda University
Aran Hansuebsai, Chulalongkorn University
Pradya Kiengprakong, Chulalongkorn University

1

Background of the study
Schematization of Printing Service LCA in Japan
Methods of primary data collection is organized
Secondary data is backed up by national database
Not only LCCO2e but also Integrated LCA in broad sense

Assist emerging countries to localize Printing Service LCA
Less experience of life-cycle approach in printing industry
Learning basics of LCA from carbon calculator operation
Joint research project with Chulalongkorn University in Thailand

2

Conceptual diagram of Integrated LCA

Classification Characterization Normalization

Crude oil
Energy drain
Coal
LNG
Global warming

Extensive Environmental Assessment
Uranium ore

Iron ore Ozone depletion
Chrome
Bauxite Acid precipitate Environmental
Copper Load Point
Resource consumption (ELP)
CO2
NOx
Integrated
Air pollution indicator
SOx
Soot dust
Ocean & water pollution
Burnable garbage
Landfill Problem of waste disposal

Dioxine
Ecosystem influence
BOD/COD

Reference: Nagata Lab., WASEDA UNIVERSITY 3

Basics of Environmental Load Point (ELP)
Questionnaire by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
determining category importance
B

Category importance
Definition of importance

Ecosystem effect
=Total Product of 9 points1/9

Water pollution

Waste disposal
Ozone depletion

Acid precipitate
Global warming

consumption
ELP 9-category
9-

Air pollution
and then calculate ratio for each
Energy drain

Resource
category

Energy drain 1.000 0.333 3.000 5.000 3.000 0.111 0.111 0.333 0.111 0.037 9.000 A is much more important to the max
Global warming 3.003 1.000 5.000 3.000 1.000 0.143 0.143 0.333 0.111 0.044 7.000 A is much more important
Ozone depletion 0.333 0.200 1.000 5.000 3.000 0.200 0.200 0.333 0.143 0.032 5.000 A is more important

Acid precipitate 0.200 0.333 0.200 1.000 0.143 0.143 0.143 0.333 0.111 0.014 3.000 A is a bit more important
Resource
A consumption 0.333 1.000 0.333 6.993 1.000 0.111 0.111 0.200 0.111 0.025 1.000 A is almost the same as B

Air pollution 9.009 6.993 5.000 6.993 9.009 1.000 0.200 0.333 0.111 0.112 0.333 B is a bit more important

Water pollution 9.009 6.993 5.000 6.993 9.009 5.000 1.000 1.000 0.111 0.181 0.200 B is more important

Waste disposal 3.003 3.003 3.003 3.003 5.000 3.003 1.000 1.000 0.111 0.111 0.143 B is much more important

Ecosystem effect 9.009 9.009 6.993 9.009 9.009 9.009 9.009 9.009 1.000 0.442 0.111 B is much more important to the max

Reference: Nagata Lab., WASEDA UNIVERSITY
・It is important for a researcher to know group’s environmental conscious for each impact category
・Category importance for particular group has significant impact on overall environmental analysis 4

Comparison of category importance in THA and JPN
Chula Univ. Housewives Printers Printers Scientists
Impact category
THA（100-people） THA （40-people） THA （40-people） JPN （30-people） JPN （86-people ）
THA（ 100- people） 40- people） 40- people） 30- people） 86-

Energy drain 0.098 (6) 0.142 (2) 0.152 (2) 0.142 (2) 0.154 (1)

Global warming 0.134 (3) 0.168 (1) 0.156 (1) 0.161 (1) 0.106 (4)

Ozone depletion 0.129 (4) 0.109 (5) 0.117 (4) 0.114 (5) 0.101 (6)

Acid pollution 0.084 (7) 0.083 (9) 0.096 (6) 0.079 (8) 0.076 (9)

Resource consumption 0.168 (1) 0.089 (7) 0.087 (8) 0.098 (7) 0.112 (3)

Air pollution 0.100 (5) 0.112 (3) 0.130 (3) 0.106 (6) 0.103 (5)

Water pollution 0.082 (8) 0.110 (4) 0.103 (5) 0.118 (4) 0.100 (7)

Waste disposal 0.067 (9) 0.089 (7) 0.071 (9) 0.059 (9) 0.097 (8)

Ecosystem effect 0.138 (2) 0.098 (6) 0.088 (7) 0.122 (3) 0.151 (2)

5

Comparison of category importance in THA and JPN
1.000
E cos y s tem ef f ect

D i s pos a l w a s te
0.800
Wa ter pol l uti on

A i r pol l uti on
0.600

R es ource
cons umpti on
0.400 A ci d preci pi ta te

Ozone depl eti on

0.200
Gl oba l w a rmi ng

E nerg y dra i n
0.000
CU ( T) H ous ew i f e( T) Pri nter( T) Pri nter( J ) Sci enti s t( J )


6

Environmental Load Factor (ELF) calculation-1
Weighting Consumption
Annual load ELF
coefficient /Emission
Impact category Item Reference
C*AHP/subtotal
C TQ A=C*TQ
of A*10^16
Energy drain oil 1.00E+00 4.91E+10 4.91E+10 1.98E+04 2009:US Energy Information Administration
coal 1.10E-01 3.23E+10 3.55E+09 2.18E+03 2009:US Energy Information Administration
Lower calorific
natural gas 7.70E-01 3.13E+10 2.41E+10 1.52E+04 2009:US Energy Information Administration
value*inverse
number of reserve- Uranium ore 1.48E+01 6.50E+06 9.63E+07 2.93E+05 2002:Ministry of Natural Resources & Env.
production ratio
wood 5.00E-02 1.29E+07 6.45E+05 9.89E+02 2006:Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperative
Sub total: 7.68E+10
Global warming CO2 1.00E+00 2.78E+11 2.78E+11 5.42E+03 2007:National Statistical Office
N2O 3.20E+02 2.80E+07 8.96E+09 1.73E+06 2005:International Energy Agency
Global warming,
IPCC 100yrs CH4 2.45E+01 6.40E+07 1.57E+09 1.33E+05 2009:2007:National Statistical Office
Sub total: 2.88E+11
Acid precipitate NOx 7.00E-01 8.90E+08 6.23E+08 6.19E+05 2009:2007:National Statistical Office
Acidification SOx 1.00E+00 4.62E+08 4.62E+08 8.85E+05 2009:2007:National Statistical Office
potential
Sub total: 1.09E+09
Resource consumption Iron ore 1.00E+00 1.55E+09 1.55E+09 5.60E+05 2002:Ministry of Natural Resources & Env.
Inverse number of reserve production ratio Sub total: 1.55E+09
Air pollution NOx 1.40E+00 8.90E+08 1.25E+09 1.07E+06 2009:2007:National Statistical Office
Inverse number of SOx 1.00E+00 4.62E+08 4.62E+08 7.61E+05 2009:2007:National Statistical Office
toxic chemical %
Sub total: 1.71E+09
Waste disposal Solid waste 1.00E+00 1.53E+10 1.53E+10 4.64E+04 2008:JGSEE King Monkut’s University of
Technology Thonburi
No weighting, actual amount
Sub total: 1.53E+10
Reference: Nagata Lab., WASEDA UNIVERSITY 7

Environmental Load Factor (ELF) calculation-2
ELF Paper Ink (polyurethane) Electricity 10t-truck Landfill
Impact category Item
C*AHP/subtot Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory
ELF ELF ELF ELF ELF
al of A*10^16 data data data data data

oil 1.98E+04 2.20E-01 4.35E+03 1.42E+00 2.81E+04 1.80E-02 3.56E+02 3.76E-02 7.44E+02 8.25E-04 1.63E+01

coal 2.18E+03 2.43E-01 5.29E+02 1.85E-01 4.03E+02 9.74E-02 2.12E+02 1.95E-04 4.24E-01

natural gas 1.52E+04 2.27E-02 3.46E+02 8.59E-02 1.31E+03 4.52E-02 6.88E+02 1.40E-04 2.13E+00
Energy drain
Uranium
2.93E+05 3.72E-06 1.09E+00 1.63E-05 4.78E+00 8.55E-06 2.50E+00 1.71E-08 5.01E-03
ore
wood 9.89E+02
CO2 5.42E+03 1.42E+00 7.69E+03 3.73E+00 2.02E+04 4.46E-01 2.42E+03 1.20E-01 6.50E+02 3.49E-03 1.89E+01

Global warming N2O 1.73E+06 2.45E-05 4.25E+01 1.14E-04 1.98E+02 1.94E-05 3.36E+01 1.93E-06 3.34E+00 1.01E-07 1.75E-01

CH4 1.33E+05 6.70E-05 8.89E+00 1.51E-04 2.00E+01 9.45E-06 1.25E+00 8.97E-08 1.19E-02

NOx 6.19E+05 1.07E-03 6.63E+02 1.98E-03 1.23E+03 2.39E-04 1.48E+02 9.14E-04 5.66E+02 1.35E-06 8.36E-01
Acid precipitate
SOx 8.85E+05 1.42E-03 1.26E+03 3.17E-03 2.80E+03 8.57E-05 7.58E+01 2.60E-05 2.30E+01 3.30E-07 2.92E-01

Resource Iron ore
5.60E+05
consumption
NOx 1.07E+06 1.07E-03 1.14E+03 1.98E-03 2.11E+03 2.39E-04 2.55E+02 9.14E-04 9.74E+02 1.35E-06 1.44E+00
Air pollution
SOx 7.61E+05 1.42E-03 1.08E+03 3.17E-03 2.41E+03 8.57E-05 6.52E+01 2.60E-05 1.98E+01 3.30E-07 2.51E-01

Solid
Waste disposal 4.64E+04 1.60E+00 7.42E+04
waste
ELF (emission factor of ELP): 1.71E+04 5.88E+04 4.25E+03 2.98E+03 7.42E+04

8

Analysis by Environmental Load Point (ELP)
Case study (500 copies of textbook at the university)
Textbook named “The beginning of Siam
Architecture Arts” is selected to apply for CFP
logo here in Thailand.
6ｍｍ
Carbon calculation to be certified as CFP
product is first trial in printed matters. Printing
Service LCA which is established in Japan is
transferred, and then modified to adopt printing
method in Thailand.
260ｍｍ
There is no obstacles to collect primary data in
the factory, but many of secondary data is not
well organized since government related
institution and suppliers cannot publicize some
items for printing production. So on that point,
some items are substituted by the ones in
Japan to complete calculations.
190ｍｍ
Title: The beginning of Siam Architecture Arts At the end of case study, this book is certified
Author: ML Prateep Malakul as CFP product and also printing factory is
Size(mm): 190*260*6
Copies: 500 approved as CFP printing factory by a
Pages: Cover 4P + Taxt 128P government related institution.
9

ELP comparison of Printers in 500/3000 copies in THA
Case study-1 (Printer, 500) Case study-2 (Printer, 3000) ELP
Process ELF
Input/output ELP-1 Input/output ELP-2 CS2/CS1

Paper 1.71E+04 267.210kg 4.73E+06 31.1% 1058.750kg 1.81E+07 46.9% 382.7%

Al 2.18E+05 10.000kg 2.18E+06 14.3% 10.000kg 2.18E+06 5.6% 100.0%

Ink (polyurethane) 5.88E+04 1.033kg 6.07E+04 0.4% 4.276kg 2.51E+05 0.7% 413.5%

Water 9.95E-01 2.580kg 2.57E+00 0.0% 10.691kg 1.06E+01 0.0% 412.5%

Electricity 4.25E+03 1243.908kWh 5.29E+06 34.8% 1655.352kWh 7.04E+06 18.2% 133.1%

2t-truck 4.38E+03 41.208tkm 1.80E+05 1.2% 114.936tkm 5.03E+05 1.3% 279.4%



Recycled pulp 1.57E+03 149.351kg 2.35E+05 1.5% 374.659kg 5.89E+05 1.5% 250.6%

Recycled Al 5.44E+04 10.000kg 5.44E+05 3.6% 10.000kg 5.44E+05 1.4% 100.0%

Landfill 7.42E+04 15.477kg 1.15E+06 7.6% 83.459kg 6.20E+06 16.0% 539.1%

Total ELP: 1.52E+07 3.86E+07 253.9%

ELP per book: 3.04E+04 1.29E+04 42.4%


10

ELP comparison of Printers 500/3000 copies in THA

4.00E+07
Lan dfill
3.50E+07 10 t- truc k
4t-tru ck
3.00E+07
2t-tru ck
ELP (points)

2.50E+07
Re c yc le d Al

2.00E+07 Re c yc le d pu lp
Elec tricity
1.50E+07
Water
1.00E+07 In k
Al
5.00E+06
Paper
0.00E+00
Case study-1(Printer, 500) Case study-2(Printer, 3000)


11

ELP comparison of Printers in THA and JPN
Case study-1 (THA, Printer) Case study-2 (JPN, Printer)
ELP
Process Input
ELF-1 ELP-1 ELF-2 ELP-2 CS1/CS2

Paper 267.210kg 1.71E+04 4.72E+06 31.1% 4.75E+03 1.31E+06 30.0% 360.3%

Al 10.000kg 2.18E+05 2.18E+06 14.3% 9.62E+04 9.62E+05 22.0% 226.6%

Ink (polyurethane) 1.033kg 5.88E+04 6.07E+04 0.4% 1.49E+04 1.54E+04 0.4% 394.2%

Water 2.580kg 9.95E-01 2.57E+00 0.0% 1.93E-01 4.98E-01 0.0% 516.1%

Electricity 1243.908kWh 4.25E+03 5.29E+06 34.8% 8.21E+02 1.02E+06 23.4% 518.6%

2t-truck 41.208tkm 4.38E+03 1.80E+05 1.2% 1.86E+03 7.66E+04 1.8% 235.0%

4t-truck 2.843tkm 3.52E+03 1.00E+04 0.1% 1.68E+03 4.78E+03 0.1% 209.2%

10t-truck 278.549tkm 2.98E+03 8.30E+05 5.5% 1.42E+03 3.96E+05 9.0% 209.6%

Recycled pulp 149.351kg 1.57E+03 2.34E+05 1.5% 3.02E+02 4.51E+04 1.0% 518.8%

Recycled Al 10.000kg 5.44E+04 5.44E+05 3.6% 2.36E+04 2.36E+05 5.4% 230.5%

Landfill 15.477kg 7.42E+04 1.15E+06 7.6% 1.96E+04 3.03E+05 6.9% 379.5%

Total ELP: 1.52E+07 4.37E+06 347.8%

12

ELP comparison of Printers by category importance of
THA and JPN

1.75E+07
Landfill
1.50E+07 10t-truck
4t-truck
1.25E+07
2t-truck
ELP (points)

Recycled Al
1.00E+07
Recycled pulp
7.50E+06 Electricity
Water
5.00E+06
In k
Al
2.50E+06
Paper
0.00E+00
Case study-1(THA Printer) Case study-2(JPN Printer)


13

Referenced data (CO2 emission/$1 GDP)
kg-CO2/$1 GDP
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Year 2007

Scale kg-CO2/$1 GDP TH

Thailand 0.565

Japan 0.310
JP

JP/TH 54.9%

Reference: United Nations Statistics Division

14

Conclusion of the study
ELP can grow out of “Carbon centered evaluation”
Emission factors in emerging countries are not organized
LCCO2 sometimes distorts ideal selection of printing

ELP is “Easy-to-use method” for different countries
Quick start by survey about people’s subconscious and annual
consumption/emission of selected items
Comparisons among countries can be simplified

ELP is based on people’s subjective view
Weighting of impact category is determined by people
Major determinant is people’s (not only professional) subconscious

15


Thank you very much for your kind attention．

You can find my presentation at;

http://www.slideshare.net/ShimizuHiro

16

Integrated LCA for Printing Service in an emerging country final

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